Heat pipe

Sidenko Artem

Lyceum of Belarusian National Technical University

In my work I've made the thermosyphon, done Production of radiators:

the research about it's working principle, and
conducted experiments on it. Through To measure the thermal resistance I invented
experiments the coefficient of thermal and designed two radiators. The first one I
conductivity (1250 W / (m ∙ K) was found. I've made the radiator from the old transistor. The
also made two heat sinks and defined thermal second I made from a sheet of aluminum
resistance of termoifn with radiators and without printing, cut it, and gathered into a single
them (0.2K / W). In the future, I'm going to find structure.
the optimal volume dependence of thermosiphon
on the amount of liquid poured into it in which Second experiment:
the thermal conductivity is the highest.
To measure a thermal resistance made up with
Production of thermal siphon: two thermosyphon radiators and without them
constant temperature has been measured at
I’ve made thermosyphon from copper tube the top and at the bottom of the
sealed at one end, the opposite end of the tap I thermosyphon, which was heated using fihralya
welded that we could change the fluid. Then I wound around the lower end of the tube. On
poured water into the tube and when the water fihral fed a constant current of 2.6 Ampere.
has boiled, the tube expanded and water began Next, the temperature measurements from the
to rise in the tube. When the water rose to the first and second radiator, using this formula I
faucet, I closed it thus remained in calculated the thermal resistance
thermosiphon only water and water vapor at thermosiphon. In the second thermosiphon
low pressure. With a sharp shaking, you can radiator it is higher, then it is more efficient
hear the sound of a knock on the bottom of the heat dissipation. Thermal resistance
water resembling the sound of hitting a metal thermosiphon is 0.2 K / W
ball. It means that what we've got to make a
working thermosyphon. Bottom line:

The first experiment: As a result, I was able to produce and identify

thermosyphon heat transfer coefficient, which
To measure the thermal conductivity coefficient has the thermal conductivity three times more
I placed in the lower end of thermosiphon than copper and approximately equal to the
vessel continuously with boiling water using a thermal conductivity of a diamond. So I was
thermometer and every 30 seconds measured able to construct two working radiators and
dynamic temperature change at the top end of measure the thermal resistance of the heat
the tube. Next, using the ABAQUS program I sinks. In the future, I'm going to find the
built a graph of temperature versus time. With dependence of the amount of fluid that is in the
the help of selection method I determined the thermosiphon of the volume of thermosiphon.
thermal conductivity thermosiphon constructed
and it is equal to 1250 W / (m · K).
 Eddy currents
Filip Bacinger, Juraj Barlek
Supervisor: Melita Sambolek, prof.
Gymnasium Josip Slavenski Čakovec, Čakovec/Croatia; filipbacinger@[Link], jurajbarlek@[Link]

1. The purpose of the investigation where An is the nth amplitude and An+1 is the following
amplitude. Then we used the measured period T to
The goal of this experiment was to investigate the
calculate the damping ratio  :
appearance of eddy currents and construct a cheap
device which can be used to easily check the =
dependence of the induction of eddy currents on
where λ is the logarithmic decrement and T is the
different parameters and describe them using the
period of oscillation. Finally, we calculated the Q-
phenomenon of damped oscillation.
factor using the following formula:
Our hypothesis was that inducted eddy currents will 
Q
depend on geometrical properties of the conductor so 

we tested the dependence on the number of slots on where  is the angular frequency and  is the
the conductor, width of the slots, size of the magnetic damping ratio.
field, conductive material, position in relation to the
Earth's magnetic field, shape and direction of slots and
In comparison with other methods, this one is very
filling of the slots with different insulators.
simple and is similar to the one used by Leon Foucault
(the scientist who first described the phenomenon of
2. Method of the investigation eddy currents). The whole device was made of widely
available and cheap materials. We already had most of
In this experiment we used a model of Foucault's
the parts since they are used in all physics classrooms
pendulum for eddy currents in which the conductor is
(magnets, pulleys, metal stand, and clothespins).
oscillating in a magnetic field and the induced currents
Other known devices for testing eddy currents are
are damping its oscillation (Figure 1).
expensive and unavailable to us.
We recorded the movement of the conductors (non-
magnetic metal plates) through a variable magnetic
field. At the bottom of the pendulum we attached 3. Results of the experiment
neodymium magnets and swung various metal plates As the result of investigating the dependence of
through the magnetic field. induced currents on the position relative to the Earth's
magnetic field, we got identical results for the case
when the conductor was oscillating parallel to the
Earth's magnetic field lines and the case when the
conductor was oscillating perpendicular to the Earth's
magnetic field lines.
By increasing the number of slots on the conductor,
the total time of oscillation was longer – damping ratio
was smaller, which meant the Q-factor was greater,
matching our expectations (Figure 2)
Figure 1 The pendulum and some of the plates
(conductors) used in the experiment

We calculated the logarithmic decrement λ:

λ = ln
 – the damping was weaker than for aluminium and
copper.
The results prove that induced currents also depend
on the shape and direction of slots. The longest
oscillation period was measured when the conductors
had slots cut out (including the edge), and the shortest
oscillation period was measured when the conductors
Figure 2 The relation of the Q-factor and the damping
had holes (not including the edge). The more
ratio is inversely proportional
favourable the shape was for the induction of eddy
The time of oscillation of the conductor in the currents (closed loops), the damping was stronger.
magnetic field was longer when the magnetic field was When filling the slots of the conductors with different
weaker, matching our expectations. insulators, we got slight differences between certain
Results showed that the time of oscillation was longer insulators. We have proven that oscillation damping
when the width of the slots on the conductor was depends on the electrical resistance of the material
greater (Figure 3). For greater width of the slots the filling the slots, although we were not able to precisely
damping ratio was smaller, i.e. Q-factor was greater. measure or calculate the resistance.
We determined that the damping was weaker,
compared to other insulators, if the insulator used was
air. The differences between measured data for other
insulators were unnoticeable, so we couldn't precisely
determine which of them should be used for best
results.

Figure 3 An example of an x-t graph for conductors 4. Conclusions

with different slot widths
Geometrical properties of the plates (conductors) had
a significant effect on the induction of eddy currents,
It is visible from the lnA-t graphs that a greater slope
which confirms this experiment's main hypothesis.
of the line shows stronger damping, while a smaller
slope shows weaker damping (Figure 4). The results show that the Earth's magnetic field either
has no effect or has an insignificant effect on our
experiment.
Measurements of the dependence on different
parameters give a graph of damped oscillation (an x-t
graph, where x stands for elongation, and t stands for
time), in which the damping ratio and the Q-factor
change significantly for different parameters, but the
oscillation is quasiperiodic.
Figure 4 An example of a lnA-t graph (different slot
widths) When analysing the data it is visible that in order to
minimize the effect of eddy currents in a variable
The shortest period of oscillation was measured for magnetic field it would be ideal to pick a conductor as
aluminium conductors, followed by copper thin as possible, made from a material with electrical
conductors (not matching our expectations), while the resistance as great as possible, with as many slots as
longest period was measured for brass conductors. wide as possible and in such a shape which doesn't
According to theory, we expected greater induced allow the forming of big closed loops of eddy currents.
currents in the copper plate instead of the aluminium To further minimize the effect of eddy currents, it is
one. The results for the brass plates were as expected possible to fill the slots with a good insulator.
It is also possible for a device such as this one to be
used to determine the strength of induced eddy
currents in metal bodies of smaller dimensions and in
less technically advanced devices by determining the
marginal damping ratio for a certain physical
procedure.
 Chaos: A Thin Barrier Between Order and Disorder
Giorgi Bitchiashvili & Gega Lelashvili

Supervisor: Genadi Kiani

Georgian-American High School, Tbilisi, Georgia, info@[Link]

The method of the research

The purpose of the research
Sand cone dynamic is accepted as a model to
demonstrate the nature of SOC events:
Modern science is undergoing the development stage avalanches of different size fall off the sand
of integration and interdisciplinary research of clock cone. Masses of the avalanches are
different fields. The focus of the researches are the distributed disproportionally to the
systems – particles united by different elements and frequency. Drop of each grain on sand cone
interconnected ,,networks’’ that experience changes, and avalanches are observed in laboratory
evolution, resonant and catastrophic events. experiments. Grains are system elements, the
unity of unpredictable connections between
It is important to determine general regularities of them determine time and mass of
variously organized systems and research on unpredictable avalanche emergence.
laboratory objects, i. e. analogues, which have We discuss laboratory experiments of such
system features and it is possible to manage one or events by using electronic relaxators,
several parameters of their state. multivibrators. Multivibrators are created by
two interconnected relaxators. Time of
Particularly interesting are the systems and relevant energy accumulation is defined by meaning
laboratory objects, which represent entity of of R1,C1 and R2,C2 resistors and capacitors
interconnected objects and act chaotically, i.e. each couples. If electrical resistance changes its
of their consecutive state is hardly predictable or meaning, we get chaotically changing time
clearly unpredictable. Due to minor external intervals in each cycle of multivibrator.
influence or connection changes, such systems Two objects are selected for creating
sometimes become orderly, but they still return to chaotically changing electrical resistance.
disorderly, unpredictable state as a result of slight Graphite grains are used in both of them. In
change of any parameter. the first object graphite is placed between
two electrodes and its state can be changed
The purpose of our research is to investigate
by piezoelectric actuator, which is supplied
the behavior of two laboratory objects having
by semi-cycle impulse of stable state of
features of self-organized criticality (SOC). SOC is
multivibrator cycle, i.e. graphite is involved
one of the classes of chaos concept, in which
in each cycle with new state.
relatively simple systems display sufficiently
complex behavior. So called relaxators represent this
class, which gather energy for some period of time
and immediately “discharge”. In SOC events
relaxators behave chaotically within broad time and
energy intervals and display regulation, which can be
observed in several natural systems and perceived
as identifying sign of its chaotic property - energy of
the events are disproportional to the frequency of
their appearance.

The results and conclusions of

Such object facilitates noise generation in a experiments
broad diapason of frequency. Particularly
interesting is its behavior in closeness with Digital registration of multivibrator state
resonant frequencies of such systems. SOC enables study of chaotic behavior of the
should be studies in closeness of these presented objects. Self-organized Criticality
frequencies. can be observed in the conducted
The graphite placed between two electrodes experiments. Objects facilitate change of
in glass cylinder creates resistance in the several parameters and regime. Due to this,
second object. The avalanches fallen on the doing experiments on them enables more
free surface of graphite change its electrical flexible study of SOC events in comparison
state during cylinder rotation. Rotation is with sand piles.
carried out by stepper motor. The engine is
supplied by stepper impulse during stable
semi-cycle of multivibrator cycle.
 Increasing the Efficiency of Light Bridge Construction
Authors: Mariam Rostomashvili , Mariam Bughadze

Supervisor: Genadi Kiani , Ia Mebonia Georgian-American School, 6 Ramishvili str.

The Purpose of the Investigation the greatest load factor. Figure 1

Modern engineering surprises us with its
courage and determination to design bridge
that using thin, arching cables optimally
placed and spread out across the length of the
bridge to suspend and hold amazing weights.
Structure may give the illusion of being light
and flimsy, but its strength is hidden behind
the enormous tension that is spread out and The plastic mesh was chosen as the most
supported across the entirety of the bridge. practical and realistic material for its ability to
When enjoying the beautiful spectacle of the distribute pressure symmetrically from one
bridge, of course, the question arises: what point to another, as shown in figure 2, the
should be optimal length and thickness of the same way real point-construction bridges
material being used, etc. Modern science and spread out weight today.
engineering can, of course, help to provide
answers to these questions. In order to determine how far down the mesh
would sink, we needed to consult the
At this stage, however, these two sciences textbooks, wherein we discovered the
can’t completely explain what type of
materials and in what dimensions they should formula, OO’= (a visual explanation
be used to allow bridges to hold the greatest of which can be found in figure 2. After
amount of weight. Therefore, it was our goal crushing the numbers, we determine
to discover the optimal shape of a light bridge
that OO’= 3.024*10-4მ.
that could hold the greatest weight (hereafter
known as load factor), using materials readily
available to us.

Method of Investigation
Experimentation was conducted using a
differing amounts of rulers of various
materials, secured by an iron bolt, a piece of
plastic mesh, and a simple length of ribbon to Figure 2
create a working model of a light-construction
bridge, the final design of which is shown in We started with only a single rulers,
Figure 1. The primary aim was to discover the increasing the number, up to four, in different
optional shape of the bridge that could hold orientations.
Different amounts of weight were placed
upon the center mesh net or hung a ribbon
from the apex , up to a maximum of 6.125 kg Conclusions
(the greatest among the great was able to When supporting a load factor, we found that
hold), distributed according to figure 3. the best-performing rulers bent along a
concave, waveline-like pattern as the legs of
0.5
0.4
0.3
the structure subbed against the ground,
0.2
0.1

-0.1
0 according to the formula y=Dsin kx, where D
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
represents the rulers’ deformation when
1

0.8
exposed to the load factor, x, and that the
maximum load factor increases exponentially
0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2
0

according the to the strength of the materials

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8
used.
-1

-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

The maximum load factor (F), which impacts
on the top parts of the structure, is
Figure 3, image generated by Matlab 1.
(7.12.0 r2011a) represented by the formula, = ≈ 60,
where K represents division between the
Results of the Experiment length and contortion of the ruler.
As a result of our experimentation, we
Today our, light 90 gram structure is able to
discovered that the shape had a profound
hold a load factor of 6. 125 kg. Therefore we
impact on the model’s ability to hold weight.
can conclude that if a bridge design could take
Not the starting shape, before weight was
this form and allow for this sort of motion
placed upon the mesh surface, but the shape
could support a greater amount of weight.
after the load factor had been added.
Furthermore, we needed to discover
solutions to tow major problems. First, when
the weight was placed upon the mesh surface,
the bridge would rotate around the y-axis. In
order to combat this challenge, we added a
length of rope that connected and stabilized
the four legs of the arch.
Secondly, the downward force of the weight
caused the four legs of the arch to collapse
upon themselves. In order to solve this issue,
we placed plastic beams at the same height at
the strings between legs A and B and between
legs C and D (as seen in figure 3), and a string Figure 4
between the top of the construction (at the
point where the rules connect) and the center
point of the mesh surface where the strings
connect.
 The Project 'Paper-Hercules'

Moritz Petersen, Aaron Hohenfeld, Martin Ramm

Supervisor: Hermann Klein dipl. ph.

1 Introduction In our experimental setup (Fig. 2) the two books

When sheets of two phonebooks are interleaved, a consist of a variable number of fixed sheets (1) in
very high effort is needed to pull them apart. We which one spine is fixed to a dynamometer (2). By
observed this phenomenon in a video of the activating a winch (3) the books are pulled apart. The
‘MythBusters’. Even when we tried to separate the distance d between the overlapping sheets and the
books we failed. This observation triggered our spine is measured (4) so that a distance-force diagram
interest in the investigation of the parameters can be drawn (5).
influencing the astonishingly large frictional force. 3 Measurements
Our measurements showed that the traction increases
exponentially with a rising number of sheets, if d is
kept constant. If d decreases, the traction increases
exponentially too.

Traction [N]

Fig. 1. Even my colleagues and I were not able to pull

the interleaved phonebooks apart
2 Experimental Setup
Distance d [m]

Fig. 3. Correlation of the traction as a function of

distance d
Traction [N]

Number of sheets with d=2cm

Fig. 4. Correlation of the traction as a function of the

Fig. 2. The device being used to number of sheets: squares show the data for a
measure the traction thicker paper and circles the data for a thinner paper
4 Theoretical Contemplation example, the operation of the so-called 'Chinese
finger-trap' (Fig. 6).
Taking the article ‘The enigma of the two interleaved
phonebooks’ from 2015 into our considerations we
found out that the angle Φn (Fig. 5) influences the huge
traction necessary to separate the books. This angle,
originating from the interleaved book sheets, is

Fig. 6. The ‘Chinese finger-trap’

5 Verification
By comparing the theoretical values resulting from the
equation with the measure data, we could verify the
friction coefficient µ.
Traction [N]
Theoretical values resulting from the
equation, µ=0,63

Fig. 5. Illustration of the interleaved books and the Measure data

angle Φn

the most critical parameter determining the traction

necessary to pull apart the books. Φn results from the
number of sheets, the page thickness and the distance
d. The tangent of it is inversely proportional to d. The
Distance d [m]
bigger Φn gets the higher the frictional force to be
Fig. 7. Comparison between theory and experiment
overcome to separate the books.
In subsequent experiments we will try to confirm
Finally, the entire traction could be described by a experimentally that the angle Φn is the important
differential equation elaborated with the computer- parameter causing the high traction.
algebra-system 'Maple'. For this equation certain References:
parameters have been kept constant, as the page [Link]
thickness or the number of sheets. The equation is as WQ, Access: 20.10.2015
follows: [Link]
Access: 08.01.2016
[Link]
9_The_enigma_of_the_two_interleaved_phonebook
in which F is the entire traction, M half the number of s, Access: 08.01.2016
sheets, F* the traction acting on the outermost sheet, [Link]
and α a constant resulting from the tangent of Φn, the , Access: 08.01.2016
friction coefficient µ, and M. [Link]
We determined that the frictional force acting on the Access: 10.1.2016
sheets and hampering the separation of the books
increases when the traction rises. This phenomenon is
also called 'principle of self-locking' and is, for
 Magnetic Train
Lennart Resch
Supervisor: Hermann Klein, Dipl. Ph.
Hans-Thoma-Gymnasium, 10th grade, Lörrach, Germany, [Link]@[Link]

1 Introduction on the train points to the right. The whole train moves
to the right again.
Two strong neo-
dymium button A quantitative treatment of the lorentz force [1] shows,
magnets are at- that the driving force is proportional to the coil current:
tached to both = ⋅
ends of a small The speed limit is related to the different magnetic
cylindrical bat- fields and the Faraday’s law of induction. If the two
tery (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1: The “magnetic train” magnets move through the coil, there is a induced
When placed in a copper coil such that the magnets voltage. This voltage opposes the battery's voltage.
contact the coil, this “train” starts to move and quickly The faster the train becomes, the bigger is the induced
reaches a speed limit. But why does this “train” move voltage and the deceleration. The train reaches a speed
as if by magic? Why is there a speed limit? Can this limit.
speed limit be increased by varying different
By calculating the eddy currents [1] it is possible to
parameters such as the number of the magnets on both
determine the total force on the train and the terminal
ends of the train?
velocity:
To answer these questions we investigated the result-
ing magnetic fields and their orientation. We de- 1
= −
signed an experimental setup to measure how rele-
vant parameters affect the train’s speed and compared is the voltage of the battery, is the mass of the
the values to our detailed theory. train, is the friction coefficient and is the total
resistance.
2 Theory
Due to the contact of the button magnets and the coil, 3 Experiments
there is a current. As a consequence the coil turns into As there weren’t any silvered copper coils to buy, we
an electromagnet with a magnetic field (see Fig. 2, decided to wind the coils by ourselves. For the ex-
orange field lines). periments, the thickness of the wire and the number of
The button magnet on the left is repelled by this the button magnets were varied. The magnetic flux
electromagnet. The button magnet on the right is density of the different coils as well as the magnetic
attracted by the electromagnet, so the whole train flux density of the button magnets was measured by
moves to the right. hall sensors. The train’s driving force was investi-
gated with dynamometers. The explanation for the
speed limit of the train was confirmed by a special
experimental setup.
To measure the train’s speed limit we designed an
experimental setup (see Fig. 3). The voltage at a
certain section of the circle was logged. If the train
passed this section there was a peak in the
measurement diagram. We wrote a program in python,
which calculates the average lap time.
Fig. 2: The different magnetic fields of the train

This movement can also be verified by looking at the

lorentz force. On the top of Fig. 2 the electrons move
into the layer. The magnetic field points upwards, so
the lorentz force points to the left and the counter-force
 Number of Magnets
1 2 3

of the wire
Diameters
8.0 mm 4.336 s 2.808 s 3.132 s
1.0 mm 4.427 s 2.290 s 2.283 s
1.2 mm 3.279 s 2.702 s 2.331 s
1.5 mm 7.090 s 4.866 s 3.984 s
moments of the neodymium magnets and the total
resistance . This total resistance includes the
contact resistance of the magnets with the coil, which
revealed to be a very critical parameter for the
Fig. 3: (1) wooden plate with wooden dowels; (2) comparison.
current collector; (3) battery with button magnets; (4)
silvered copper coil; (5) fixing of the coil; (6) data 3 Summary and outlook
logging system; (7) laptop
The “magnetic train” is a surprising and unexpected
Table 1: The average lap time for different coils and phenomenon. We found different explanations for the
different numbers of magnets per side driving force of the train and were able to explain, why
there is a speed limit. With the help of diverse
The more magnets are attached to the battery the
experiments we were able to confirm these theoretical
higher is the train's speed. If the wire is too thick there
considerations. In the future we would like to
is too much friction, so the train is very slow. If the
investigate the dependence of the contact resistance on
wire is too thin the coil bends out of shape very fast,
the velocity of the train.
so it is shaped very irregularly and the train is slow
too. A wire with a diameter of 10 mm is a good
4 References
compromise. We also measured the speed limit in
[1] C. Criado, N. Alamo: World’s simlplest
relation to the voltage.
electric train. American Journal of Physics,
To verify the connection between the current and the January 2016
driving force, we measured the force of the train with [2] [Link]
different currents. 150033/how-does-this-simple-electric-train-
work
Fig. 4: The train's driving force in relation to the [3] [Link]
current mystery-of-the-magnetic-train/

To compare our measurement of the speed limit with

theoretical values we determined the magnetic
 Hovercraft

Tímea Bánóczki

German Nationality High School, Hungary, [Link]@[Link]

1) Hovercraft then there will be overpressure under the CD too. I

I have always loved the different means of transport used the well-known Work theorem to describe the
and I have always loved physics. When I was a child I phenomenon and the Continuity equation to write
built many times a floating vehicle using a CD a down the change of the velocity of the flow. With
balloon and a valve. Of course I have always tried to the help of the cylindrical coordinate system I was
maximize the levitation time. So when I grew up I able to write down the phenomenon in 3D, so with
started to investigate the physical background of this x-y-z coordinates. Using these theories and after
vehicle. First of all I made this experiment because some simplification I can get my main equation for
this phenomenon is the ground of the floating the pressure as the function of the radius.
vehicles and it would be the greatest if I could 1 1 6
( )=− ∙ ∙ + ∙ ln + ( )
levitate relative big masses using relative small 2 (2 ℎ ) ℎ
propellant - in this case air. So I built this simple This equation consists 3 different parts. First the
model - hovercraft - using a weekday CD, a balloon velocity part, second the viscosity part and third a
filled with air (I used different types of balloons), constant part which was measured during the
which I connected to the disk with a valve. The experiments at the edge of the CD. So we can say
exiting air can lift the device making it float over a that these parameters can influence the pressure as
surface with low friction. I investigated the relevant the function of the radius under the CD.
parameters influence the time of the "low-friction" This formula was also good because later after some
state. During my measurements I investigated rearrangement I could calculate the lifting force of
different parameters and I could observe some kind the device.
of vibration but only in the cases of fast slow. So it 3) How good does the theory describe the reality?
was not so important because my first aim was to First of all I measured the overpressure under the CD
create such a system which can levitate very long and compared the measured values with my
time, so the flow had to be very slow. That is why I theoretical line and I could see that it does not fit
tried to approach this problem from this direction perfectly but it was better than the literary [1]. To
and I looked for a theory which describes my explain the difference I measured the effect of the
problem correctly. hysteresis on the balloon and I discovered that the
pressure is not the same in the balloon during the
phenomenon, so it means that the balloon became
tired. But I took it a constant value because it would
be very hard to measure the pressure in the balloon

Figure 1.
Vertical, horizontal flow
Overpressure [Pa]

Experimental set Figure 2.

up Levitation of the disc
Vertical flow

Horizontal, laminar flow

2) Why does this set up levitate?

To understand the problem first I had to understand
the cause of the levitation. When we blow up a Theoretical line
balloon, there will be an overpressure inside the
balloon and when we let it come out during the tube
Radius
Figure 3. Pressure under the CD
during the measurements and those points where As the table says I get the longest levitation time
the pressure was higher take only for a short time. with the balloon type 3 because it was not so strong
So this does not explain the difference between the and it was already exhausted. In that case was the
theory and the measurements. So I measured the smallest the difference between the theoretical and
pressure under the CD deeper and I discovered that the measured time because that describes most the
the air flows not in every case horizontal under the time equation which I have write down for slow
disc, but also in vertical direction. Our model flow.
describes only the horizontal, laminar flow so this I also measured the connection between the floating
can be the explanation for the difference. time and the volume of the balloon. When the
balloon is bigger than the levitation keeps longer.
After I understood the theory I measured the After many measurements I could say that I can lift
different parameters which influence the levitation. my set up very long time if the balloon is exhausted,
First I rearranged my main equation and I wrote if it has a big volume, if it has a relative small mass, if
down a formula for the lifting force. I compared the I lift it on a smooth surface and if I let the air flow
calculated lifting force with the measured and I saw out slow. So my maximum levitation time was 44
that there was only a smaller difference between min 23 sec.
them, which I could explain with that, that our 4) Summary
theory describes only the horizontal flow and under I made actually a toy which is available for
the CD there is not only horizontal flow. From this everybody, but it also takes us into the world of the
equation I created a formula as the function of the physics. I not only investigated the theoretical
mass. background of the phenomenon but I also measured
the different parameters which can influence the
=− + +
ℎ ℎ levitation time and I optimized my set up for a
With this formula I could see in which cases can I lift maximal load lifting and for a maximal levitation.
the biggest masses. So on which parameters does it Supervisor: Mihály Hömöstrei
depends on (different constant values, volume, 5)References
levitation time, height). So I made measurements 1)Stokesequationin a toy CD hovercraft-Charles de
with different masses on different surfaces and I saw Izarra and Gregoire de Izarra, Eur. J. Phys. 32 (2011)
89–99
that there may be a linear connection between the 2)Viscous Flow in Ducts
different masses and I also measured such critical available online:
masses which the system could not lift. [Link]
As I said I made measurements on different surfaces Viscous%20Flow%20in%[Link]
and I discovered that in the case of short levitation
the surface has to be rough and in the case of very
long levitation the surface has to be smooth and flat.
So I rearranged the mass equation for the levitation
time.
∙
=
∙ℎ
Because I could neglect the first
and the last part of the mass
equation (first part: the flow is
very slow, so it can be
neglected; last part: the lifting
force, which comes from this
part is very small compare to
Table 1. Difference between the theoretical and measured levitation times in the case
the whole lifting force).
of different balloons
So I compared the theoretical and measured
levitation times, which is represented at the table 1.
 Bottles as thick lens
Noel Plaszkó
Supervisors: Ferenc Zámborszky, Mihály Hömöstrei, Mihály Pál
Földes Ferenc Secondary School, Miskolc, Hungary, plaszkonoel@[Link]

1) The purpose of the investigation investigated how the temperature develops along the
Nowadays, environmental protection is a crucial issue. optical axis and the plane perpendicular to the optical
The bottles left in the nature are highly polluting which axis. Finally, different materials were tried to scorch
is proved by several studies. However, it has not been and ignite.
studied that these may cause fire. Because a fluid-filled 3) Results of the experiment
bottle can easily work as a thick lens, which focuses the It was found that the thickness of a bottle is negligible
rays of the Sun. In this study it will be examined we and there is only a small difference between the
can ignite something with the help of a bottle (Fig. 1.). refractive index of the bottle and the water ( ≈
Fluid filled bottle 1.45, ≈ 1.33), in this way a bottle can be
Sun considered as a thick lens. However, the incoming rays
are not paraxial so there is no focal point, only focus
area. For scorching approximately 200-250C is
Paper
required [3], the aim was to reach this temperature.
Based on the simulation we can state that 60% of the
Fig. 5. A bottle focuses the rays of the Sun total radiation is concentrated in the focus area. 12% of
the radiation is reflected and 10% of the radiation is
absorbed by the fluid (it was determined by the Beer-
2) Methods of the investigations Lambert law). The atmospheric absorption coefficient
The problem was investigated theoretically and is determined by measurement, using the following
experimentally [1]. Firstly, the imaging of the thick equilibrium equation:
lens and the conditions for scorching were studied. The
+ = +
differences between a thick lens and a bottle was also
investigated. After that theoretical estimation was where the power of the Sun is given by this formula
given for the maximum temperature that we are able to ( : atmospheric absorption coefficient, : solar
reach by using Stefan's law and simulations (based on constant [4]):
Snell’s law) were done to determine where the focus
area can be found. The estimation is based on the well = (1 − )∙ ∙
known solar constant ( ), and the different weakening and it was found it is the smallest at noon and 40% of
effects were also studied, such as atmospheric the total radiation is absorbed. On the basis of these
absorption, reflexion, absorption of the liquid, and that and using the equilibrium conditions for power [5]:
incoming rays are not paraxial rays. For the
measurements different bottles and a thermometer with + = +
a black body were used (Fig. 2.).
the theoretical maximum temperature is
approximately 250C. However, it is only a
theoretical estimation. The maximum temperature that
Fig. 2. Experimental setup I was able to reach with a spherical bottle is 170C (Fig.
3.).

Fig. 6. A bottle focuses the rays of the Sun

Atmospheric absorption was determined by
measurement [2]. The temperature was measured in
direct sunlight and shade, and the atmospheric
absorption coefficient was calculated. It was also
Fig. 3. The temperature along the optical
axis in case of a spherical and a
cylindrical bottle
Scorching was investigated by this bottle. Here is the
table of different material and the success of scorching
(Fig. 4.):

Fig. 4. Darker textiles, cardboards and

tobacco can be easily scorched

4) Conclusion
As it can clearly be seen a bottle can easily cause fire.
The maximum temperature that we are able to reach is
approximately 170C, which is enough to scorch a
surface, but in several case it can ignite something. Dry
and rotten leaves can easily catch fire if they are in the
focus of this kind of thick lens. This is another reason
to never leave a liquid-filled bottle in the nature. They
may cause fire.
5) References
[1] Budó-Mátrai: Kísérleti Fizika III. Nemzeti
Tankönyvkiadó, Budapest (ISBN 963 18 5969)
[2] APS Laboratory: Measuring the temperature of the
sun Researching report
Available online:
[Link]
s/apsmanuals/[Link]
[3] Flammability characteristics of different materials
Available online:
[Link]
anyagok_eghetosegi_tulajdonsagai.pdf
[4] Units and symbols in solar energy
Available online:
[Link]
bols_in_solar_energy.pdf
[5] Table of total emissivity
Available online:
[Link]
f
 ICYS_2016_abstract India ( Physics-Design & Static Analysis of Electromagnetic Shock Absorber using electromagnetic
induction)

Shikhar Juneja & Vaishali

Ms. Sudha Chand

St. Mark’s Senior Secondary Public School, Meera Bagh , New Delhi ,India,
stmarksmb@[Link]

The purpose of the investigation Results of the experiment

We believe that this shock absorber will by eradicate
the problems caused by the already-in-use shock
Today, travelling has become a major part of our daily absorbers due to friction and related factors, this
life. Everyone wants to have a comfortable ride, magnetic shock absorber can be used in vehicles
whether in a town or in its outskirts. The repeated jerks carrying variable amount of load.
experienced by the car results in successive damage to Conclusion
the shockers of the cars further resulting in discomfort.
This set us thinking of improving the quality and
We conclude that that this type of shock absorber
efficiency of the suspension system by using the
would help the industry to make the ride more efficient
principle of Electromagnetism.
and comfortable, also economical and customizable at
Method of the investigation the same time .Improving on concept we can say that
to make these magnetic shock absorbers even better, a
The first shock absorbers were simply two arms chain of more than two permanent magnets can be used
connected by a bolt with a friction disk between them. to absorb the shocks which will make riding the vehicle
Its resistance was adjusted by tightening or loosening more comfortable.
the bolt. This was followed by the air, fluid and spring
shock absorbers. These shock absorbers were not
efficient enough for a comfortable ride.

An electromagnetic shocker resembles a telescopic

suspension. A permanent strong magnet with same
inner diameter of slider is fixed at the base of fork tube.
A capacitor plate is fixed just above the permanent
magnet connected with positive terminal and an
electromagnet (inductor) is fixed at the ends of fork
tube and another capacitor plate is attached in front of
it connected with negative terminal. The poles of
electromagnet and permanent magnet is made same so
that they repel each other. The whole system is air tight
thus a dielectric medium is created increasing the
capacitance. The whole system is connected to a
battery eliminator that is being supplied by the vehicle
and the capacitors are connected to a rechargeable
battery so as to make the circuit economical and ready
to use.
 REFERENCES
1. Goldner, R.B., Zerigian, P., and Hull, J.R., “A
Preliminary Study of Energy Recovery in Vehicles by
Using Regenerative Magnetic Shock Absorbers,” SAE
Transactions – J.

2. Gupta, A., Various internal communications

with Argonne National Laboratory.
3. Graves, K.E., Iovenitti, P.G., and Toneich,
D., “Electronic Regenerative Damping in Vehicle
Suspension Systems,” International Journal of
Vehicle Designs, Vol. 24, Nos. 2/3, 2000, pp.
182-197.
3. Suda, Y. and Shiba, T., “A New Hybrid
Suspension System with Active Control and Energy
Regeneration,” Vehicle System Dynamics
Supplement, Vol. 25, 1996, pp. 641-
654.

4. Karnopp, D. “Permanent Magnet Linear

Motors Used as Variable Mechanical Dampers for
Vehicle Suspensions,” Vehicle System Dynamics,
Vol. 18, 1989, pp. 187-200.

Books referred:

1. John C. Dixon, „The Shock Absorber

Handbook „, Second Edition ,
Wiley Professional
EngineeringPublishing Series.

2. Tom Denton, ‟Automobile Electrical and

Electronic Systems‟, Third edition published by
Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.
 Long Distance Suction Fan Using Tornado Principle

Patricia Tiara Puspitasari

Eko Widiatmoko,[Link],[Link].
SMA Santo Aloysius 1, Bandung/Indonesia, patricia_tiara98@[Link]

1. Introduction The suction distance measurement was done by

observing smoke stream from a burned tissue paper. It
An experiment was conducted to study the suction
was held on a position above the box (y) to measure the
distance of a fan. An ordinary fan blows air to farther
farthest suction distance. Afterwards, the maximum
distance than its suction range . For example, a vacuum
distance of the fan axis to the smoke (x) is measured
cleaner should be very close to the floor in order to suck
such that it could be drawn by the fan.
the dust or dirt.
This research focused on creating a new equipment with
vents to make circular air motion resembling a tornado
that blows the air on the inlet side of the fan. With this
apparatus, it is intended to make a suction device which
can inhale air from long distance.

2. Problem Statement
The problem to be solved in this research is to find out
how the vents affect the air flow to make greater suction
distance and how to improve it. Figure 2. Experiment diagram

3. Research Methodology 4. Result and Analysis

The tornado formation begins with two winds at By adding vents to the small suction fan, the maximum
different direction which meet and form circular air distance was increased for the suction fan with 30o and
motion. When the radius getting smaller the velocity 45o vents but not for the 60o vents. The maximum
increases and causes the pressure in the center of the vertical and horizontal suction distances are 15 cm and
funnels greatly decreases which enable the tornado to 18 cm respectively.
suck things. By using the bigger box, the fan could inhale air from
To imitate this, a construction is made where a fan 20 cm above the axis and 19 cm radially, while the fan
mounted on a box with the inlet facing upwards without vents can only inhale air from 10 cm above and
encircled by vents at some radius which blew air in a 15 cm radially.
circular motion like a tornado around it (Fig.1). The Vents at 60o made the suction area wider while vents at
number of the vents, different vents angle, and box sizes 45o made the suction area looks like a cone. Vents at
are the variables. 30o, 20o, and 10o made the suction area higher. Another
experiment was to place the vents at five and zero
degrees, but it did not have higher suction distance.
Besides vents angle, the exit hole size also affected the
suction distance.

5. Conclusion and Recommendation

Fans with tornadoes were found to have a significantly
greater suction distance horizontally and vertically
Figure 1. Predicted air flow pattern around suction compared to the plain fan system.
fan with vents The number and the angle of the vents affected the
suction distance greatly. The vents at 20o and 30o
increased the vertical suction distance by 30-45% for the References
small suction fan, and 100% for the large suction fan.
[1] S. L. Horstmeyer, "Steven Horstmeyer's Tornado
The improvement also happened in horizontal, although
Pages," [Online]. Available:
it was not as large as vertical suction distance, which
[Link]
was 27% in the large suction fan with 60o vents.
[Accessed 9/11/2015].
The result of this experiment can be applied to exhaust
[2] J. Vasel, "Tornado physics: A terrifying lessons in
fan in large size combined with electrostatic precipitator
fluid dynamics," [Online]. Available:
to relieve smoke problem in forest fire or vacuum
[Link]
cleaner.
rnado_Physics_Justin_Vasel.pdf. [Accessed 9/11/
2015].
[3] P. A. Tipler, "Mekanika Zat Padat dan Fluida," in
Fisika untuk Sains dan Teknik, vol. 1, Jakarta,
Indonesia: Erlangga, 1998, pp. 401-404.
[4] H. Thampi, “Interaction of a translating tornado with
a low-rise building,” M.S. thesis, Dept. Eng. Math.,
Iowa State Univ., Ames., Iowa, 2010
 A Mechanical Random Number Generator Abstracts of
2016
Meshkat Sadri
Supervisors: Mohammad Mahdi Shariatmadar, Mojgan Issanejad
Farzanegan 2 High School, Tehran/Iran
Accepted and edited by: Araian Young Innovative Minds Institute, AYIMI, [Link] , info@[Link]

1 Introduction second method is to calculate the average

Truly random numbers are a very valuable and rare of tolerances of each number. By this way it will
resource. Design, produce, and test a mechanical become
device for producing random numbers. Analyse to 0.45% and if we want to assert that it’s randomly,
what extent the randomness produced is safe against it
tampering. So many ways were in use to generate should be less than a limit between 1% and
random numbers until now .There were simple ways 2% (according to how much random do we
like throwing a dice or flipping a coin and some expect it to
complex ways like lotto machine .Also there are be); that the dice lives up to this too.
many ways to generate random numbers in computer.
References
Random numbers are rare, useful and valuable
1-
resources and they are used for gambling, statistical
[Link]
sampling, computer simulation, cryptography, five-polyhedra
completely randomized design, and other areas where 2-[Link]
producing an unpredictable result is desirable. There
[Link]/do_you_know/polyhedra
are many ways to generate them like mechanical
devices as roulette wheels, lotto machine, dice and so
on; and the computer methods as defining a function
like rand function in quick basic programing
language and so on. But how random are they and
how can we get sure that no one can cheat?

2 Experiments
To solve this problem two ideas were closer to reality.
The first one was to make an icosahedron dice and the
second was to prove that a disk gives us numbers
randomly. So I have two ways to test the randomness
of the numbers; first is the practical way which is
to get a large amount of random numbers of the
device and calculate the percentage of numbers, and
the second is to theoretically prove that they are
random. Actually both of them were used to prove
that this dice is what the question asked to make.

So I made my icosahedron by magnets and then I put

numbers 1 to 20 on its faces. It weights nearly 1kg
and its longest diameter is about 8cm and the edges
are
4cm. For the first method (to get a large amount of
numbers and calculate the percentage of every
number), I diced for 640
times.

As we got in the practical way its tolerance of

randomness is about 2%. If we use the method of
having the highest and the lowest percentage
difference as our tolerance, that it should be less than
5%, if we want to assert that it gives us random.
The
 Frisbee vortices
Mohadese Matloub
Supervisors: Mohammad Mahdi Shariatmadar, Mojgan Issanejad
Farzanegan 2 High School, Tehran/Iran
Accepted and edited by: Araian Young Innovative Minds Institute, AYIMI, [Link] , info@[Link]

1 Introduction

When you submerge a large circular disk such as

dinner plate vertically and partially into the
swimming pool until it covers half of it a pair of
interesting vortices is created in the surface of the
water. They will persist for long time. They keep
going next to each other and the perfect black circle
is made on the bottom of pool. If you look from above
and dust chalk you can see mushroom spiral pattern
is exposed.

2 Experiments

A vortex can be described as a fluid structures that

rotating around axis line. When you place a large Fig. 2. Velocity contour of vortices
circular disk, such as dinner plate into a swimming .
pool the water right next to the plate is moved but the
farther water is inert so we have different speeds and Two vortices go along together when the plate is
when the front water is pulled to the back it is submerging. Figure 3 shows the condition of vortices
intensified. They can continue going along together, after formation and reaching a stable condition. The
because the vortices want to keep their angular whole pattern is called “mushroom pattern” which is a
momentum so continue rotating as move to the water rotational a linear motion simultaneously.
but lose some energy because of friction (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Experiment shows if the vortices reach the wall they

are scattered from each other
Fig. 3. The mushroom pattern of vortices motion at stable
Figure 2 shows the velocity contour of the fore going condition
vortices simulated by the software Comsol multiphysics
3.5a.
Some Parameters influence on this phenomenon:
Diameter of the plate,
Viscosity of the fluid,
Temperature,
Shape of the plate
References
1) Experimental evidence for maximal surfaces in a 3
dimensional minkowski space. http//[Link].
2) Falaco solitons_cosmic strings in a swimming pool.
http//[Link]
 Hot Water Fountain Phenomenon
Sanaz Nozhati
Farzanegan 1High School , Tehran/Iran
Accepted and edited by: Araian Young Innovative Minds Institute, AYIMI, [Link] , info@[Link]

1 Introduction

If you half fill the pipette with hot water, the water
stays at the bottom and the air at room temperature
will be in the upper part. Then you block the top end
of the pipette with the tip of your finger and turn the
pipette upside down, so the hot water starts flowing
down to the blocked side. After that you observe the
water flowing out from the tip of the pipette. In this
paper we investigate the reason and parameters
affecting this phenomenon.

2 Experiments

We did our experiments by a pipette ( 41.4ml volume)

filled with different amounts of water and measured
the amount of the water which came out from the pipette
and calculated the initial and the final volume of the
air in the pipette, then the results were compared
with what the Ideal Gas Law predicts. But as shown
in fig.1 this phenomenon cannot be justified with the
Ideal Gas Law.

12
10
8
6
vf(ml)

vout av
4
theory
2
0
-2 0 10 20 30
vi (ml)

[Link] initial volume of the air versus the final

volume

The amount of emerging water from the pipette was

investigated by increasing the initial volume of the
water and also water temperature in several
experiments.

3. Conclusion

Our experiments were compared with a reasonable

theory to justify this phenomenon by consideration
the effects of the saturated vapour pressure.
 The Heinrich Rubens experiment in the 3D model

Dawid Lipski

Supervisor: Urszula Woźnikowska-Bezak

IV Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Orląt Lwowskich in Gliwice

Creative Group QUARK, The Youth Palace in Katowice, Poland; email: dawidlipsk8@[Link]

1 Introduction 2 loudspeakers, 3 gas inters and Arduino Uno. Inside I

entered thermometer and Pressure sensor connected
The Rubens flame tube is a demonstration which is to Arduino. To do my experiment I had to use my box
over 100 years old and which allows the observers to 1 bottle with propane-butane, tone generator with
visualize acoustic standing wave behavior. Flame gas amplifier and laptop.
inside the tube flows through holes drilled on the
top, and flames are then lit above. The tube is closed 3.2 Results
at one end and is driven with a loudspeaker at the
other end. When the tube is driven at one of its In my experiment I calculated: velocity of sound,
resonance frequencies, the flames form a visual resonance, acoustic modes and acoustic impedance
standing wave pattern as they vary in height of the box. But everything depends on of the
according to the pressure amplitude in the tube. I did temperature in the box because when gas is burning
this experiment but in the box. on the top the gas heats up. We can see the
temperature in the chart Fig.(2).
2 Theoretical part
The objective of my experiment was to observe the
waves Rising a flammable gaseous medium. I Veloci
calculated and determined through experimentation
ty of
the frequencies that resonated in a Ruben’s Box,
causing standing waves to be established. I calculated Sound
Butane
standing waves from a formula for modes in cubes. (m/s) 50%-
Propane…

Temaperature (°C)
Fig.(2).The chart of velocity of sound vs. temperature.
3 Experiment
To calculations in my experiment I used propane-
butane in proportions 50%-50%. I conclude that
temperature increases very fast and has big impact
on all the parameters.

3.3 Dancing flames

It looks impressive when flames are dancing on the
Fig.(1).Scheme of the box. top box. However, it is very hard to obtain and keep a
standing wave, because the frequency of the mode is
3.1 Relevant parameters dependent on the temperature and the temperature
increases very fast.
To create my Rubens box I used 4 metal plates
0,25[m]x0,5[m] and 2 metal plates 0,25[m]x0,25[m],
 4 Conclusion
During my research I found out many important
dependencies. The temperature is the most
important factor and the box works well only for high
acoustic modes.

6 References

[1] Z. Żyszkowski: Podstawy elektroakustyki.

Wydawnictwo naukowo techniczne, Warszawa,
1984r., Wydanie 3
[2] Program WolframAlpha|PRO®© 2016
[3] Morse P.M., Ingard K.U. : Theroretical acoustics.
New york, McGraw-Hill 1968.
 DEVICE THAT GENERATES ELECTRICITY WITH NOISE BASED ON THE
PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
Dominik Romanów
Supervisor: mgr Grzegorz Cuber
I Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. I.J. Paderewskiego in Knurów,
Creative Group QUARK, The Youth Palace in Katowice, Poland

1. Introduction
Nowadays the development of our civilization rushes
forward. It all happens thanks to the new technologies.
My idea is to create a device that generates electric
energy from noise with the use of piezoelectric effect.
Fig.1
2. Theoretical part Schematic layout of my device

Principle of operation of my device is based on the When building the device I was inspired by the ear
piezoelectric effect. Quartz - building blocks of construction. As a receiver of vibrations I used silver-
piezoelectric changes its dimension under the gold foil stretched over the ring of a bike’s rim. This
influence of electric field and vice versa- it generates way I made a membrane (an equivalent to an
electrical charge as a result of mechanical eardrum). As a repeater of the vibrations I’ve chosen a
deformation. In my device I used this property. steel ball with a diameter of 8mm (an equivalent of a
Sound is an auditory sensation caused by acoustic hammer in an ear). A bottle cap played a role of an
wave spreading in the solid, liquid or gas. Frequencies anvil (see Fig.2). As a strip I used a steel tape 230mm
of waves audible by human beings are from 16Hz to long and 15mm wide. The device was placed in the
20kHz. distance of 30cm from the speaker. The frequency
given was 42 Hz. It can be found within the range of
frequency of a hammer drill. As the result I succeeded
3. Experimental part obtaining a light-emitting diode.
3.1 Essential parameters
To create the proper source of noise I used the guitar
amplifier and the Frequency sound Generator in the
form of a phone app. Using this generator I produced
the sound in the range of frequency from 20Hz to
70Hz, obtaining characteristic amplitude frequency of
the tested setup. I obtained the biggest value at the
frequency of 42Hz. In the project I used the piezo Fig.2 Schematic representation of my device.
converter of 35mm diameter, crystal of 25mm
diameter with soldered wires. 4. Summary
3.2 How the device works The benefit of this device is that it was made of
renewable materials and that it creates energy from the
When we make the converter vibrate, it generates renewable source - noise. In the future the device can
variable voltage with the frequency that depends on be upgraded by adding professional electronic setup.
the frequency of vibrations. That’s why to power a This and similar devices could be used to illuminate
diode I added the Graetz’s bridge. It is a system that the airport runways.
consists of four diodes thanks to which variable
voltage transforms into constant voltage. The Bibliography
connected capacitor stabilizes the voltage and that
makes the diode shine fluently (without pulsing) (see [Link]
Fig.1). The output voltage under the system and diode [Link]
piezoelektrycznosci,263
loading is 2.64V. Without load it ranges from 3.5V up
to 6V. The capacitor charges up to 16V.
 Circularly excited pendulum

Karol Białas

Supervisor: Urszula Woźnikowska-Bezak

II Liceum Ogólnokształcące im. Stefana Żeromskiego in Dąbrowa Górnicza

Creative Group QUARK, The Youth Palace in Katowice, Poland; email: zygzak-1998@[Link]

only support point’s angular frequency, but also length

of thread and radius of support point. After series of
5 Purpose of the investigation experiments I could determine how each parameter
affects the motion of bob.
A simple pendulum whose support point is moving
along horizontal circumference can trace circles 7.1 Motion of bob
whose radius is smaller than the radius of support After analysis of motion I have concluded that when
point trajectory. It only happens when certain support point reaches certain value of angular
conditions are met. Purpose of my investigation was frequency further increasing of it will not affect bob’s
to determine these conditions. trajectories. This certain value depends only on
pendulum’s length and radius support point. When
6 Theoretical part this condition is met bob behaves very similarly to
pendulum whose support point is not moving.
In order to study the motion of said pendulum I
wrote its equations of motion using Lagrangian
formalism.

θ1 is a position angle of support point, θ2 position

angle of the bob (horizontal) and θ3 is an angle
between thread and a vertical axis. Those equations
can only be solved numerically. I have solved them in
Sage environment. After plotting results I found out
that motion of the bob is very similar to motion of
pendulum with horizontal oscillating support because
circular motion can be described as superposition of
2 perpendicular oscillations with equal amplitudes,
angular frequencies and with phase difference 0.5π.
When angular frequency of support point’s oscillation
is much bigger than natural frequency of pendulum Trajectory example
bob will be almost at rest.
7.2 Attractors of the system
This system has 2 attractors. First one is an orbit
− + =0 which pendulum would follow due to centrifugal
̇ ̇
force. Second one is an effect of difference of
frequencies. This attractor also is circle shaped and
radius of this circle depends on the driving frequency,
7 Experimental part when this frequency is high enough we can assume
I have built my own Circularly excited pendulum, it that second attractor is a point on rotation axis.
consists of bob and strong thread attached to engine-
powered rotating disc. This experimental setup allowed 8 Conclusions
me to conduct wide range of experiments. I varied not “Lagging effect” is caused by frequency difference and
when driving frequency is high enough bob behaves
similarly to simple unperturbed pendulum.

9 References
- W. Rubinowicz, W. Królikowski: Mechanika
teoretyczna, wyd.9 Warszawa: Wydawnictwo
Naukowe PWN, 2012

-G. Gonzalez. A pendulum with moving support point

(2006),
[Link]
Phys7221/[Link]

-Erik Mahieu. Pendulum with Rotating Pivot

([Link]),
[Link]
RotatingPivot/
 Van der Pauw Method
Przemysław Słota
Supervisor: Urszula Woźnikowska-Bezak

Creative Group QUARK, The Youth Palace in Katowice, Poland

12 Experimental part
10 Introduction 12.1 Measurement of rectangular
In 1958 L. J. van der Pauw introduced a new method
sample
of measuring electrical properties of a sample. The
method uses only four contacts to measure resistivity To check if the method is applicable for
and hall coefficient of the sample. measurements of a rectangular sample a
measurement circuit was built. A low-noise opamp
11 Theoretical part was used to gain the output voltage. Then the
The method requires that: formulate was solved numerically using
• The sample is simply connected; WolframAlpha®. After analyzing the inaccuracies the
• The sample has 4 point contacts on its edge; results are comparable with given values.
• The contacts are points (or at least one order For copper plate: = 1.85 ∙ 10 Ω
of magnitude smaller than the sample).
When: = 1.72 ∙ 10 Ω
The sample does not have to form a particular shape,
but for shapes are commonly used (a Greek cross,
12.2 Measurement of circular sample
a disk/cloverleaf, a square/rectangle and a bridge
with a hole

(especially for Hall’s effect measurements)).

Fig. 1. Forms of the sample (darker dots indicate
contacts).
Fig. 3. The circular plate used for experiments.
For examining the influence of holes on the results
obtained using this method, a circular plate was

R(r)
8E-08
7E-08
6E-08
Fig. 2. Connections for measurement. 5E-08
R [Ω]

4E-08
From a theoretical derivation we obtain a formula: 3E-08
2E-08
− − 1E-08
exp , + exp , =1
0E+00
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
r [m]
made and several circles where step-by-step etched
on its surface. The dependency is shown below:

13 Conclusions
• After analyzing the inaccuracies of
measurements the results are comparable
with expected values;
• A hole in the sample causes the value of
calculated resistivity to increase.

14 Future research
• Simulation of current distribution in the plate;
• Study on the influence of holes in the plate on
the results of measurements;
• Determination of correction coefficients for
different holes.

15 References
• L. J. van der Pauw. Philips Techn. Rev. 20,
220–224 (1958);
• D. W. Koon and C. J. Knickerbocker. What do
you measure when you measure resistivity?
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 1, 207-210 (1992).
 How does a laboratory have room on a chip?
Batiz Orsolya Bernadett1

Tóth Anna Borbála2, Holczer Eszter2, Fürjes Péter2

Apáczai Csere János High School, Cluj-Napoca/Romania, bbbotty@[Link]

HAS Centre for Energy Research – Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science (MTA EK MFA)

I made four different chips in two sets,

depending on the experiments planned. One of the
Introduction and purpose of the study mask-layouts is presented in Fig. 1. Basically, the
I started working on this project during the chips made on the same set have only minor
summer of 2015 in a science camp organized by the differences, because they were used to test the
MTA EK Institute of Technical Physics and Materials different aspects of the same experiment. I applied
Science in Budapest. I participated in an on-line inverted fluorescence microscope (Zeiss AxioVert A1)
competition in which 23 students were selected to [3] with camera to record photos and I processed
attend the camp. With my 22 colleagues we worked them by Zeiss Zen [3] and Image J [4] image analysis
in different laboratories for a week, where our softwares. I performed experiments regarding
project leaders supervised our activity. In February continuous flow and droplet-based microfluidics,
2016, I returned to Budapest to continue my also.
experiments, as I couldn’t find the equipment needed
for them in Cluj-Napoca. My project leaders guided
me in using the laboratory infrastructure again, and
assisted me in doing the experiments.

In summer, I personally got to work in the

microfluidics laboratory, where I got to make my own
lab-on-a-chip. The purpose of my study is to
experimentally characterise the specific behavior of a
Fig. 1. Mask-layout of one of the chips I made
microscale lab-on-a-chip system and to establish
adequate explanations of the revealed physical The continuous-flow microfluidics [5] can
phenomena of fluids in microfluidic structures. describe the behavior of mixed liquids having similar
viscosity. In the first experiment I tested how a fluid
can be focused to a certain size in a micro-channel. I
Methods of investigation
used water as sheath fluid and diluted fluorescent
In order to start the investigation, I had to
human serum albumin (HSA – Sigma Aldrich) [6]
prepare the chip. Firstly, I designed the mask-layout
solution as sample liquid. I analyzed the width of the
(plan of the fluidic channels) for manufacturing
HSA stream as function of the sheath flow-rate.
lithographic mask on computer. Then, I coated a
silicon wafer with special photosensitive layer. I lit In the second experiment I tested the mixing
the coated wafer by UV light through the mask and process of two fluids in continuous flow and droplet
since I used negative tone photoresist, the radiated based microfluidic system. I used fluorescently
region of the coating was polymerised and became (quinine) painted liquid [7], and water for continuous
non-removable. After that, I poured polydimethyl- mixing and silicon oil (a fluid with high viscosity) as
siloxane (PDMS – Dow Corning) [1] on the wafer sheath flow for droplet generation. In this case the
applied as moulding replica and waited until it two fluids would not mix with the oil due to their
polymerized [2]. I peeled, cut and punched the PDMS different viscosity. I made fluorescence intensity
to form uniform chips, and then I bonded the chips profiles and compared the mixing effects in
onto glass slides by using oxygen-plasma activation. continuous streams and droplets.
 My first experiment regarding droplet-based
microfluidics [8] focused on the generation of
droplets. Droplet-based microfluidics analyzes the
behavior of liquids with different viscosity, as water
and oil. I examined the diameter dependence of the
droplets on the oil flow rate, in order to determine
the optimal rate of the sheath fluid applicable to
form droplets with uniform size.

The second experiment here was also the

Fig. 3. Relative concentration distribution of the
mixing of two fluids, but in this case, the mixture was
fluorescent sample in straight channel.
formed in micro-droplets. The intensity profiles I
made show that mixing in droplets is more efficient
The first experiment I made regarding droplet-
than in a simple laminar system. After making the
based microfluidics shows that the higher the flow-
intensity profiles, I also calculated the relative
rate of the oil, the smaller the diameter of droplets.
concentration distribution in the droplet.
We can determine the optimal rate of the sheath
fluid for proper sized droplets to be formed. I
Results of experiments calculated the average droplet-diameter from the
diameter of approximately 25-30 droplets (Fig. 4).
In continuous-flow microfluidics the
experiment with liquid focusing showed that the The second experiment here showed (Fig. 5)
higher the speed of the water, the narrower the HSA that the mixing process in a droplet is much more
beam gets. The graph below shows the width of the efficient than in laminar flow systems. Mixing fluids
focused liquid depending on the rate of the water or stirring solutions to enhance homogeneity or to
and HSA speed. The HSA speed was constant, firstly accelerate a chemical reaction is easier and faster
0,6 μL/s and then 0,4 μL/s, the speed of the water due to the extremely small size of the droplets (pL).
was changed by 0,2 μL/s firstly from 0,6 to 3 μL/s,
then from 0,4 to 2 μL/s. So fluid-focusing to a certain
size is possible on a chip as presented in Fig. 2.

Fig. 4. Droplet diameter as the function of oil flow

rate

Fig. 2. Width of focused sample as the function of

flow rate ratios

The second experiment with mixing two fluids

of similar viscosity in a simple microfluidic system
showed that this kind of mixing process is very
inefficient due to the laminar flow, and extremely
long mixing distance is needed.
Fig. 5. Relative concentration distribution of the
fluorescent sample in micro-droplets

Conclusion
I proved that a laboratory can really exist on a
chip containing fluid-focusing, droplet generating
microfluidic systems or even nanoreactors.

Fluids can be focused to a certain size,

depending on their flow rate in the channel system.

Proper-sized droplets can also be formed

depending on the flow rates.

Mixing of fluids is critical in microscale, due to

laminar flow, yet faster inside the droplets due to the
extremely small amount of reagents.

Lab-on-a-chip systems are a great

improvement in research, because this way the
micro-scale analysis and processing of fluids is made
possible and it can be applied in physical, chemical,
biomedical fields as well.

References
[1] [Link]

[2] Whitesides, G. M., Nature, 2006, 442, 368-373.

[3] [Link]

[4] [Link]

[5] [Link]

[6] [Link]

[7]
[Link]
e

[8] Shia-Yen The, Lab Chip, 2008, 8, 198-220

 The Measurement of Electrical Signals in Plants
Filip Lupaș, Andrei Colhon, Dragoș Tuluc, Georgiana Pușcaș, Farauanu Emanuel
“Emil Racoviță” National College

Our Purpose PC or power are available (this device can run from a
standard 9V battery).
During the last hundred years scientists have managed
to measure the stimulus-induced systemic change in Our device uses a CMOS buffer for each channel, in
membrane potential, also known as variation order to keep the total input bias current to a
potential1. Usually the voltage output from the minimum (10fA). The internal construction is floating
electrodes attached to the plant is passed to a high- on ceramic supports to prevent any leakage of current
impedance two channel amplifier. Such devices are through the printed circuit board or other
usually too big for carrying around, and as our first components. A differential amplifier is used
objective was to use plants in the wild as live sensors afterwards in order to get the voltage difference
for collecting data about the pollution, precipitation between the electrodes, value which will be amplified
quantity or potential fires, we chose to build our own later by the second stage amplifier; it represents the
custom-made portable measurement device so that absolute value of the transmembrane potential. This
we would be able to use it anywhere on the field. After value is then taken by an ADC and converted into a
some trial and error, we have managed to achieve digital signal. This is done to maintain the quality of the
building the needed device. signal over long cables. At the end, a computer is
connected via USB to analyze and store the data.
Method of Realization During the experiment, several conditions need to be
accomplished to ensure relevant data.
Our homemade electrometer is a high impedance  wounding must be reproducible
device used to measure the surface potential on  leaves must be fixed and undamaged
leaves. The full features of this device are:  the plant should be watered the day before
 100TOhm input impedance the experiment
 aluminum case  temperature and light intensity must not
 BNC input terminals fluctuate
 two stage adjustable gain (10-10000)
 auto zero leveling Results of the preliminary Experiment
 SD card slot for recordings
We did a set of measurements using a potentiostat, in
 live data feed through USB
order to see the form of the signal that we wanted to
The electrometer is built using high quality
obtain through measuring with our own device. We
components, in order to minimize the overall
have used platinum wires as electrodes, KCl to
temperature over time drift. We need to remember
facilitate the contact between the leaf and the
that this device is used for long time measurements,
electrode, and of screened wires to avoid unwanted
therefore any change in temperature could induce
noise. The software which was used to make a live
incorrect data. We chose BNC connectors for easy
graph from the received data of the potentiostat does
compatibility with other cables and electrodes. The
not allow the recording of incoming signal, so we had
auto-zeroing function is mainly used to ease later data
to use screen capture software to obtain the graph.
processing (no hysteresis is applied) and the SD card
The graph was plotted using the potential variation
feature is used in case of remote measuring, where no
derived by time on the Y axis and the time itself on the

1
“Characterization of the Variation Potential in
Sunflower” by Bratislav Stankovik, Tadeusz Zawadzki,
and Eric Davies
X axis. The results were immediate, as soon as we
induced pain into the plant, using a variety of stimuli
the variation potential could be observed in real time
as the graph was plotted. One of the first details that
resulted from our measurements was that the
potential variation rose if our stimuli was more
intense. This provoked a question about the possible
correlation between the intensity of the harmful
stimuli and the stimulus-induced systemic change in
membrane potential. Our main obstacle in
determining this correlation was the fact that we were
not sure about the precision of our collected data.
Therefore we are waiting to do our second set of
experiments using the device we have built, as it still
needs some small adjustments.
 Correlation between a Natural Dielectric Lens and a Transmitarray Lens
Chua Xian Wei1,*
Chia Boon Khim Kerrell2, Chia Tse Tong2, Tan Guoxian1
1
Raffles Institution, 2DSO, Singapore, *chua_xian_wei@[Link]

1 Introduction Figure 1. Design parameters of unit cell

Conventional dielectric lenses rely on accumulation of
phase delay during wave propagation to produce a
desired wavefront. By considering the required phase
delay at each lens position, an 'equivalent'
transmitarray can be obtained. This paper has adopted Figure 2. Four identical layers in a unit cell
a 'proof-of-concept' approach in correlating the
performance of a conventional and transmitarray lens, The unit cell periodicity was kept at λ /3 = 12.5 mm to
both operating at 8 GHz. Such transmitarray lenses find reduce grating lobes and sensitivity to incident angles.
useful applications in satellite communication, The simulation was run with finite integration
automotive radar and imaging systems, due to their technique (FIT) in CST Microwave Studio. A normal
characteristics of high-gain, lightweight, easier incidence plane wave was used to illuminate the unit
fabrication and low-profile. cell element, and unit cell boundary condition was used
to simulate an infinite array. The transmission phase
2 Design Methodology of Natural and magnitude of the unit cell element as a function of
Dielectric Lens L, the dimension of the innermost ring, are plotted in
Firstly, the design of a conventional spherical biconvex Fig. 3 and 4. L of the innermost ring was chosen to be
lens is proposed using geometric optics. By considering between 0.983 and 4.904 mm, to correspond to the
the phase delay experienced by a wave passing through gentler part of the S-curve while maintaining
a dielectric lens and the thickness function of the lens, transmission loss below 2.32 dB.
the required phase delay as a function of the lens
position is derived. 0
-200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Phase (Degrees)
Transmission

3 Design Methodology of an -400

'Equivalent' Transmitarray Lens -600
-800
Secondly, to design a corresponding transmitarray -1000
antenna, the unit cell element is first designed. A square -1200
loop element is chosen due to stability of frequency -1400
Diameter of innermost ring L (mm)
response under various incident angles. A concentric
Figure 3. Transmission phase against L of innermost
ring is added to maximize phase shift per layer. The
ring
geometrical model of the double square ring element is
shown in Fig. 1. The gap S between the inner and outer 0
-10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Magnitude (dB)

rings was varied to obtain a design S-curve with a slow

Transmission

-20
rate of phase increment with respect to the change in -30
the geometrical dimensions in the unit cell element. -40
Four identical layers, separated by an air gap and each -50
-60
backed by a dielectric substrate, as shown in Fig. 2, -70
were required to achieve a 360o phase range. -80
Diameter of innermost ring L (mm)
Figure 4. Transmission magnitude against L of
innermost ring
S L
The transmitarray is then designed by discretizing the
ideal phase profile in the natural dielectric lens and
considering the phase shift at the centre of each unit
cell.

4 Correlation and Comparison of To discuss transmission losses due to lens reflection,

Performance of Both Lenses the reflection magnitude against L of innermost ring of
the transmitarray was plotted. For our transmitarray,
The simulation results of the phase and amplitude plots
there is greater reflection for centre elements and
of the E-field for both the natural dielectric lens and
multiple reflections between each of the 4 layers. We
transmitarray in the = 0 plane are presented in Fig. 5
suggest that an advantage of the transmitarray approach
and Fig. 6, respectively. Both lenses are illuminated by
is that the reflection magnitude can be determined from
an electric dipole placed at the focal point.
the simulation of the unit cell and incorporated as
The results show the transmitarray mimics the

Figure 5. Phase plot of E-field of (a) natural dielectric lens and (b) transmitarray at = 0 plane

Figure 6. Amplitude plot of E-field of (a) natural dielectric lens and (b) transmitarray at = 0 plane

dielectric lens in focusing, though with a greater spread another design parameter.
of energy, while having the merits of a flat and thin Lens aberration is also discussed. A flat transmitarray
profile, lightweight and easier fabrication. This is advantageous over conventional dielectric lenses as
provides a methodology in designing artificial it does not show spherical aberrations due to lack of
dielectric lenses using periodic array. curved surfaces. Chromatic aberration of the
5 Discussion of Simulation Results transmitarray is investigated by plotting a 3D plot of
the phase delay at various lens positions for other
To explain discrepancies in the results, the validity of
frequencies, using the S-curve of the unit cell. It is
infinite array and normally-incident plane wave
shown that as operation frequency decreases, focal
assumptions used in the simulation of unit cell
length increases, similar to the phenomenon in
elements, as well as the following factors, are
traditional dielectric lenses.
discussed: (1) coupling between neighboring elements
changes towards edge of the transmitarray, thus 6 Future Extensions
altering approximate phases; (2) diffraction at lens
For future extensions, fabrication and measurement of
edges due to finite size of transmitarray; (3) oblique
our transmitarray is proposed, to allow for comparison
incident angles affecting transmission magnitude and
with simulation results. We suggest that ohmic and
phase of edge elements.
dielectric losses will lead to even smaller radiation
efficiency than simulated, and manufacturing [18] Abdelrahman, A.H., Nayeri, P., Elsherbeni, A.Z.,
tolerances will result in phase errors in wavefront Yang, F. (2015, July). Bandwidth Improvement
compensation. We also propose the use of an Methods of Transmitarray Antennas. IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 63(7),
equivalent-circuit model to analyse our unit cell
2946-2957.
element, in order to design broader bandwidth and
multiple bands transmitarrays.

7 References
[1] Nematollahi, H., Laurin J.J., Page, J.E., Encinar,
J.A. (2015, April). Design of Broadband Transmitarray
Unit Cells with Comparative Study of Different
Number of Layers. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and
Propagation, 63(4), 2946-2957.
[2] Zainud-Deen, S.H., Hassan, W.M., Malhat, H.A. &
Awadalla, K.H. (2015, February) Radiation
characteristics enhancement of dielectric resonator
antenna using solid/discrete dielectric lenses.
Advanced Electromagnetics, 4(1).
[3] Kaouach, H., Dussopt, L., Sauleau, R. & Koleck, T.
(2009, March). Design and demonstration of an X-band
transmit-array. 3rd European Conference on Antennas
and Propagation, 1191-1195.
[4] Zhou, S., Wang, Z., & Feng, Y. (2012, May).
Optimal Design of Wideband Microwave Absorber
Consisting of Resistive Meta-Surface Layers. Journal
of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 4, 187-
191. doi:10.4236/jemaa.2012.45025
[5] Wang, Y., Deguchi, H. & Tsuji, M. (2012, July). A
broadband flat lens based on aperture-coupled patch
FSSs with four-pole resonant behaviour. 2012 IEEE
Antennas and Propagation Society International
Symposium, 1-2.
[6] Silver, S. (Eds.). (1949). Microwave antenna theory
and design. IEEE Electromagnetic Wave Series.
[7] Erdil, E., Topalli, K., Zorlu, O. & Toral, T. (2013,
April). A reconfigurable microfluidic transmitarray
unit cell. 2013 7th European Conference on Antennas
and Propagation, 2957-2960.
[8] He, Y. & Eleftheriades, G.V. (2014). Rotated
infrared antenna transmitarray for the manipulation of
circularly polarized wavefronts. EPJ Appl. Metamat.
2014, 1(8). doi: 0.1051/epjam/2015002
[9] Rajagopalan, H., & Rahmat-Samii, Y. (2011,
August). Reflectarray Antennas: An Intuitive
Explanation of Reflection Phase Behavior. General
Assembly and Scientific Symposium, 2011 XXXth
URSI, 1-4. doi:10.1109/URSIGASS.2011.6050485
[10] Goodman, J. (2005). Introduction to Fourier
Optics (3rd ed.).
[11] Hecht, E. (2002). Optics (4th ed., pp. 149-165).
San Francisco: Addison Wisley.
 RUNNING SPEED MEASURED BY USING THE SIGNAL GENERATED FROM OSCILLATING
MAGNET IN COIL
[Link] Rukpanich
Asst. Prof. Dr. Worawat Meevasana, [Link] Nuchklang, and [Link] Bothpiboon
Rajsima Wittayalai School, Nakornratchsrima, Thailand, thatthep8436@[Link]

to a running shoe and then connected the two ends of

1. Introduction: the wire to an oscilloscope.
Oscillating magnets in coil will induce to After that, we got on a treadmill that we can
generate the electrical signal. Moreover, Different adjust the velocity. Then we record the signal on the
magnet-oscillating pattern will generate different oscilloscope while running and analyze the signal
pattern of signal. software Igor Pro.
In this research work, we analyze the
How a device can measure the running speed:
electrical signal generated from the movement of the
magnet in coil which attaches to one shoe. When  Consider to find the EMF from oscillating
running, the magnet will oscillate and the electrical magnet in a round of coil
signal measured by oscilloscope shows a unique
pattern which can be effectively converted to the 0
(z) = = ∫ (z)
running speed.
( )
2. Objective: = ∫
The purpose of this research work is to create
a device for measuring the running speed by using the ( )
= ∫
generated signal from electromagnetic induction
principle.
The equation show that (z) ∝ (speed of magnet)
3. Methodology:
We separate our experiments into 2 parts:  Consider to find the EMF from oscillating
st
1 Experiment: “The best number of magnet” magnet but in the continuous coil
− 0 −

= ∫ ( )dz

If the running speed ( ) increase, the speed of

magnet ( ) will increase as well.
In a round of coil and the continuous coil, the
We wrapped a long wire around the PVC tube; equation show that ∝ speed of magnet. Speed of
the two ends were then connected to a multimeter. magnets will actually depend on running speed. So, we
Then the device was put on a shaking machine. Then can know the running speed from measuring the EMF.
we measured the generated voltage differences Results:
generated due to the induction when put a different
number of magnets into the tube. -3
14x10
Finally, we selected the best number of
12
magnets which gave the highest voltage under the
Voltage (mV)

10
same condition, i.e. the device would give the highest
8
efficiency. We then used this configuration for the 2nd
6
experiment. 4

2nd Experiment: “Signal and the running speed” 2

0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
Amount of magnets

Figure 1: Voltage measured and number of magnets

In the first experiment, we find how many

magnets give the highest voltage from the oscillating
We attached the same device in the 1st magnet in coil. When there are a few magnets, it has
experiment (i.e. the magnet inside the electrical coil) higher speed but the magnetic field is weak. Vice versa
when there are many magnets. As shown in Graph 1, With trial and error, we also find that the
it turned out that 6 magnets optimize these two effects empirical model using the formula also
and give the highest voltage.
corresponds well with the running speed( ) as shown
in Graph 4. This may use to predict the running speed
from the signal better.

2πT
T
ε
sin
Figure 2: Electrical signal measured from running Figure 4: The relationship between and
4 km/hr.
Running Speed( )
In the second experiment, when running, the
pattern of the electrical signal will be generated as Conclusion:
shown in Graph 2. When the running speed varies,
In this work, when a strong magnet oscillates
the signal still shows a similar pattern but the
inside a coil while running, there is a pattern of signal
magnitudes of variables( , , , ) will be varied
corresponding to the running movement.
accordingly. Different speed, signal shows the
The experiment and empirical models
similar pattern, but different magnitudes.
analysis show that, the linear relationship can be used
to predict running speed in the range between 4 and 14
km/hr.
The created device can generate the signal that
can be used to measure the running speed efficiently.
Such device may also be used to investigate
other kinds of movements in other applications e.g.
movement therapy, and movement-triggering device.

References:
1. Serway RA, Jewett JW. Physics for scientists
and engineers with modern physics. 9th ed.
Boston: Cengage Learning; 2013.
Discussion: 2. Halliday D, Resnick R, Walker J.
The highest voltage (1 in Graph 2) generated Fundamentals of physics. 10thed. New Jersey:
while running increases correspondingly upon John Wiley & Sons; 2013.
increasing the running speed, as shown in Graph 3. 3. Young HD, Freedman RA. University
physics with modern physics. 13th ed.
Boston: Addison-Wesley; 2011.
4. Neil Zhao. Full-Featured Pedometer Design
Realized with 3-Axis Digital Accelerometer
[Internet]. 2011[cited 2015 Feb 14].
Available from:
[Link]
ue/archives/44-06/[Link]
Figure 3: The relationship between Maximum Acknowledgements:
Voltage( ) and Running Speed( ) This project was supported by the Ministry of
Science and Technology through the Science
However, the relationship is not linear, which Classroom in University Affiliated School (SCiUS)
is inconvenient to use. So, we create the empirical (Suranaree University of Technology and Rajsima
model for this usage. Wittayalai School)
 DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF

OPD – OLED HYBRID DEVICE SYSTEM

Özgür Ülker & Güven Çömezoğlu

Alper Bayram

İzmir Private Fatih Science High School /Izmir/Turkey /aalperbayramm@[Link]

• Execution of the preliminary preparations

1. INTRODUCTION
required for the production of the device
In this day and age, increasing the efficiencies of the
(substrate cleaning, preparation of the solutions,
electronic devices and decreasing their energy
removal of ITO with acid),
consumptions, have great importance. Since it can be
composed new device – architecture combinations, • Production of the device (coating processes),
semiconductor devices have quite high development
potentials in this context. Organic semiconductors • Execution of the electrical characterizations
attract the attention thanks to the supply of more of developed device under feedforward and
material varieties compared to inorganic feedback and interpretation of the results
semiconductors and their ability for being turned into
thin film. OLED, OPD, OSC and OTFT are the processes were aimed to be performed
examples of nano – applications that organic respectively.
semiconductors are used in.
2. PURPOSE
Semiconductor materials are used in many different 3. METHOD
areas from screen technologies to photovoltaic Firstly, the active layer materials were characterized
devices. OPD and OLED are one of important using UV – VIS Spectrophotometer,
application areas of semiconductor materials. In our Photoluminescence Spectrophotometer and Atomic
literature researches, it has been seen that PFE Force Microscope within the context of experimental
[poly(9,9-dioctyl-fluorenyl-2,7-yleneethynylene], studies.
which is an organic semiconductor, was used in OLED
applications as light emitting layer. Besides; the usage a) b)
of ZnO NPs (nanoparticles) in the active layer of the
optoelectronic devices, makes a positive contribution
to the carry of charges and enables device to be run
also under feedback.

In our project; we aimed to develop new generation

OPD – OLED hybrid device system, which has
PFE/ZnO NPs based active layer, with a low cost of
production. In accordance with this purpose;

• Determination of the usability of materials in

Figure 1. Absorption curves of a) ZnO and b)
device, by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer,
PFE thin films prepared on quartz glasses.
Fluorescence Spectrophotometer and Atomic
Force Microscope (AFM), a) b)
• Optimization of the appropriate volume –
ratio of the molecules that form the active layer,
Figure 2. a) absorption, b) photoluminescence curves
of (PFE:ZnO) prepared with the volumetric ratios of
Figure 4. The demonstration of the device
(2:1), (3:1), (4:1) and (5:1).
structure after each production step.
a) b)

Figure 5. The images of OPD – OLED hybrid device

systems.
(3:1) RMS: 3.1 nm (25 oC)/(3:1) RMS: 3.0 nm (60 oC)

Figure 3. AFM images of the thin film prepared with 4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
(3:1) (PFE:ZnO) ratio at a) 25 oC , b) 60 oC. 4.1. Investigations in OPD Hybrid
Device System
For the preparation of the device, firstly the
The electrical characterizations and interpretations of
ITO layer which is cut 3cm x 3cm, was etched with
the electricity signal obtained with feedback are
acid in such a manner that ITO left only at the center
explained below.
in the form of band 1cm x 3cm.
a) b)
And then, PEDOT:PSS material was coated on
ITO, whose cleaning process had been previously
done, at 3000 rpm for 1 minute with spin coater and
substrate was kept at 100 oC for 30 minutes at
vacuum furnace for removing the humidity.
The PFE:ZnO NPs solution was coated at 1500
rpm for 1 minute on ITO/PEDOT:PSS. Following this, Figure 6. Current density – voltage curves of OPDs
ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PFE:ZnO was annealed at 60 oC, obtained a) under radiation with 365 nm wavelength
which is the glass transition temperature of the and 1 mW/cm2 intensity, b) in the dark.
organic polymer of the active layer, for 15 minutes at
When the photocurrents and dark currents are
vacuum furnace.
examined, it can be seen that OPD photocurrents are
Finally, Al was coated with low coating speed, 104 times higher than dark currents (Figure 6). And
(0,4 Å/s) as the cathode material. these results approve that OPD can work efficiently
under the light.
4.2. Investigations in OLED Hybrid
Device System
The electrical characterizations and interpretations
of the light obtained with feedforward are
explained below.
a) b)

c) d)

Figure 7. a) Current density responses of OLEDs to

voltage, c) electroluminescence – wavelength curve
b) luminance efficiency, d) light power efficiency
responses of OLEDs to current density.
 The “Hybrid” layer, which consists of polymer:
inorganic nanoparticle mixture, was used in
the active layer of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Active
Layer/Al device architecture.
 Because our OLED – OPD device system can
run under both feedforward and feedback, it
is named as “Hybrid” in this respect too.
 Our system was successfully provided to be
run, which is the essential success criterion of
the project.
 Since our system has no equivalent product in
market, it has not been able to be compared
with such a product.
 Besides; it was been able to be obtained light
from device under feedforward, and it was
occurred current densities that could compete
with the results of similar studies in literature.
Thus, the project has achieved its objective.
5. REFERENCES
1. Ali, G. M.,& Chakrabarti, P. (2010). Effect of
thermal treatment on the performance of ZnO based
metal-insulator-semiconductor ultraviolet
photodetectors. Applied Physics Letters, 97(3),
031116.

2. Aouaj, M. A., Diaz, R., Belayachi, A., Rueda, F., &

Abd-Lefdil, M. (2009). Comparative study of ITO and
FTO thin films grown by spray pyrolysis. Materials
Research Bulletin, 44(7), 1458-1461.

3. Belhaj, M., Dridi, C., & Elhouichet, H. (2015). PFE:

ZnO hybrid nanocomposites for OLED applications:
Fabrication and photophysical properties. Journal of
Luminescence, 157, 53-57.
 Investigation of Polarization Dependent Magneto-Optical Properties

of DNA- Magnetic Liquid Mixture

Hüseyin Kutluay ÇAKADUR

Meltem Gönülol Çelikoğlu

İzmir Private Fatih College /Izmir/Turkey/[Link]@[Link]

production so that they do not damage the

6. INTRODUCTION DNA,
Magnetic nanoparticles combining with DNA lead to
 Obtain a single stranded DNA molecule from a
the design of various nano-hybrid structures that double stranded DNA,
have unique magnetic properties and biological  Examine the optic properties of double and
diversities. Therefore it is very important to single-stranded DNA molecules added inside
understand DNA-magnetic nanoparticles interaction the magnetic fluid under magnetic field and
properties. These structures are used for carrying the determine the differences between these.
drug to a certain region inside the live being, forming 8. METHOD
highly sensitive and selective DNA sensors, I aimed to analyse the magneto-optic properties
diagnosing genetic diseases, determining viruses that related to polarization under the magnetic field of
cause infection, diagnosing epidemics and their the magnetic fluid that contains DNA in this study.
prevention and control and for identification For this purpose, in order to learn how the DNA can
purposes in criminal cases (Tuan and Hai, 2009; be obtained, the banana's DNA was extracted.
Pershina et al., 2014; Tiwari et al., 2015). Therefore it Magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized and
is very important to understand DNA-magnetic magnetic fluid was formed. In order to take the
nanoparticles interaction properties. measurements, the experiment apparatus was set up
and magnetic fluid's measurements were made. In
Electrochemical DNA sensor is a promising technique order to ensure the combination of double helix DNA
for simple, fast, on-site virus detection. However, the with the magnetic fluid, trials were performed with
low sensitivity is still a challenge for this method. In a different surface
study by Tuan and Hai (2009) shows to improve the coating materials
sensitivity by magnetic enrichment of the DNA and as a result, the pH of
concentration before measuring DNA concentration the magnetic fluid was
by the DNA sensor. made suitable for the
dissolution of inside the
7. PURPOSE
fluid without any damage to the DNA In order to
In light of the aforementioned studies, I have
take measurements with the single stranded DNA,
developed the hypothesis that DNA molecules
double helix DNA was denatured and a single
magnetic fluid combination may show different
stranded DNA was obtained.
magneto optic properties for the single stranded,
double stranded DNA molecules. I aimed to analyse
the optic properties related to polarization under the
magnetic field with the experimental apparatus of Figure: Synthesize
the magnetic fluid that contains DNA. magnetic
nanoparticles and
In line with this objective, I aimed to; fluid

 Create the experimental set up where the

measurements will be conducted,
Magneto-optic
 Ensure the homogeneous combination of
features of the
magnetic fluid with DNA molecules and their
magnetic fluid samples which do not contain DNA,
contain double helix DNA and single stranded DNA magnetic field values for perpendicular and parallel
are examined under the magnetic field and they were polarizations to magnetic field.
compared to each other.

9. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

110
Magneto-optic properties of double-stranded, single- P=90

stranded and without DNA liquid samples due to

% Transmission
polarization were examined. On double-stranded 100

DNA - magnetic liquid structure, as a result of 0G

P=0 100 G
magnetic nanoparticles combining to DNA, as the 90
200 G
300 G
amount of the DNA is higher the change according to 555nm 400 G
600 G
the polarization is observed to decrease. On single 80
600 700 800 900 1000

stranded, the formation of chain structure was quite Wavelenght (nm)

less, therefore the change due to the polarization

was already decreased. As a consequence on single- Figure: Transmission spectrum of magnetic liquid that
stranded, the formation of chain structure is blocked. contains 15mg DNA under different magnetic field
As a result of the differences on the light values for perpendicular and parallel polarizations to
transmission, with the experimental setup prepared magnetic field.
the double-stranded and the single- stranded DNA
including magnetic liquids were separated. Also, with
110 P=90 H=300 Gauss
the improvement of the experimental setup, a basic % Transmission
and portable prototype is developed. Addition to 100

improved prototype, matching results with the

0mg(without DNA)
previous experiments done with the experimental 90
5mg
P=0 10mg
setup were observed. 15mg
20mg
80
500 600 700 800 900 1000
Wavelenght (nm)
The magneto-optic properties for the magnetic
liquids containing double-spiral and single-stranded
Figure: Transmission spectrum of magnetic liquid
DNA were not researched before. Besides the
that contains various quantity of DNA under 300G
homogenous DNA magnetic liquid structure obtained
magnetic field and for perpendicular and parallel
by several workouts in this study and supports the
polarizations to magnetic field.
uniqueness and originality of the study as well.

DNA'sýz
120 P=90 Çift sarmal
110
Tek sarmal
P=90
% Iþýk Ýletimi

110
% Transmission

105
100

90 0G
100 G 100
200 G 500 600 700 800 900 1000
P=0 300 G
80 Dalgaboyu (nm)
400 G
500 G
543 nm 600 G
70
600 700 800 900 1000
(a)
Wavelenght (nm)

Figure: Transmission spectrum of reference liquid,

which contains oleic acid and ethanol, under different
 120
6. Zhao Y.,Ying Y., andWang Q., (2014). Theoretical
P=0 Research on Microstructure and Optical Properties of
Magnetic Fluid Composed of Rod-Like Shape
% Iþýk Ýletimi
100 Nanoparticles, Ieee Transactions On Magnetics, 50,
NO. 6, JUNE 2014.
DNA'sýz
Tek sarmal
Çift sarmal
80
500 600 700 800 900 1000
Dalgaboyu (nm)

(b)

Figure: Transmission spectrum of magnetic liquid

that are without DNA, 20mg double- stranded DNA
and single- stranded DNA under 100G magnetic field.
a) P= 90 polarization, b) P=0 polarization

Figure: Prototype of the system

REFERENCES

1. Avgin I., and Huber D. L. (2014). Magnetic

Properties of Dipolar Chains in Ferrofluids, Braz J
Phys, 44, 219–222.

2. Pershina A. G.,Sazonov A. E., Filimonov V. D.

(2014). Magnetic nanoparticles - DNA interactions:
design and applications of nanobiohybrid systems,
Russian Chemical Reviews, 83(4), 299

3. Serway R. A.,Beichner, R. J. (2000). Physics for Sci.

Eng (Trans. Ed.:Prof Dr. Kemal Çolakoğlu),
Brooks/Cole, Belmont.

4. Tiwari A. P.,Ghosh S. J. And Pawar S. H. (2015).

Biomedical applications based on magnetic
nanoparticles: DNA interactions, Anal. Methods, 7,
10109

5. Tuan M., A., and Hai N. H. (2009). DNA enrichment

by functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for on-site
and fast detection of virus in biomedical application,
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 187, 012059
 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF FLUID FLOW

Alexander Olevskyi
Sydorenkov Eugene
Dnipropetrovsk school № 19

Introduction in which the interaction of molecules most

notably affects the effective dynamic viscosity of
Fluid transportation systems are used in science, the fluid were experimentally defined. The
technology, daily life and other areas of human presence of this interval of values was not
activity. The effectiveness of such systems is mentioned in the investigated sources of
characterized by fluid flow rate, which in turn information. In the view of the authors, it is
depends on the dynamic flow characteristics, possible to use this result in the medicine .
namely speed, dynamic viscosity and character of Research of dependence of this interval on the
the flow. Real liquids have a feature that their temperature is promising.
viscosity is not constant, but changes its value
depending on transportation conditions. D, 1 0,5 0,25
sm
L, η, Ps , η, Ps , η, Ps ,
Purpose of the investigation sm m/s m/s m/s
0 0,085 7,89 0,068 4,45 0,059 2,2
In the present research work the aim is to 2 0,076 7,97 0,058 4,7 0,042 2,75
4 0,067 8,08 0,047 5 0,035 3,1
investigate experimentally the above dynamic
6 0,063 8,2 0,043 5,05 0,032 3,3
flow characteristics of Non-Newtonian Fluid 8 0,06 8,27 0,039 5,2 0,031 3,5
using capillary viscometer with variable 10 0,055 8,35 0,036 5,45 0,03 3,6
parameters. For laboratory experiment a solution
of sodium chloride in various concentrations was Conclusion
passed through syringe needles which were used
Experiments conducted with the help of
as viscometers. To study the dependence of electronic viscometer made it possible to
dynamic characteristics of fluid flow on the conclude that a gradient of velocity and viscosity
transportation conditions electronic viscometer of the fluid in small diameter vessels is high ,
model and electronic blood model were used, which coincides with the real picture of the flow
because for research of blood in vitro in medicine of blood through the capillaries and arteries. This
extra additives and anticoagulants are used, result can be used in the design of the
which affects the research results. Models used in transportation systems for liquids and gases. At
the research provided an opportunity to explore the same time "critical" size of thrombus in the
multiple dynamic flow parameters in different vessel or obstacles in the transport artery was
conditions of transport simultaneously. In vitro defined. Theoretical calculations of the "critical"
such studies have significant limitations caused size of a blood clot in the carotid artery coincide
by the parameters of viscometer and the accuracy with the results of the pilot study. The author has
of measurements. To simulate fluid flow in the created a model of "collapse" of the vessel on
viscometer with parameters changing, software "critical" values. The mechanism of "collapse"
complex «SolidWorks» was applied. can be used to control special mechanism to
prevent the excess fluid flow in the case of
Results of the experiment emergency in its transportation systems.

From the results of the laboratory tests the

dependence of the dynamic viscosity on the
solution concentration, "critical" values interval
of sodium chloride concentration in the solution
 Аir conditioner "СheapСold"
Andrew Bezmen
Supervisor:Roman Lopatkin
Sumy specialized school № 7, Sumy, Ukraine, abezmen@[Link]

Introduction
In the twenty-first century humanity is suffering
an era of global warming, so a sharp rise of
temperature in summer, this is a huge problem, which
makes the world to research and implement new
technologies in this direction. The person spends 30%
of the life at work and nearly 60% at home, so the
question arises, how to make work in the office and
the rest at home were comfortable and productive even
on hot days?
Theoretical part
Air conditioning is a device that allows to ensure
thermal comfort, in other words optimal conditions for
good health, rest and high working capacity. But, Fig. 1. The working model of air conditioner.
modern air-conditioning is inherent in the huge
number of unsolved problems, among which are: a
large value, a high level of noise, huge energy
consumption, complex structure, expensive and
exceptionally professional service, complex
installation works, the use of certain environmentally
contaminated components.
Therefore, the development of air conditioner,
which solves all the drawbacks, is very actual
scientific and technical task.
In the process of development we have set
ourselves the main aims of the study:
1. To review the scientific literature.
2. To study the theory of the thermosyphon. Fig. 2. The working model of the experimental room.
3. To conduct the calculations of separate elements of Conclusion
construction. The advantages of thermosyphon air
4. To calculate the heat loss of the room. conditioner are a high efficiency, unrealistically low
5. To build a real model of the air conditioner. price and optimal productivity,the absence of noise
6. To conduct the experiments. and great energy efficiency. It is also quickly achieve
7. Patented and put into production the development. and support set temperature. The individual
Experimental part achievements are absence of compressor, freon and
The working models of conditioner and the almost all the complex components of construction
experimental room were created for experiments. The that in modern air conditioners. It is easy in
air conditioner consists of power supply, installation and service, use only ecologically clean
thermosyphon, which essentially is the main part of components, and an endless working life.
the design and connects the internal and external air- Discussion
conditioner unit. Separately the internal unit consists In present experimental researches of
of an inner radiator, fan, air filter and water tank. In "СheapСold" conditioner are conducted, on the basis
turn, the external unit consists of an external radiator, of which it will be possible to do positive conclusions
fan and a special device, which delivers the capillary and its further introduction in real conditions and
water from the internal unit to the external in order to sizes.
cooling the hot side of the thermosiphon. All data and References
physical quantities are monitored and processed in 1. Ляху Л. В. Теорія кодиціонера: довідник / Л. В.
real-time software-hardware complex, developed in Ляху . - К.: Наук. думка, 1979. - 768 с.
the Institute of applied physics of NAS of Ukraine. 2. [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу:
[Link]
 Droplets on Liquid Surface
lack of vibrations it would not be replenished, so
Grigorchuk Maksim
the drop will collapse almost immediately.

Yuri Gudyma
Introduction
Experiment
XXI century is characterized by fast technological
progress, especially in the computer and We elaborated a device where a drop "lived"
electronic engineering, robotics and medicine. more than an hour. We hooked up the speaker
Recently, more an interest to the "drop on the to the computer, which was installed to play on
layer". The essence of this system is that a drop the
of water soap solution, which is on the same
soap solution water in contact with the surface,
which ranges, then at a certain oscillation
frequency of the surface, the drop can not break
down very long.

This system can be effective in medical diagnosis

that is performed on the structure of the track,
which remains after the evaporation of a drop of
blood. You can use the system "drop on the
layer" as a micro reactor for the implementation
Fig. 2/ The group of drops.
process of self-assembly of nanostructures in the

dynamics of different sound frequencies. Then

we put vessel on a speaker into which we poured
soapy solution. (Fig. 1)

We threw back drop of soap solution. If you

throw a few drops, then formed groups who will
move erratically (Fig. 2). If any of these groups
Fig. 1. The experimental set. face, all drops will be dissolved.

process of evaporation on the pillow drops of

colloidal nanoparticles.1 You can also use the
Results
system to cool the solids, by evaporation drops
set on their surface. The paper studies droplet which stand on a
dynamic surface. During the execution of this
Theory
work has been clarified that the optimal
Why the drop did not destroyed? The drop is not frequency of 177 Hz. We also found that a drop
destroyed through an air layer between the drop is not destroyed because of the air cushion
and soapy water. Sound vibrations transmitted beneath it, which is replenished through the
drops dynamics and therefore she oscillates fluctuation of dynamics. Using "drop on layer" in
vertically, she "jumps". Just a drop of water fall medicine will make much more accurate blood
on it right away and jump between it and the tests and not very costly way. The use of this
water formed a layer of air. Therefore a drop will system for cooling by evaporation of solid
no touch with soap solution, and therefore will surfaces will provide lower cooling costs.
not drop collapse. If the speaker is not varied,
drop still had some time to air layer. But due to
References

1. Molacek, Jan, and John W. M. Bush. “Drops

walking on a vibrating bath: towards a
hydrodynamic pilot-wave theory.” Journal of
Fluid Mechanics 727 (July 28, 2013): 612-647 –
37 с.

2. Restoring Superhydrophobicity of Lotus

Leaves with Vibration-Induced Dewetting,
Jonathan B. Boreyko and Chuan-Hua Chen

3. Driving forces of the solute self-organization in

an evaporating liquid microdroplet /L.V.
Andreeva, A.V. Koshkin, P.V. Lebedev-Stepanov
et al. // Colloids and Surface cal and Engineering
Aspects. – 2007. – Vol. 300, - 3 Spec. Iss. – P. 300–
306.

4. Andreeva L.V., Koshkin A.V., Lebedev-

Stepanov P.V., Petrov A.N., Alfimov M.V. Driving
forces of the solute self-organization in an
evaporating liquid microdroplet.
 Experiment
The interaction of drops of soap solution with a vibrating surface
We had a device on which a drop "lived" more
Maksim Grigorchuk
than an hour. We attached the speaker to the
computer, which was installed the program to
Introduction play different sound frequencies on the
dynamics. Then we put a vessel on the speaker
XXI century is characterized by high speed os into which we poured soapy solution. (Fig. 1)
scientific and technological progress, especially
in computer and electronic engineering,
robotics and medicine. Recently, more and
more interest is to the system called "a drop on
a layer". The essence of this system is that a
drop of water-soap solution, which is on the
same soap solution, is in contact with the
vibrating at a certain frequency surface, and this
drop can not be destroyed for a very long time.

This system can be effective in medical

Fig. 1 Our device
diagnosis that is performed on the structure of
the track, which remains after the evaporation
of a drop of blood. You can use the system "a
We threw the drop on the soap solution. If you
drop on a layer" as a micro reactor for the
implementation process of self-assembly of throw some drops, then they form groups,
which will move erratically (Fig. 2). If any of
nanostructures in the process of evaporation on
these groups jostle, all drops will be destroyed.
the pillow drops of colloidal nanoparticles. You
can also use the system to cool the solids, by
evaporation of drops installed on the surface.

Theory

Why is the drop not destroyed? The drop is not

destroyed through an air layer is between the
drop and the soapy water. Sound vibrations are
transmitted to the drops and therefore they
oscillate vertically, or simply they "jump". As a
drop of water falls on the surface and between
the soap water and the drop forms a layer of
air. Therefore a drop will no touch soap
solution, so drop will not collapse. If the speaker Fig. 2 The group of drops
does not vibrate, the drop still remains for some
time on the air layer. But due to lack of
vibrations the air layer will not be replenished,
so the drop will collapse almost immediately.
Results

The paper studies a droplet which stand on a

dynamic surface. During the fulfilment of this
project, has been clarified that the optimal
frequency is 177 Hz. We also have found that a
drop is not destroyed because of the air layer
beneath it, which is replenished through the
fluctuation of dynamics. Using the system of "a
drop on a layer" in medicine, it will make much
more accurate blood tests and not in a very
costly way. The usage of this system for cooling
of solid surfaces will provide lower cooling costs
by evaporation.

References

1. Molacek, Jan, and John W. M. Bush.

“Drops walking on a vibrating bath:
towards a hydrodynamic pilot-wave
theory.” Journal of Fluid Mechanics 727
(July 28, 2013): 612-647 – 37 с.
2. Restoring Superhydrophobicity of Lotus
Leaves with Vibration-Induced
Dewetting, Jonathan B. Boreyko and
Chuan-Hua Chen
3. Driving forces of the solute self-
organization in an evaporating liquid
microdroplet /L.V. Andreeva, A.V.
Koshkin, P.V. Lebedev-Stepanov et al. //
Colloids and Surface cal and Engineering
Aspects. – 2007. – Vol. 300, - 3 Spec. Iss.
– P. 300–306.
4. Andreeva L.V., Koshkin A.V., Lebedev-
Stepanov P.V., Petrov A.N., Alfimov
M.V. Driving forces of the solute self-
organization in an evaporating liquid
microdroplet.
 The Rolling Disk Investigation

Humenuk Mykola

Paul Pshenichka

Liceum №1, Chernivtsi/Ukraine, veremchukmukola@[Link]

Introduction when ring is rolling on a static surface, is the same

Rigid-body dynamics studies the movement of situation, when ring is rolling on the rotating surface.
systems of interconnected bodies under the action of
external forces. The assumption that the bodies are
rigid, which means that they do not deform under
Comparison of the theoretical dependence between
the action of applied forces, simplifies the analysis by
the oscillation period and ring's radius and
reducing the parameters that describe the
experimental measurements are shown in fig. 2
configuration of the system to the translation and
T
rotation of reference frames attached to each body.
This excludes bodies that display fluid highly elastic, 6

and plastic behavior. 5

Experimental part
3

R
2 4 6 8 10

Fig. 2. Blue line – theoretical dependence between the

oscillation period and ring's radius. =2

Red points – experimental measurements.

Fig. 1. The experimental setup. The dynamics of rigid body system is described by the
laws of kinetics and by the application of Newton’s
If you put a loop, a ring or a ball on a rotating surface,
second law (kinetics) or their derivative from
it may not fall off of it as you would expect, but stay Lagrangian machanics. The solution of these equations
on the surface for a certain period of time due to its of motion provides a description of the position, the
movement. To make our setup we used a smooth motion and the acceleration of the individual
plastic surface and a metallic ring. The surface was components of the system and overall the system itself,
rotating at 75 rounds per minute, which was the as a function of time.
highest speed we could get. This made the ring to
move closer to the center of the surface due to the Conclusion
centripetal force.
The solution of the problem may help in
understanding different qualities of rigid bodies. The
Theoretical part
We consider the dynamics of ring, which is rolling on formulation and solution of rigid body dynamics is an
horizontal surface, to explain the effect “Rotation on important tool in computer simulation of mechanical
the disk”. We made a hypothesis, that situation, system. This is why we find the further investigation
of this problem very important.
 3. E. v. Hinueber (iMAR Navigation) (2011). "Design of
an Unaided Aircraft Attitude Reference System with
References Medium Accurate Gyroscopes for Higher
Performance Attitude Requirements".
1. Eshbach's Handbook of Engineering Fundamentals
By Ovid W. Eshbach, Byron pg. 9.

2. Oxford Technical Solutions Inertial Navigation

Guide.
 Candle in weightlessness,
or metalcutter for the astronaut
Mykola Muzychenko

Supervisor: Bіlous Svitlana Yurіvna, the head of the department scientific-research experimental
laboratory of The National Centre “Minor Academy of Science of Ukraine”, Ph.D.

Zaporizkii technical lyceum, Zaporizhya, Ukraine, sp_muzychenko@[Link]

1. The Aim of work

To work out the mathematic model of flame burning in the
weightlessness and to mare original metalcutter construction from
improvised means; to explore features of burning and describe the
flame’s charateristics of the device. 4. Experimental part
For the research of the effectiveness of this device we
2. Methods of the research have made some researches of the flame by means of
The methods are: theoretical, mathematical, design, experimental, sounding it with the help of thermocouple and also
estimative on the basis of the physical model. we have discovered the dependence of temperature of
3. Theoretical part the flame from the pressure in air flow.
It`s no convention in the weightlessness and the opened flame looks The theoretical estimation of pressure in the
like a scope. Spherical shape of the flame is stationary when flame were made and the quantity for the highest
oxygen flow is equal to hydrogen and combustion products flow. temperature
The authors first offered mathematic model of this process. This inside the
model was described by such equation. flame we
experimentally
C   2C 2  C  determined.
 0  D 2    kC  k1C1 (1)
t  r r r 
Boundary conditions of the problem are:
 C  C (2)
1 2 2

C C
D   D2 2 (3) 1-pump; 2,3-tube system for blood transfusion;
r r 4-needle of the syringe;
C- the concentration of combustion
products (D-the diffusion coefficient)

C2-the hydrocarbons concentration around

the wick (D2-it`s diffusion coefficient)
5. Results
The Mathematica Program (Fig.1) solved The results of our research are interesting from the
equation. point of the construction itself, accessibility of its
components and opportunity to collect a workable
device in a short period of time. With the help of this
device one can melt and cut metals using a
concentrated flame of the candle, which can be put
into practice and can be used in the state of
imponderability during space flights.
6. References
1) Karapetyants M. Chemical thermodynamics.—
M.:”Chemistry”, 1975.
2) Ksandopulo G. Chemistry of the flame. M.:
“Chemistry”,1980.
3) Aramanovych IG, VI Levin “Mathematical
Fig.1. Dependence of combustion products
physics equation” - M .: Nauka, 1982 - 386 p.
concentration from the distance of the scope center
(diffusion coefficients has different values)
 The Bouncing Ball
Iryna Olar
Paul Pshenichka
Lyceum №1, Chernivtsi/Ukraine, [Link]@[Link]

Introduction
The subject of this paper is to investigate the nature of
a bouncing ball. A rigorous analysis of the bounce of
a ball is complicated by several factors, one being that
in practice, a relatively soft ball can easily squash to
half its original diameter and also squash
asymmetrically. Specificity of collisions consists in
their intensity and rapidity. The impact forces, from a
physical point of view, are the co-called responses to
deformations occurring around the area of interaction
and expanding in waves throughout a body. Despite
some complicating factors, the bounce of a ball can be
analyzed at an elementary level using a combination Fig.1. Screenshot of the computer model.
of elementary mechanics and experimental data on the
force wave forms. The coefficient of restitution for balls
made of different material s
The characteristics of a collision The collision of any objects is always accompanied by
a loss of energy. Newton was the first to recognize that
The energy may be dissipated in the ball during the such collisions can be conveniently described in terms
collision as a result of internal friction, or energy of the coefficient of restitution (e) defined in the case
may be lost as a result of a permanent deformation of of a head-on collision as the ratio of the relative speed
the ball or the surface. Alternatively, energy may be of the objects after the collision to the relative speed
stored in the ball as a result of its compression and before the collision. The COR was measured for four
subsequently dissipated after the rebound either in balls of different masses and made of different
internal modes of oscillation or by a slow recovery materials. It has been investigated that the coefficient
of the ball to its original shape. When two hard decreases as the mass increases and vice versa.
solid objects collide, acoustic waves are generated in However, this principle works exclusively for
the place of impact. The deformation of the objects materials whose structure is fundamentally identical.
and their subsequent separation are associated with the Conclusion
propagation of these acoustic waves through the If the colliding bodies are not force response rigid they
objects and their reflection from the surfaces. may have small but significant transient deformations
which persist through the collision duration. Yet these
Computer modelling deformations might either die out well before the
Computer model of the bouncing ball is taken from bodies attain any appreciable overall
Wolfram Demonstration Project library and assumes displacements/rotations or suitably average to zero on
that if the tangential and normal components of such time. The thicker the surface is, the more time it
velocity are u and ν before a bounce, they are k͘∙u and takes for acoustic waves to fade out. The height to
-k∙ν after the bounce, where 0<k<1. It has been which a ball will bounce depends on the height from
generalized so that the reflected components are f∙u which it is dropped, what the ball is made out of (and
and -e∙ ν, where f is the tangential coefficient of if it is inflated, what the pressure is), and what the
restitution and e the normal coefficient of restitution. surface it bounces from is made out of.
There may be a reason to assume f=e, but e is the usual References
coefficient of restitution, and f seems to be a frictional Levi-Chivita T., Amal'di U. Kurs teoreticheskoj
effect. Obviously, friction would affect rotation, mehaniki. Tom 1, chast' 1: Kinematika, principy
which is ignored. mehaniki. M.-L.: NKTL SSSR, 1935.
Fizika tverdogo tela: jenciklopedicheskij slovar'.
Tom 1. Bar'jahtar V.G.
 Leidenfrost Effect Investigation

Taras Kuzyk

Paul Pshenichka

Liceum №1, Chernivtsi/Ukraine, kuzyktaras@[Link]

Introduction experiment was performed with a metal rod instead

A common demonstration of the Leidenfrost effect of a ball, the effect could not be achieved at any
can be observed when a frying pan is heated to a temperature regardless of whether it was coated
high temperature, and then some water is sprinkled with the hydrophilic substance.
on it. The effect is seen when the water droplets
don’t vaporize quickly, but instead “float” on the Theoretical part
pan’s surface and “run around” chaotically. This Our experiments demonstrated that there is a
happens due to the vapor layer that forms between difference in the effect between hydrophobic and
the droplet and the hot surface, which then inhibits hydrophilic surfaces. Hydrophobic surfaces seem to
the heat transfer, thus extending the life span of the induce the effect at a lower temperature. We
droplet and making it float. Although this effect has believe that this may be explained by a phase
been well-known since 18th century, there is still a transition of hydration. A similar effect has been
lack of empirical data and theoretical understanding demonstrated with a binary system of methyl-
of it. The goal of this work is to investigate the heptane. In such experiments at certain
Leidenfrost effect experimentally, and further temperatures, the system exhibits a phase transition
advance the understanding of it. of hydration, which is reflected by its optical
properties, which in turn are analysed using laser
Experimental part beams.

20
Two main experiments were performed to 18
investigate this effect (each consisting of multiple 16
iterations of the experiment). In the first
14
experiment, the relationship between the lifespan of
water droplets and the pan’s temperature was 12
Steel
investigated. It demonstarted a definite onset of the 10
Copper
Ledienfrost effect occuring at 200°C, which also 8
resulted in the longest lifespan. With a further
6
increases in temperature, the lifespab decreased
4
fairly linearly.
2
The second, and most intersting, experiment was
0
aimed at investigating the Leidenfrost effect with 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300
hydrophobic surfaces and different shapes of
Fig.2 Lifespan of the vapour layer vs. metal ball
objects. Similar experiments were performed to the
temperature.
one described above, but this time the metal ball
was covered in a water resistent coating, which Conclusion
turned the surface of the ball hydrophobic. It was
found that the Leidenfrost effect could be achieved The Leidenfrost effect is still a relatively
at lower temperatures this way. When the uninvestigated phenomenon, and with our
experiments we hope to advance the understanding
of it both empirically and theoretically. The
experiments have revealed that with hydrophobic
surfaces, the Leidenfrost point can be lowered,
which may be important in applications of this
phenomenon (one of which could be in reducing
drag on ships or other marine vessels). Also, it is
clear that the shape of the object matters
significantly, which remains to be further
investigated and understood. It raises a question of
whether there is an optimal shape to produce and
sustain the Leidenfrost effect.

References

1. G. S. Landsberg, “Elementarniy uchebnik fiziki”,

1978

2. S. G. Illina, Thesis from X Russian physical

conference, 1999, p.170

3. [Link]
without-bubbles-1.11400

4. Jearl Walker, Boiling and Leidenfrost’s effect, 2009

 Investigation of the behaviour of the small droplets on the surface of hydrophobic
liquid
Vitalii Yurko

Supervisors: Dr. Volodymyr Kurnosov, Ph.D. Student Uliana Nyemchenko

Educational Centre of Youth Gifts Development in Karazin Kharkiv National University,

Gymnasium № 45, Kharkiv, Ukraine, E-mail: vetas12jen@[Link]

Introduction

Frequency, Hz Average lifetime of

droplet,s

20 25

45 180-240
Pic.1 Floating droplets on the vibrating surface
60 130
Method of the investigation
Hydrophobic (or Ultrahydrophobic) liquids are those To accomplish the tasks of our research, the
liquids, the surface of which is extremely difficult to wet. If
we drop some soup solution on the surface, the contact following methods have been used: theoretical
angle for such liquids exceeds 150°. This phenomena is also analysis of the literature data and internet
referred to as the Lotus effect. Thus, the droplet, which falls information about soap bubbles and droplets;
down on these kind of surfaces can fully rebound like an
elastic ball. Such droplets can exist for quite a long time experimental setup, which was developed and
under certain conditions. The theory of liquids mentioned created for the investigation; theoretical explanation
above was first described by Tomas Young in 1805. of the observed phenomena.
The purpose of the investigation
Results of the experiment
The main goal of our research is investigation of
There have been some stages in our research.
behavior of the soapy water droplet, which is
Firstly, the liquid has been put on the Petri dish,
formed on top of the same soapy water solution,
which was put on top of the loudspeaker. The range
being in dynamic motion state.
of frequencies varied from 20 to 100 Hz. The
The object of the research are droplets placed on the phenomenon was obtained in the first attempt. The
surface of soap solution, which oscillates due to the experimental setup has been arranged and
sound waves resonance. During our research, the modified. After literature analysis has been done,
following tasks have been set: to describe the the two ideas to explain the observed phenomenon
droplets and the surface, mentioned above; to were found:
examine the factors (amplitude, frequency, and soup 1) Electrostatic repelling
solution concentration), which might effect the
2) Air flow under the droplet. (When the droplet
lifetime of the droplets, chaotic responses; to give
going down, then air under droplet pushing up one,
theoretical explanation of the observed phenomena,
and it is repeating for some time.)
which can be seen in the picture below
Conclusion
The behaviour of the droplets on the surface of vibrating
soap solution is an impressive phenomenon to investigate.
According to the literature analysis, the experimental device
has been constructed and designed. It gives an opportunity
to obtain the dynamical effect of droplets, floating over the
soap solution surface. It was observed with different
oscillation frequencies and explained.

References
1. Pavlov-Veryovkin V.S. Soap antibubbles //
Chemistry and life, No. 11, 1966.

2. Ivanov I.B., Platikanov D.N. Colloids. L.: Chemistry,

1975.

3. [Link]. Geguzin // Droplet. M.: Nauka, 1977.

4. Goran Romme “Soap bubbles in art and

education”

5. Young, T. (1805). "An Essay on the Cohesion of

Fluids".

Internet sourses:

[Link]

[Link]
 Investigation of the behaviour of the small droplets on the surface of hydrophobic
liquid
Vitalii Yurko

Supervisors: Dr. Volodymyr Kurnosov, Ph.D. Student Uliana Nyemchenko

Educational Centre of Youth Gifts Development in Karazin Kharkiv National University,

Gymnasium № 45, Kharkiv, Ukraine, E-mail: vetas12jen@[Link]

Introduction Method of the investigation

Hydrophobic (or Ultrahydrophobic) liquids are those liquids, Frequency, Hz Average lifetime of
the surface of which is extremely difficult to wet. If we drop
some soup solution on the surface, the contact angle for such droplet,s
liquids exceeds 150°. This phenomena is also referred to as
the Lotus effect. Thus, the droplet, which falls down on these 20 25
kind of surfaces can fully rebound like an elastic ball. Such
droplets can exist for quite a long time under certain
conditions. The theory of liquids mentioned above was first 35 120-180
described by Tomas Young in 1805.

The purpose of the investigation 60 130

The main goal of our research is investigation of To accomplish the tasks of our research, the following
behavior of the soapy water droplet, which is formed methods have been used: theoretical analysis of the
on top of the same soapy water solution, being in literature data and internet information about soap
dynamic motion state. bubbles and droplets; experimental setup, which was
developed and created for the investigation;
The object of the research are droplets placed on the
theoretical explanation of the observed phenomena.
surface of soap solution, which oscillates due to the
sound waves resonance. During our research, the Results of the experiment
following tasks have been set: to describe the There have been some stages in our research. Firstly,
droplets and the surface, mentioned above; to the liquid has been put on the Petri dish, which was
examine the factors (amplitude, frequency, and soup put on top of the loudspeaker. The range of
solution concentration), which might effect the frequencies varied from 20 to 100 Hz. The
lifetime of the droplets, chaotic responses; to give phenomenon was obtained in the first attempt. The
theoretical explanation of the observed phenomena, experimental setup has been arranged and modified.
which can be seen in the picture below After literature analysis has been done, the two ideas
to explain the observed phenomenon were found:
1) Electrostatic repelling

2) Air flow under the droplet. (When the droplet

going down, then air under droplet pushing up one,
and it is repeating for some time.)

Conclusion
The behaviour of the droplets on the surface of vibrating soap
solution is an impressive phenomenon to investigate.
According to the literature analysis, the experimental device
Pic.1 Floating droplets on the vibrating surface has been constructed and designed. It gives an opportunity to
obtain the dynamical effect of droplets, floating over the
soap solution surface. It was observed with different
oscillation frequencies and explained.

References
1. Pavlov-Veryovkin V.S. Soap antibubbles //
Chemistry and life, No. 11, 1966.

2. Ivanov I.B., Platikanov D.N. Colloids. L.: Chemistry,

1975.

3. [Link]. Geguzin // Droplet. M.: Nauka, 1977.

4. Goran Romme “Soap bubbles in art and education”

5. Young, T. (1805). "An Essay on the Cohesion of

Fluids".

Internet sourses:

[Link]

[Link]
 The Relation Between Colour and Surface Structures on Butterfly Wings

Vossa van der Vegte

Trevianum Scholengroep, Sittard, The Netherlands, vossa98@[Link]

1 Introduction further prove the validity of an optical multilayer

structure to describe the blue color of the Morpho, the
view angle-dependence was studied with photography
Nature provides us with a wide range of beautifully and compared with theoretical calculations.
coloured organisms, ranging from plants and flowers to Additionally, the colour change dependency on the
birds and insects. Butterflies are generally recognized refractive index of the medium was studied by applying
as the order of insects that exhibit the most diverse liquids with different refractive indices to the wings.
patterns and colours. Butterflies belonging to the The observed color changes were compared with
family of the Morphinae are famous for their predictions obtained from the theoretical model for
characteristically brilliant metallic-like blue color. The multilayer interference. Infrared light reflection from
view angle-dependent blue color does not originate the wings was studied with IR-photography.
from dyes or pigments, but is caused by the special
interaction between light waves and sub-micron
surface structures on the wings of this butterfly. This
4 Results of the experiments
type of colouring is called structural color or iridescent
color.
The microscopy study revealed specific lamellar
nanostructures on the length ridges of the wing scales
of the iridescent blue Morpho. These lamellar
2 Purpose of the investigation structures are absent on the non-iridescent Pieris rapae.
The wing scales of the Pieris rapae show pigment
The aim of this study is to answer the question: “How beads in between the length ridges [2].
does the Morpho peleides creates its iridescent blue
color ?”. The lamellar structure on the length ridges can be
modelled as an optical multilayer structure in which
light interference can occur [3]:
3 Method of the investigation
To answer the above research question five different
sub-questions and hypotheses were defined and
subsequently tested via experiments. In the
experiments, the iridescent Morpho peleides was
compared to a non-iridescent white Pieris rapae. Figure 1. Model of the lamellar structure on the wing
scale depicting an optical multilayer

The reflectance spectrum measured on the blue wing of

the Morpho reveals strong reflections in the UV, blue
and IR wavelengths. This reflectance spectrum
measured shows good correlation with a calculated
Morpho peleides Pieris rapae
reflectance spectrum using the theory of interference of
The sub-micron surface structures on the wings and light waves in an optical multilayer.
wing scales were studied with Light microscopy (LM)
Based on the constructive interference of light waves in
and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The
this multilayer, the angle dependence of the reflected
reflectance spectrum of the top side of the Morpho
wave length can be calculated:
wing was measured with micro-photospectroscopy.
This spectrum was compared with theoretical
calculations [1] of the reflectance spectrum using light
2( cos + cos )=
interference in an optical multilayer structure model to
describe the observed microstructure on the wing scale.
The dimensions of the microstructures as measured by
SEM were used to model the multilayer structure. To
Equation 1: wavelength at which maximum 6 References
constructive interference occurs in an optical
multilayer
[1] Filmetrics (2014): ”Reflectance Calculator”,
[Link]

The equation was found to describe the optically [2] Stavenga, D. G. et al, (2004) : butterfly wing
observed colour shift from blue to violet when the colours: scale beads make white pierid wings
viewing angle increases. This viewing angle- brighter. Proc. R. London., 2004, 271, 1577-1584
dependent colour change is not observed for the
non-iridescent Pieris rapae. [3] Kinoshita, S., Yoahioka, S. (2005): Structural colors
in nature: the role of regularity an irregularity in the
From equation 1, it is clear that the wavelength at structure. Chem. Phys. Chem., 2005, 6, 1442-1459
which maximum constructive interference should
occur, also depends on the refractive index of the
medium. When the medium in which the wing is
present, is changed from air (n=1) to ethanol (n=1.36)
or p-xylene (n=1.56), the colour changes from blue to
green to brown. Moreover this colour change is
qualitatively predicted by calculations of the
respective reflection spectra using the theory of
interference of light waves in an optical multilayer.
Again, the non-iridescent Pieris rapae does not show
a colour change when the medium is changed.

Next to reflections at UV and blue wavelengths, the

reflectance spectrum measured on the blue Morpho
also exhibits a strong reflection peak at Infrared (IR)
wavelengths. This specific reflection was clearly
visualized using IR photography.

5 Conclusions

The answer to the research question on how the

Morpho peleides creates its iridescent blue color is
the following:

The view angle-dependent brilliant blue colour of the

Morpho peleides originates from constructive
interference in lamellar nanostructures on length
ridges on its wing scales which resemble an optical
multilayer structure.
 Flow Dependency of Electrolytic Resistance

Arthur Admiraal

Supervisor: Rutger Ockhorst

Northgo College, Noordwijk, the Netherlands, arthuradmiraal@[Link]

1 Introduction 3 Methods
Although the effects of the electrolyte concentration A test setup, as illustrated in figure 1, was
on the conductivity of a solution have long been constructed out of two reservoirs connected by some
understood, and the electrical characteristics of such tubing to a measurement chamber, consisting of a
a solution have been modelled extensively, there is PVC tube in which two electrodes were placed, using
no research known to the author examining flow- some flanges. These electrodes were connected to a
dependent electrical behaviours of electrolytic digitally controllable lab power supply and an
solutions. oscilloscope, measuring both the voltage over and –
If a flow-dependent effect on the resistance of using a current amplifier – the current through the
electrolytic solutions exists, it could have a number of solution. A pump pumped a NaCl solution through
useful applications. For example, it could be exploited the setup.
to design inexpensive miniature non-mechanical The flow rate was calculated from the trend in weight
ultra-low power flow sensors, which enable novel measured by the scale under container 2 and the
applications, such as flow speed sensing arrays. concentration was calculated from the electrical
Furthermore, it may be a factor to consider in fields behaviour of the solution.
such as process control and impedance spectroscopy. Using this setup, transient responses of electrolytic
Because of these reasons, this paper examines such solutions were gathered in the presence of various
flow-dependent effects. amounts of flow at multiple concentrations.
The electrical behaviour of a known equivalent circuit
2 Theory was determined. This model was then fit to the
The electrical behaviour of the electrolytic solution is experimental data. From this fit, equivalent
mostly determined by the formation of electrical component values could be calculated. These were
double layers and faradaic currents. then compared.
In a flowing solution, double-layer formation may be
hampered, which would lead to an increase in 4 Results
current, and thus a lower resistance. As expected, the resistance decreased ever more with
higher flow speeds. The charge time of the double
layers did also vary with flow speed, which was
unexpected.

Figure 1: Schematical representation of the test setup.

 Thermoelectrical generator
Nekrasov Andrei Evgenievich
Supervisor: Tikunov Anatoli Sergeevich
Lyceum №1502, Moscow/Russia, an-32010@[Link]
Today, the problem of using the heat of waste gases distributing. As the source of heat, I use an industrial
becomes more important than ever. Waste gases are hot dryer or alcohol stove.
gases, which after some useful output are just throwing I had been measuring the current, voltage and
away. This only makes an additional burden on the temperature difference with an ammeter, voltmeter and
environment. However, there are some ways to use a universal measuring device – LabQuest Vernier.
their energy. One of them is a Seebeck element. Unitary
Seebeck element is a pair of semiconductors, one with After few experiments, I found a dependence of power
p-type of conductivity and the other with n-type. It from temperature difference and made a graph.
produces electricity from the temperature difference. It
is a thermoelectric Seebeck effect – the conversion of
120
heat directly into electricity at the junction of different

Temperature difference, oC
types of wire. This effect is reversible – the opposite is 100
the Peltier effect: the presence of heating or cooling at 80
an electrified junction of two different conductors. It 60
means that we can make a thermoelectrical generator 40
and use the heat of waste gases to get electricity.
20
Before starting my work, I have set the following tasks: 0
 To research a method of producing electricity -5 0 5 10 15 20
from the heat of waste gases through the Power, mW
Seebeck-Peltier element.
 To invent a thermoelectrical generator to get a
cheap electricity. The dependence of the power from temperature
 To find places where this generator can be difference is the same that the producer gives. It means
used. that I can use characteristics of Seebeck element from
For the experiment, I bought a Peltier element and this producer to do calculations.
developed an experimental installation. So where can we use this generator? We can use it in
places where hot gases have already done some work
and now they are throwing away. These places are
condensing gas boilers, gas boilers, diesel boilers and
exhaust pipes of cars.
To determine the output power it is sufficient to know
the dimensions of one Seebeck element (40 * 40), the
dimensions of the place (a * B, where a - height, B -
base perimeter) where the generator will be located, the
exhaust gas temperature (t) and the output of one
Seebeck element at this temperature (P0). To determine
the payback time (T) the price of 1 kWh (5, 09 rubles
for Moscow) and the price of one Seebeck element (250
rubles) should be known.
Seebeck element number N in the generator is defined
by N = a / 40 + B / 40.
Total generator power P: P = N * P0.
Generator payback time T is equal to the price of the
generator (number of elements Seebeck, multiplied by
It contains a radiator, Peltier element (30 mm * 30 the cost per item) divided into the cost of electric
mm), a heat insulation plate, a metal cylinder as a heat power: T = N * 250 / (5.09 * P), or
conductor and a metal plate for equable heat T = N * 250 / (5,09 * P0 * N) = 49,1 / P0, where P0 is
expressed in kilowatts.
The outside temperature is taken as 0 ° C
I found information about places where this generator
can be used and accounted the cost of the generator,
total generator power and payback time for each place
using these formulas.

Condensing gas boilers

N = 700/40 + 730/40 = 17 + 39 = 56
P = 56*0,5 = 28 Вт = 0,028 kW
Cost – N*250 = 14000 rubles
T = 14000/(0,028*5,09) = 98000 hours
Diesel boilers
N = 920/40+502/40 = 36
P = 36*3,44 = 123,84 Вт = 0, 123 kW
Cost– N*250 = 9000 rubles
T = 9000 / (0,123*5,09) = 14400 hours
Gas boilers
N = 855/40+735/40 = 39
P = 39*3,1 = 120,9 Вт = 0, 121 kW
Сost – N*250 = 9750 rubles
T = 9750 / (0,121*5,09) = 15800 hours
Exhaust pipes of a car
N = 100/40+376/40 = 12
P = 12*2,52 = 30,24 Вт = 0, 03 kW
Cost – N*250 = 3000 rubles
T = 3000/ (0,03*5,09) = 19600 hours

As a result, I have designed an experimental setup and

after few experiments, received a graph of the
dependence of the power from the temperature
difference to the Peltier element. Considering
measurement error, I approximated the graph in a linear
relationship. I have created a device that converts
thermal energy emitted into the atmosphere, into
electrical energy, that helps conserve electricity, and
calculated its economic benefits for different
application areas.
We can say with confidence that in the near future
electric Peltier-Seebeck element will become an
integral part in energy conservation.
 Producing of holographic pictures my mechanical way

Andrei Rasputnyi
Supervisor: Baiazitov Ivan
AESC MSU, laboratory LANAT, Moscow/Russia, science@[Link]

The work is dedicated to the producing

holograms by mechanical way. Such a
hologram is made by use of a piece of plastic
material and scratching the circles of the
same radius on its surface. If we want to make
straight line, we should place the centers of
these circles on a straight line. And I set a goal
to create some pictures using such method.

The Fig.1 shows that there are always two Fig.2

rays of light which lie in a plane that is
At second stage I developed the method tj
perpendicular to the plane of the picture with
reproduce the curves lines. I began to make
circle. So we will observe the light points
circle line. But it turned out that I got some
instead of the entire circle.
kind of ellipse. To correct this defect I tried to
scratch other second order curves such as
ellipse and parabola instead of circles. As a
result I get figure which looks like a real circle.

And the last detail is shadows. This will be

very necessary for the portraits. They can be
achieved using straight lines, which lies closely
to each other

Fig.1

At first stage I reproduced straight line in any

direction (not only horizontal or vertical). I
had to draw circles of different radii if I
needed to get the slopping line. After that I
could do such simple three-dimensional
bodies as cube and tetrahedron.(Fig.2)
 The light method for capillary waves investigation

Vladimir Shulgin
Supervisors: Klim Sladkov and Alisa Dorofeeva
AESC MSU, laboratory LANAT, Moscow/Russia, science@[Link]

1 Introduction
The waves on the water surface can be treated as the
capillary waves, if the value of the surface tension
forces are greater than the gravity forces. These
waves usually have short length (less than 3
millimeters).

2 Method of the investigation

I studied the behavior of capillary waves that have
been excited on the surface of liquid jet. Capillary
waves can be obtained in various ways. I use the
water jet impact upon the obstacle that was a smooth
liquid surface. Also I used a hard surface as an
obstacle, but the results were slightly different. Due
to the impact, the swell arisen along the jet, that was Pic 1,2. Photographs of the capillary waves on the
slightly visible by the naked human eyes. In order water jet have been visualized by laser light. The
to make the swell noticeable I decided to highlight light forms bright rings along the waves.
jet by the laser pointer (pic 1,2). After the waves were visualized I began to study the
phenomena. I investigated the dependences of the
rings on the diameter of the jet, the speed of water,
Different liquids and the obstacles were used. The
method of investigation was based on the measuring
of the light rings parameters that are linked with the
characteristics of the waves.
3 Theory
Capillary waves are described by the velocity
And wavelength
where σ – liquid surface tension coefficient, ρ –
density of the liquid, –jet’s radius.
I observed the standing rings, consequently, the
capillary wave moves upward relative to the jet with
the velocity that is equal to the fall speed. In my
experiment , where h – height of the jet source.
4 Experiment
I designed the installation and conducted a number
of experiments with different parameters of the jet.
I have discovered how the distance between the
rings (i.e., wavelength) depended on the jet velocity
and diameter.
5 Conclusion
: I have investigated the dependence of capillary
waves on the jet parameters. Theoretical and
experimental data were in coincidence within the
experimental errors.
experimental errors.
 Control over circular hydraulic jump by rotation.

Kirill Smirnov
Evgeny Mogilevskiy
Advanced Education Science Center Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow/Russia, [Link]-
33@[Link]

Introduction contain one non-dimensional number: , where is

The hydraulic jump is a phenomenon of rapid change angular velocity of the disk, is a characteristic radius,
of velocity and height of a free surface flow. Everyone is a characteristic liquid velocity. For (no rotation)
sees it in a kitchen sink, when a water jet hits the rigid our equations coincide with known ones. For small
surface, then thin film flows radially, and at some values of equations have a singular point, which
distance its height suddenly rises. Thin films are used mean that jumps can occur. If is greater than certain
for cooling, coating, absorption, and other processes. critical value this point disappear, and continuous
Interchange rates are different in one for thin and fast flows are possible.
film and for thick and slow layer. That is why control
over position of jump is an effective way to change Experimental setup
reaction conditions. In our setup water goes from wide reservoir through 4
mm diameter tube and is directed vertically. Typical
Shallow-water theory of circular hydraulic jump was flow-rate of water is 20-30 ml/s. The jet hits Plexiglas
developed by T. Bohr et al (T. Bohr, P. Dimon, disk of radius of 10 cm. Scale marks are printed on the
V. Putkaradze, J. Fluid Mechanics 1993, vol. 254, pp disk surface. The disk is connected to a motor with
635-648). They derived governing equations and variable rotation rate. We use rotations up to 0.33 Hz.
obtained scaling for the hydraulic jump radius. A camera is located above the disk and takes pictures
of the jump. We measure the dependence of the jump
We investigate hydraulic jump on a rotating surface. radius on the flow rate and angular velocity. We also
In this case centrifugal force accelerates the flow and made tests to examine effect of the disk radius.
pushes the jump away. Our aim is to add rotation to
the shallow-water theory, construct an experimental Results and discussion
setup and check our theoretical conclusions. For fixed value of the flow-rate we find critical value
of angular velocity, when the jump goes away from
Theoretical model the disk. Typical critical value is about 0.25 Hz, which
Circular steady vertical jet of incompressible liquid is close to theoretical prediction.
falls onto horizontal disk. The axis of the disk
coincides with the axis of the jet. The disk rotates with We find the effect of disk radius: the jump is closer to
constant angular velocity. The liquid spreads radially the axis for smaller disk. Possible reason of this fact is
over the disk. If the jet velocity is big enough then surface tension on the disk edge.
there is thin film flow right after the area of hitting.
The flow is fast, so its velocity is greater than speed of Conclusion
We study the film flow over rotating disk and
small disturbances propagation (the flow is
theoretically and experimentally show two regimes of
supercritical). Due to viscosity flow slows down and
flow (jumped and smooth). The angular velocity of
drops out of supercritical regime. At this point the
the disk is a crucial parameter of the system; the
jump is observed.
rotation rate has a critical value, which separates the
Theory is based on conservation laws. Following the regimes. This result can be used for designing of
cited paper of Bohr, we derive differential equations chemical reactors, heat exchangers etc.
for velocity as a function of radius. These equations
cje chemical reactors, heat exchangers etc.
 Why Two Wheeled Suitcases Turn Over Under Certain Circumstances
Sara Eyvazi
Supervisors: Hassan Bagheri Valoujerdi, Nona Izadipanah
Emam Mohammad Bagher High School, Tehran/Iran
Accepted and edited by: Araian Young Innovative Minds Institute, AYIMI, [Link] , info@[Link]

1 Introduction
When two wheels suitcase is pulled along, under certain 3 Conclusion
circumstances it can wobble side to side so strongly to
the limit that it may turn over. Can it be suppressed or
intensified by changing of the luggage packing? We can optimize this phenomenon by changing the
package. If the load of suitcase are so packed that the
center of mass is placed at the lowest height and the
2 Basic Information
minimum distance from three axes and the same
Here, the suitcase has been presumed as a rigid object. distance from them and stand in the middle of
So, the following two forces are considered as the luggage, it can reduce the ttorque of suitcase. Also, if
most effective forces in the existed torque of suitcase: the objects placed on the sides of suitcase, it will
1. The hand force make a balance in baggage that prevents it gets crazy.
2. The force of suitcase load
Hypothesis 1: The suitcase is in balance condition References
Hypothesis 2: The suitcase is not in proper stability - R. H. Plaut,” Rocking instability of a pulled suitcase with
two wheels”. Acta mechanica 117, 1-4,165-179(1996)
Mass of center, spin factor: Due to that the suitcase
- [Link], [Link], [Link] and [Link],”
contain is not in balance condition by improper packing, Effect of Human Response Time on Rocking Instability of
thus the mass of center is not positioned on any of three a Two-wheeled suitcase”, [Link] and Vibration 207,
axis ( ) as it is asymmetrical. 5,617-625(1997)
Axis: The length of resistant arm is more than
mover arm, Therefor, the resistant force is increased
and existed torque is around axis. So, the stack of
bags falls from the person who takes it.
Axis: If the mass of center is shifted to sides due to
way of packing, it could leads to rotation of suitcase
around axis. In this case ,if the center of mass to be
kept away from any of wheels, thus, the torque lever
is increased and existed torque is around axis and
consequently suitcase turns round while it is being
pulled.
-Uneven Surfaces
Axis: When one wheel is placed on the steep surface
and other is stood on the ground vertically, so,
suitcase rotate around axis while it is being pulled
on slop, therefore, torque is generated on the one wheel.

Axis: Load force vector inclines to shift the center

of rotation axis and therefore is more vertical in
proportion to rotation axis by increasing of packing
load.