Model Paper

WITH ANSWERS

Higher Chemistry
This model paper, which may include a limited number of previously published SQA questions, has been specially commissioned by
Hodder Gibson, and have been written by experienced senior teachers and examiners. This is not SQA material but has been devised
to provide further practice for SQA National Qualification examinations in 2016 and beyond.

Model Question Papers and Answers © Hodder Gibson. All rights reserved.

Hodder Gibson would like to thank SQA for use of any past exam questions that may have been used in model papers, whether
amended or in original form.
 H National
Qualifications
MODEL PAPER 1

Chemistry
Section 1 — Questions
Duration — 2 hours and 30 minutes

Reference may be made to the Chemistry Higher and Advanced Higher Data Booklet.
Instructions for the completion of Section 1 are given on Page two of your question and answer
booklet.
Record your answers on the answer grid on Page three of your question and answer booklet.
Before leaving the examination room you must give your question and answer booklet to the
Invigilator; if you do not you may lose all the marks for this paper.

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 58 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

SECTION 1 — 20 marks
Attempt ALL questions

1. Which of the following would lead to a decrease in reaction rate for the reaction between
hexene and hydrogen gas?

A Increasing the pressure of hydrogen gas.

B Increasing the activation energy of the reaction.
C Increasing the temperature.
D Improving the collision geometry.

2. The graph shows the energy distribution of molecules at two different temperatures, T1
and T2.
Number of molecules

T2 > T1

Kinetic energy EA

Which statement is the best description for the increase in reaction rate as the
temperature is increased from T1 to T2?

A The activation energy decreased as the temperature increased.

B The collision geometry improved as the temperature increased.
C More molecules have the minimum energy required to react.
D The molecules are moving at a faster rate.

3. An element with a melting point >1000oC, does not conduct electricity as a solid and forms
a compound with oxygen which has a melting point >1000oC.

The element is

A carbon
B iron
C silicon
D phosphorus.

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 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1 59 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

4. The covalent radius of potassium is greater than the covalent radius of lithium because

A potassium has a higher nuclear charge

B there is a greater force of attraction between the potassium nucleus and its electrons
C the screening of nuclear charge is greater in potassium than it is in lithium
D lithium is more reactive than potassium.

5. Which of the following compounds has most covalent character?

A PF3
B PH3
C NF3
D NH3

6. Which of the following represents the second ionisation energy of chlorine?

A Cl2(g) Cl22+(g) + 2e-

B Cl(g) Clg2+(g) + 2e-
C Cl(g) Clg2+(g) + e-
D Cl(g)+ Clg2+(g) + e-

7. Which of the following bonding types does not have a difference in electronegativity?

A Metallic
B Polar covalent
C Dipole-dipole
D Ionic

8. Which of the following statements cannot be applied to glycerol?

A It is also known as propane-1,2,3-triol.

B It is formed by hydrating fats or oils.
C It has a high boiling point because of the hydrogen bonding between molecules.
D It can react with fatty acids to form fats and oils.

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 60 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

9. Which three functional groups are present in the compound shown below?

CH2
O NH2
HO CH C CH O
C NH CH2 C
OH
O

A carboxyl, amine and alcohol

B amide, carboxyl and amine
C aldehyde, peptide and amine
D carboxyl, peptide and alcohol

10. The structure shown below is an example of

H H H

H C C C H

H OH H

A a primary alcohol
B a ketone
C a secondary alcohol
D an aldehyde.

11. Denaturing a protein involves

A hydrolysing the peptide bonds

B joining amino acids to form a new protein
C breaking covalent bonds
D breaking hydrogen bonds.

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12. Limonene is a terpene that is present in oranges and lemons.

CH3
C
H 2C CH
H 2C CH2
CH
C
H 3C CH2

The number of isoprene units found in limonene is

A 1
B 2
C 3
D 4.

13. A free radical scavenger can

A initiate a free radical reaction

B terminate a free radical reaction
C increase the number of free radicals in a molecule
D form unstable molecules by reacting with free radicals.

14. Which of the following reactions has an atom economy of 100%?

A HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
B Na2O(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
C CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
D C2H4(g) + H2O(l) C2H5OH(l)

15. CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)

The volume of gas produced from the complete combustion of 200cm3 of methane in
excess oxygen, at room temperature, is

A 200cm3
B 300cm3
C 600cm3
D 100cm3.

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 62 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

16. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) a 2SO3(g)

The formation of sulfur trioxide from sulfur dioxide and oxygen is an exothermic reaction.

Which of the following conditions would lead to the equilibrium shifting to the right?

A high temperature and high pressure

B high temperature and low pressure
C low temperature and low pressure
D low temperature and high pressure

17. Which of the following shows the correct equation for the enthalpy of combustion of
methane?

A CH4(g) + 1½O2(g) CO(g) + 2H2O(l)

B 2CH4(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO(g) + 4H2O(l)
C CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
D 4CH4(g) + 8O2(g) 4CO2(g) + 8H2O(l)

18. Which of the following substances is the strongest oxidising agent?

A Br2
B Cl2
C I2
D F2

19. Iodate ions can be converted into iodine: IO3—(aq) I2(aq)

The number of H+(aq) and H2O(l) required to balance this ion electron equation for the
formation of 1mol of I2(aq) are

A 12 and 6
B 6 and 3
C 3 and 6
D 6 and 12

20. A standard solution is a solution with an accurately known

A volume
B mass
C concentration
D temperature.

[END OF SECTION 1. NOW ATTEMPT THE QUESTIONS IN SECTION 2

OF YOUR QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOKLET.]

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 H National
Qualifications
MODEL PAPER 1

Chemistry
Section 1 — Answer Grid
and Section 2
Duration — 2 hours and 30 minutes

Reference may be made to the Chemistry Higher and Advanced Higher Data Booklet.
Total marks — 100

SECTION 1 — 20 marks
Attempt ALL questions.
Instructions for completion of Section 1 are given on Page 64.

SECTION 2 — 80 marks
Attempt ALL questions
Write your answers clearly in the spaces provided in this booklet. Additional space for answers
and rough work is provided at the end of this booklet. If you use this space you must clearly
identify the question number you are attempting. Any rough work must be written in this
booklet. You should score through your rough work when you have written your final copy.
Use blue or black ink.
Before leaving the examination room you must give this booklet to the
Invigilator; if you do not you may lose all the marks for this paper.

© 2016 Hodder & Stoughton

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 64 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

SECTION 1­— 20 marks

The questions for Section 1 are contained on Page 57 — Questions.

Read these and record your answers on the answer grid on Page 65 opposite.
DO NOT use gel pens.

1. The answer to each question is either A, B, C or D. Decide what your answer is, then fill
in the appropriate bubble (see sample question below).

2. There is only one correct answer to each question.

3. Any rough working should be done on the additional space for answers and rough work at
the end of this booklet.

Sample Question
To show that the ink in a ball-pen consists of a mixture of dyes, the method of separation would
be:
A fractional distillation
B chromatography
C fractional crystallisation
D filtration.

The correct answer is B—chromatography. The answer B bubble has been clearly filled in (see
below).

A B C D

Changing an answer
If you decide to change your answer, cancel your first answer by putting a cross through it (see
below) and fill in the answer you want. The answer below has been changed to D.

A B C D

If you then decide to change back to an answer you have already scored out, put a tick (3) to
the right of the answer you want, as shown below:

A B C D A B C D

or

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 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1 65 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

SECTION 1 — Answer Grid

A B C D

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

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SECTION 2 — 80 marks THIS
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Attempt ALL questions

1. The elements of the Periodic Table can be categorised according to their

bonding and structure.
(a) Complete the table below for (i) — (iv) 2

Bonding and Structure at room Example of an Element with this

temperature bonding and structure

Metallic (i)

(ii) Silicon

Covalent molecular solid (iii)

(iv) Neon

(b) Compounds of Lithium are commonly used as medications.

(i) Write an ion-electron equation for the first ionisation energy of
lithium. 1

(ii) Explain clearly why the second ionisation energy of Lithium is

much higher than the first ionisation energy of lithium. 3

(iii) A prescription for a medication stated that each tablet contained

400mg of lithium carbonate, Li2CO3.
Calculate the mass, in mg, of lithium present in 400mg of lithium
carbonate.
The mass of one mole of Li2CO3 is 73.8g 1

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(c) The Periodic Table groups together elements with similar properties. In
most Periodic Tables hydrogen is placed at the top of Group 1, but in
some it is placed at the top of Group 7.
Using your knowledge of Chemistry, comment on why hydrogen can be
placed at the top of Group 1 and Group 7. 3

2. Swimming pools can contain a variety of compounds such as nitrogen

trichloride and ammonia.
Nitrogen trichloride and ammonia have similar structures, but different
properties.

N N
Cl Cl H H
Cl H
Ammonia is more soluble in water than nitrogen trichloride.

(a) Explain clearly why ammonia is more soluble in water than nitrogen
trichloride.
Your answer should include the names of the intermolecular forces
involved. 3

(b) When it reacts with water, nitrogen trichloride forms ammonia and
hypochlorus acid.
NCl3(g) + H2O(l) NH3(aq) + HOCl(aq)
Balance the equation for this reaction. 1

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 68 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

2. (continued) MARKS DO NOT

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(c) In the presence of light, hypochlorous acid decomposes by a free-radical
chain reaction to produce hydrochloric acid and oxygen.
2HOCl(aq) 2HCl(aq) + O2(g)
(i) What is meant by the term free radical? 1

(ii) The equation shows one of the steps in the free radical chain
reaction.
HOCl HO∙ + Cl∙
What term describes this type of step in the free radical chain
reaction? 1

(iii) The rate of decomposition of hypochlorous acid is increased if

copper oxide is added.
The diagram below shows the change in potential energy during
this reaction when carried out without copper oxide.

Potential
reactants
energy
products

Add a line to the diagram to show the effect of adding copper

oxide to the reaction. 1

(d) Ammonia can be prepared by reacting nitrogen with hydrogen.

The equation for this reaction is shown.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Using bond enthalpy values from the data booklet, calculate the
enthalpy change for this reaction. 2

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(e) For a reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen, the two molecules must
collide. State one other condition necessary for a successful reaction. 1

Total marks 10

3. (a) In some countries, ethanol is used as a substitute for petrol. This

ethanol is produced by fermentation of glucose, using yeast enzymes.
During the fermentation process, glucose is first converted into
pyruvate. The pyruvate is then converted to ethanol in a two-step
process.

CH3COCOOH Step 1 CH3CHO Step 2 CH3CH2OH

pyruvate ethanal ethanol

CO2

(i) Step 1 is catalysed by an enzyme. Enzymes are proteins that can

act as catalysts because they have a specific shape.
Why, when the temperature is raised above a certain value, does
the rate of reaction decrease? 1

(ii) Why can Step 2 be described as a reduction reaction? 1

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 70 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

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(iii) The overall equation for the fermentation of glucose is

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2

mass of one mole mass of one mole
= 180 g = 46 g

Calculate the percentage yield of ethanol if 445 g of ethanol is

produced from 1·0 kg of glucose. 3
Show your working clearly.

(b) The energy density value of a fuel is the energy released when one
kilogram of the fuel is burned.
The enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is −1367 kJ mol−1.
Calculate the energy density value, in kJ kg−1, of ethanol. 1

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(c) The quantity of alcohol present after a fermentation reaction is called

the % alcohol by volume.
This can be calculated from measurements taken using an instrument
called a hydrometer. The hydrometer is floated in the liquid sample,
before and after fermentation, to measure its specific gravity.
% alcohol by volume = change in specific gravity of liquid x f
where f is a conversion factor, which varies as shown in the table.

Change in specific
f
gravity of liquid
Up to 6·9 0·125

7·0 — 10·4 0·126

10·5 — 17·2 0·127

17·3 — 26·1 0·128

26·2 — 36·0 0·129

36·1 — 46·5 0·130

46·6 — 57·1 0·131

1010 980
1020 990
1030 1000
1040 1010
1050 1020
1060 1030

hydrometer Specific Specific

gravity before gravity after
fermentation fermentation
liquid
sample

Calculate the % alcohol by volume for this sample. 2

Total marks 8

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 72 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

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4. Limonene and geraniol are examples of terpenes found in essential oils. THIS
MARGIN

H 3C CH2 CH H3C
C CH C CH3 C CH CH2 CH2 CH CH CH2 OH
H 3C CH2 CH2 H3C

C10H16 C9H16O
limonene geraniol

(a) Draw the structure of isoprene. 1

(b) Why does geraniol evaporate more slowly than limonene? 1

(c) The structure of one of the first synthetic scents used in perfume is
shown below.
CH3 O

H3C (CH2)8 C C H
H

(i) Name the family of carbonyl compounds to which this synthetic

scent belongs. 1

(ii) Complete the structure below to show the product formed when
this scent is oxidised. 1
CH3

H3C (CH2)8 C
H

Total marks 4

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 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1 73 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

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5. The label shown below lists some of the ingredients found in an ice-cream. THIS
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Emulsifier (Mono- and Di-Glycerides of

Fatty acids), Thickener
(Carboxymethylcellulose), Flavouring
(pentyl butanoate), Antioxidant (Ascorbic
acid), Milk proteins

A student suggested that the compounds listed were used to enhance the
flavour, solubility and shelf-life of the ice-cream. Using your knowledge of
chemistry, comment on the accuracy of this statement. 3

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 74 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

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6. Soft drinks contain many ingredients. THIS
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(a) Aspartame is added to many soft drinks as a sweetener. Its structure is

shown below.

O H O NH2
O
CH3 O C CH N C CH CH2 C
OH
CH2

(i) Name the functional group circled. 1

(ii) In the stomach, aspartame is hydrolysed by acid to produce

methanol and two amino acids, phenylalanine and aspartic acid.
Two of the products of the hydrolysis of aspartame are shown
below.
O

HO C CH NH2

CH3 OH CH2

methanol phenylalanine

Draw a structural formula for aspartic acid. 1

(iii) The body cannot make all the amino acids it requires and is
dependent on protein in the diet for the supply of certain amino
acids.

What term is used to describe the amino acids the body cannot
make? 1

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 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1 75 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

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(b) Caffeine is also added to some soft drinks. The concentration of

caffeine can be found using chromatography.
A chromatogram for a standard solution containing 50 mg l−1 of caffeine
is shown below.

Retention time of peak/s Peak area

96 49000

time (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Results from four caffeine standard solutions were used to produce the
calibration graph below.

200 000

180 000

160 000

140 000

120 000

Peak area 100 000

80 000

60 000

40 000

20 000

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
—1
Caffeine concentration/mg l

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 76 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

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Chromatograms for two soft drinks are shown below.

Soft drink X Retention time of peak/s Peak area

42 11000
69 11350
96 68000

Time (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

Soft drink Y Retention time of peak/s Peak area

17 7000
30 4600
43 3000
62 2500
96 ————
115 5000

Time (s)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120

(i) What is the caffeine content, in mg l−1 of soft drink X? 1

(ii) The caffeine content of the soft drink Y cannot be determined

from its chromatogram.
What should be done to the sample of soft drink Y so that the
caffeine content could be reliably calculated? 1

Total marks 5

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 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1 77 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

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7. (a) A small sample of ammonia can be prepared in the laboratory by THIS
MARGIN
heating a mixture of ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide. The
ammonia is dried by passing it through small lumps of calcium oxide and
collected by the downward displacement of air.
Complete the diagram to show how ammonia gas can be dried before
collection. 1

dry ammonia

ammonium chloride
+ calcium hydroxide

heat

(b) Self-heating cans may be used to warm drinks such as coffee.

When the button on the can is pushed, a seal is broken, allowing water
and calcium oxide to mix and react.
The reaction produces solid calcium hydroxide and releases heat.

ring pull

coffee insulation
(210 cm3)

calcium oxide
foil separator
water
button

The equation for this reaction is:

CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(s) ∆H = −65 kJ mol−1

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7. (b) (continued) THIS
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(i) Calculate the mass, in grams, of calcium oxide required to raise

the temperature of 210 cm3 of coffee from 20°C to 70°C. 3
Show your working clearly.

(ii) If more water is used the calcium hydroxide is produced as a

solution instead of as a solid.
The equation for the reaction is:
CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq)
Using the following data, calculate the enthalpy change, in kJ
mol−1, for this reaction. 2
Ca(s) + ½O2(g) → CaO(s) ΔH = −635 kJ mol–1
H2(g) + ½O2(g) → H2O(l) ΔH = −286 kJ mol–1
Ca(s) + O2(g) + H2(g) → Ca(OH)2(s) ΔH = −986 kJ mol–1
Ca(OH)2(s) → Ca(OH)2(aq) ΔH = −82 kJ mol–1

Total marks 6

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8. Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, is an important feedstock in the manufacture of THIS
MARGIN
chemicals used in the food industry.

O
C
O H
benzoic acid
(a) The ester ethyl benzoate is used as food flavouring.
Ethyl benzoate can be prepared in the laboratory by an esterification
reaction. A mixture of ethanol and benzoic acid is heated, with a few
drops of concentrated sulfuric acid added to catalyse the reaction.

elastic band
damp paper towel

ethanol and benzoic

acid mixture

(i) Suggest a suitable method for heating the reaction mixture. 1

(ii) During esterification the reactant molecules join by eliminating a

small molecule. What name is given to this type of chemical
reaction? 1

(iii) Draw a structural formula for ethyl benzoate. 1

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(b) Sodium benzoate is used in the food industry as a preservative. It can be

made by reacting benzoic acid with a concentrated solution of sodium
carbonate.

2C6H5COOH + Na2CO3 → 2C6H5COONa + CO2 + H2O

mass of mass of mass of mass of mass of
1 mole 1 mole 1 mole 1 mole 1 mole
= 122 g = 106 g = 144 g = 44 g = 18 g

Calculate the atom economy for the production of sodium benzoate. 2

(c) A chemist made 300g of sodium benzoate using 350g of benzoic acid and
280g of sodium carbonate.
The cost of the chemicals are shown below.
Benzoic acid £15.80 for 100g

Sodium carbonate £3.40 for 1kg

Calculate the cost of the chemicals required to produce 500g of sodium

benzoate using this method. 2

Total marks 7

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9. The table shows the boiling points of some alcohols. THIS
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Alcohol Boiling point/°C

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH 118
OH
98
CH3CH2CHCH3
CH3
108
CH3CHCH2OH
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH 137
OH
119
CH3CH2CH2CHCH3
CH3
128
CH3CH2CHCH2OH
OH
CH3CH2CCH3 101
CH3
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH 159
CH3
149
CH3CH2CH2CHCH2OH
OH
CH3CH2CH2CCH3 121
CH3

(a) Using information from the table, describe two ways in which
differences in the structures affect boiling point of isomeric alcohols. 2

(b) Predict a boiling point for hexan-2-ol. 1

Total marks 3

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 82 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

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10. Sherbet contains a mixture of sodium hydrogencarbonate and tartaric acid. THIS
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The fizzing sensation in the mouth is due to the carbon dioxide produced in
the following reaction.

2NaHCO3 + C4H6O6 → Na2(C4H4O6) + 2H2O + 2CO2

sodium tartaric acid sodium tartrate
hydrogencarbonate

(a) The chemical name for tartaric acid is 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid.

Draw a structural formula for tartaric acid. 1

(b) In an experiment, a student found that adding water to 20 sherbet

sweets produced 105 cm3 of carbon dioxide.
Assuming that sodium hydrogencarbonate is in excess, calculate the
average mass of tartaric acid, in grams, in one sweet. 3
−1
(Take the molar volume of carbon dioxide to be 24 litre mol .)
Show your working clearly.

Total marks 4

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 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1 83 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

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11. When cyclopropane gas is heated over a catalyst, it isomerises to form THIS
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propene gas and an equilibrium is obtained.
H H H H
H H H H
C
CH H H C C
H H H C C
C C H C H
C C H C H
H H H
H H H
cyclopropane propene
cyclopropane propene
The graph shows the concentration of cyclopropane and propene as
equilibrium is established in the reaction.

propene
propene
Concentration
Concentration

cyclopropane
cyclopropane

Time
Time
H H H H
H H H
H on the graph the point at which equilibrium
(a) Mark clearly C has just been
H C C C H H
H reached.
C C 1
H H
H C H C C
H C H C C
(b) Why does increasing
H the pressure have no effect
H on the position
H of this
H
equilibrium. H H 1
propene cyclopropane
propene cyclopropane

propene
propene
Concentration
Concentration

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cyclopropane
60713_Chem_CfE_PP1.indd 83cyclopropane 07/09/15 3:33 PM
 Concen
propene

HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 84 cyclopropane

HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

Concentration
MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
11. (continued) THIS
MARGIN

Time with propene.

(c) The equilibrium can also be achieved by starting
cyclopropane
H H H H
C
H C C H H
H C H Time C C
H H H
H H H H
propene C cyclopropane
H C C H H
H C H C C
UsingH the initial concentrations shown, sketch a graph to show how the
propene H H
concentrations of propene and cyclopropane change as equilibrium is
propene
reached for this reverse reacton.cyclopropane 1

propene
Concentration
Concentration

cyclopropane
Time
cyclopropane
Time

Total marks 3

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 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1 85 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
12. Aldehydes and ketones can take part in a reaction sometimes known as an THIS
MARGIN
aldol condensation.
The simplest aldol reacion involves two molecules of ethanal.

H H H H H H H H

H C C O + H C C O H C C C C O

H H H OH H

In the reaction, the carbon atom next to the carbonyl functional group of
one molecule forms a bond with the carbonyl carbon atom of the second
molecule.

(a) Draw a structural formula for the product formed when propanone is
used instead of ethanal in this type of reaction. 1

(b) Name an aldehyde that would not take part in an aldol condensation. 1

(c) Apart from the structure of the reactants, suggest what is unusual about
applying the term “condensation” to this particular type of reaction. 1

Total marks 3

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 86 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
13. Oxalic acid is found in rhubarb. The number of moles of oxalic acid in a THIS
MARGIN
carton of rhubarb juice can be found by titrating samples of the juice with a
solution of potassium permanganate, a powerful oxidising agent.
The equation for the overall reaction is:
6(COOH)2(aq) + 6H+(aq) + 2MnO4−(aq) → 2Mn2+(aq) + 10CO2(aq) + 8H2O(l)

(a) Write the ion-electron equation for the reduction reaction. 1

(b) In an investigation using a 500 cm3 carton of rhubarb juice, separate

25·0 cm3 samples were measured out. Three samples were then titrated
with 0·040 mol l−1 potassium permanganate solution, giving the
following results.

Volume of potassium permanganate

Titration
solution used/cm3

1 27·7

2 26·8

3 27·0

Average volume of potassium permanganate solution used = 26·9cm3.

(i) Why was the first titration result not included in calculating the
average volume of potassium permanganate solution used? 1

(ii) Suggest a suitable piece of apparatus that could be used to

measure out the 25cm3. 1

(iii) Calculate the mass of oxalic acid present in the 500cm3 carton of
rhubarb juice. 4
Show your working clearly.

Total marks 7

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 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1 87 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
14. A fatty acid is a long chain carboxylic acid. THIS
MARGIN

Examples of fatty acids are shown in the table below.

Common
Systemic name Structure
name
stearic acid octadecanoic acid CH3(CH2)16COOH

octadec-9-enoic
oleic acid CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
acid
octadec-9,12-
linoleic acid CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
dienoic acid
CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=
linolenic acid
CH(CH2)7COOH

(a) What is the systematic name for linolenic acid? 1

(b) Stearic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium
stearate.

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O
H C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
−
O Na+
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
sodium stearate

(i) Name the type of reaction taking place when stearic acid reacts
with sodium hydroxide. 1

(ii) Explain fully how sodium stearate acts to keep grease and non-
polar substances suspended in water during cleaning. 3

Total marks 5

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 88 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
15. Infra-red spectroscopy is a technique that can be used to identify the bonds THIS
MARGIN
that are present in a molecule.
Different bonds absorb infra-red radiation of different wavenumbers. This is
due to differences in the bond ‘stretch’. These absorptions are recorded in a
spectrum.
A spectrum for propan-1-ol is shown.

Increasing
absorption

x y

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500

Wavenumber/cm–1

The correlation table on page 14 of the data booklet shows the wavenumber
ranges for the absorptions due to different bonds.

(a) Use the correlation table to identify the bonds responsible for the two
absorptions, x and y, that are circled in the propan-1-ol spectrum. 1

Increasing
absorption
x: y:

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500

Wavenumber/cm–1

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 absorption

HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1 89 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

x y

MARKS DO NOT
WRITE IN
(b) Propan-1-ol reacts with ethanoic acid. THIS
4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 MARGIN

Draw a spectrum that could be obtained for the–1 organic product of this
Wavenumber/cm
reaction. 1

Increasing
absorption

4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500

–1
Wavenumber/cm

Total marks 2

[END OF MODEL PAPER]

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 90 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS AND ROUGH WORK

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 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1 91 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS AND ROUGH WORK

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 HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 92 HODDER GIBSON MODEL PAPER 1

ADDITIONAL SPACE FOR ANSWERS AND ROUGH WORK

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 232 ANSWERS TO HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY (iii) 75 (mg)

2 × 6.9 = 13.8
MODEL PAPER 1 13.8
× 400 = 75
73.8
 Maximum mark: 1
Section 1
(c) This is an open-ended question
Question Response The whole candidate response should first be read
1. B to establish its overall quality in terms of accuracy
and relevance to the problem/situation presented.
2. C There may be strengths and weaknesses in the
3. C candidate response: assessors should focus as far
as possible on the strengths, taking account of
4. C
weaknesses (errors or omissions) only where they
5. B detract from the overall answer in a significant
6. D way, which should then be taken into account when
determining whether the response demonstrates
7. A reasonable, limited or no understanding. Assessors
8. B should use their professional judgement to apply
9. B the guidance below to the wide range of possible
candidate responses.
10. C
3 marks: The candidate has demonstrated a good

11. D conceptual understanding of the chemistry involved,
12. B providing a logically correct response to the
problem/situation presented.
13. B
This type of response might include a statement of
14. D
principle(s) involved, a relationship or equation, and
15. A the application of these to respond to the problem/
16. D situation. This does not mean the answer has to be
what might be termed an “excellent” answer or a
17. C “complete” one.
18. D 2 marks: The candidate has demonstrated a

19. A reasonable understanding of the chemistry involved,
20. C showing that the problem/situation is understood.
This type of response might make some statement(s)
that is/are relevant to the problem/situation, for
Section 2 example, a statement of relevant principle(s) or
1. (a) (i) Any metal element identification of a relevant relationship or equation
(ii) Covalent network 1 mark: The candidate has demonstrated a limited
(iii) Phosphorus or Sulfur or Carbon (fullerene) understanding of the chemistry involved, showing
that a little of the chemistry that is relevant to the
(iv) Monatomic problem/situation is understood.
 Maximum mark: All correct − 2
 2 or 3 correct − 1 The candidate has made some statement(s) that is/
are relevant to the problem/situation.
(b) (i) Li(g) Li+(g) + e−
0 marks: The candidate has demonstrated no

State symbols are required. This equation understanding of the chemistry that is relevant to
comes from the data booklet. the problem/situation.
 Maximum mark: 1
The candidate has made no statement(s) that is/are
(ii) Idea that ionisation energy is removal of an relevant to the problem/situation.
electron (1 mark)
Points you could discuss:
Idea that 1st ionisation energy is removal of
electron from 2nd (outermost) shell and second The reactivity of hydrogen.
is removal of electron from an inner shell. The number of electrons.
(1 mark)
The molecular structure of hydrogen and its low
Idea of shielding effect of inner electrons ie mp/bp.
that second electron is less well shielded from
nuclear pull and therefore more energy is Compare to the halogens.
needed to remove electron.  Maximum mark: 3
OR
2. (a) Stating that one (NH3) is polar and/or the other
(NCl3) is non-polar (1 mark)
The removal from a full shell requires more
energy than removal from an incomplete shell. Identifying that NH3 has hydrogen bonding and
(1 mark) identifying that NCl3 has London dispersion forces
Ionisation energy is affected by the nuclear (1 mark)
charge and the screening from electron shells.  ther mark is for a statement linking intermolecular
O
 Maximum mark: 3 forces/polarity to the solubility in water.
© 2016 Hodder & Stoughton

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 ANSWERS TO HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 233

Statements such as the following would be (b) 29717 or roundings

acceptable (no units required and ignore sign if included)
• Water is polar
• Water can hydrogen bond −1367 kJ mol−1
• Water is a good solvent for polar molecules 1 mol of ethanol = 46g i.e.
• Like dissolves like 46g −1367 kJ
1g 29.72 kJ
If you are asked about physical properties such as 1000g 29717kJ kg−1
boiling/melting points or solubility, look at the  Maximum mark: 1
intermolecular bonding of the molecules involved.
 Maximum mark: 3 (c) 3·87 (%)
(b) NCl3 (g) + 3H2O (l) → NH3 (aq) + 3HOCl (aq)  or 1 mark candidate must have either 1035−1005
F
 Maximum mark: 1 or 30 or 0·129
(c) (i) Atoms/molecules with unpaired electrons. Change in SG = 1035−1005 = 30
 Maximum mark: 1 So, f = 0.129
30 × 0.129 = 3.87
(ii) initiation  Maximum mark: 2
 Maximum mark: 1
4. (a) CH3
(iii) Line from reactant to products clearly
demonstrating a lower Ea. C CH2
 Maximum mark: 1 H2C C
(d) −75kJmol-1 H
1 mark for any of the following:
945, 3 × 436, 3 × 388, 6 × 388, 2328, 2253  Maximum mark: 1

Bonds broken = (b) Geraniol has hydrogen bonding

(NN) = 945 OR
3(HH) = 3 × 346 = 1308 there are stronger intermolecular bonds (in geraniol)
Total = +2253. OR
stronger van der Waals’ (in geraniol)
Bonds made = 2 × (3 × NH)= 6 × 388 = −2328 OR
2253 − 2328 = −75 limonene only has London dispersion forces
 Maximum mark: 2
Always look at the intermolecular bonding. Here,
(e) Correct collision geometry geraniol has an −OH group. This gives H bonding.
OR Limonene is a hydrocarbon which will have LDF
Must have energy greater than or equal to Ea between molecules.
 Maximum mark: 1  Maximum mark: 1
3. (a) (i) The enzyme changes shape when heated (c) (i) aldehydes or alkanals
 Maximum mark: 1  Maximum mark: 1
(ii) Oxygen to hydrogen ratio has decreased (ii) CH3 O
OR
Hydrogen has been gained. H3C (CH2)8 C C OH
 Maximum mark: 1
H
(iii) 87%  Maximum mark: 1
Partial marks can be awarded using a scheme 5. Open-ended question
of two “concept” marks and one “arithmetic”
mark. Points you could discuss:

1 mark is given for candidate showing Emulsifier structures and their function. Why they are
understanding of the concept of an actual necessary in ice-cream (discuss solubility of fats)
yield divided by a theoretical yield either using The structure of the flavouring ester and its properties.
masses or moles of reactant and product.
Purpose of an antioxidant and how this relates to foods
1 mark is given for candidate displaying spoiling.
understanding of the 1:2 stoichiometry in the  Maximum mark: 3
reaction.
6. (a) (i) Amide or peptide
1 mark is awarded for correct arithmetic  Maximum mark: 1
throughout the calculation. This mark can only
(ii) O NH2 O
be awarded if both concept marks have been
awarded. HO C CH CH2 C
180g 2 × 46g OH

46180 = 0.511
 Maximum mark: 1
1000g 511g (theoretical)
× 100 (iii) Essential 1
445  Maximum mark: 1
× 100 = 87%
511
 Maximum mark: 3

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 234 ANSWERS TO HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY

(b)  9 − 70 (mg l−1) no units required. Ignore

(i) 6 (b) 82·3 (82%)
incorrect units) 1 mark: Concept atom economy ie desired product
 Maximum mark: 1 mass over reactant masses (to be exemplified at
(ii) Sample of Y should be diluted or less of sample central marking)
Y should be used or smaller sample of Y 1 mark: Correct arithmetic
 Maximum mark: 1 2 × 144
× 100 = 82.3
7. (a) Diagram completed to show viable method of drying (2 × 122) + 106
 Maximum mark: 1
gas using calcium oxide.
 Maximum mark: 1 (c) £93.75
(b) (i) 37·7 g Partial marks:
(no units required — ignore incorrect units) 583g AND 467g (1 mark)
£92.16 OR £1.59 (1 mark)
Partial marks can be awarded using a scheme
Benzoic acid:
of two “concept” marks and one “arithmetic”
300g requires 350g
mark.
350
1 mark for demonstration of use of the = 1.167
300
relationship Eh = cm∆T this mark is for the 500g requires 1.167 × 500 = 583.33g of benzoic acid.
concept, do not penalise for incorrect units or 100g costs £15.80
incorrect arithmetic. 15.80
= £0.158
The value of 43·89 (kJ) would automatically 100
gain this mark. 583.33g costs £92.17
1 mark for demonstration of knowledge that the Sodium carbonate:
enthalpy value provided relates to 1 mole of 300g requires 280g
calcium oxide reacting with water. 280
= 0.933
This mark could be awarded if the candidate 300
is seen to be working out the number of 500g requires 0.933 × 500 = 466.67 g
moles of calcium oxide required (0·67) or if 1000g costs £3.40
the candidate’s working shows a proportion 3.40
= £0.0034
calculation involving use of the gfm for calcium 1000
oxide (56). 466.67g costs £1.59
 Maximum mark: 2
1 mark is awarded for correct arithmetic
throughout the calculation. This mark can only 9. (a) Secondary (or tertiary) alcohols have lower boiling
be awarded if both concept marks have been points than primary or words to that effect (1 mark)
awarded. more branched the (isomeric) alcohol the lower the
Eh = cm∆T boiling point (1 mark)
= 4.18 × 0.21 × 50 = 43.89 kJ  Maximum mark: 2
65 kJ 1 mol CaO (b) 121 < b.pt < 149
65kJ 56g  Maximum mark: 1
1kJ 0.861 g 10. (a) O
43.89kJ 37.81g
 Maximum mark: 3 C OH
−1
(ii) − 147 kJ mol H C OH
partial marks
H C OH
1 mark is awarded for 2 out of the four following
numbers being shown C OH
+ 635 + 286 − 986 − 82
 Maximum mark: 2 O
 Maximum mark: 1
8. (a) (i) Water bath/heating mantle
 Maximum mark: 1 (b) 0.0165 g
(ii) Condensation 1 mark for stoichiometric understanding of NaHCO3
 Maximum mark: 1 and CO2
(iii) O 1 mark for showing conversion to of grams and
H H litres.
C
1 mark is awarded for correct arithmetic calculation
O C C H of mass equivalent to 105cm3
H H 105
= 0.004375
24000
 Maximum mark: 1
0.004375
= 0.0022
2
Mass tartaric = 0.0022 × 150 = 0.33
0.33
= 0.0164g
20
 Maximum mark: 3
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 ANSWERS TO HIGHER FOR CfE CHEMISTRY 235

11. (a) any suitable indication of point at which curves start (b) (i) neutralisation
to level off on concentration axis, eg by a vertical  Maximum mark: 1
line or arrow (ii) any mention that soaps have both hydrophobic/
Equilibrium is reached when the rate of the forward oil-soluble and hydrophilic/watersoluble parts
reaction = rate of the reverse reaction. Because of (or alternative wording showing knowledge of
this, the concentration of reactants and products these parts of the soap)
stays constant at equilibrium. Correct identification of the parts of this soap
 Maximum mark: 1 which dissolve in water and oil, COO−/COONa/
(b) the ratio of moles of reactant (gas): moles of ONa+ and the hydrophobic part of the molecule,
product (gas) is 1:1 or the number of (gaseous) the hydrocarbon chain
molecules is the same on both sides of the equation Describe how this results in a ‘ball-like’
 Maximum mark: 1 structure/globule (with the oil/grease held
(c) propene and cyclopropane curves both level off at inside the ball) or micelle or mention of an
the same concentrations as in graph on left hand emulsion.
page; ignore time axis  Maximum mark: 3
 Maximum mark: 1 15. (a) x is O-H, y is C−H
12. (a) CH3 CH3  Maximum mark: 1

CH3 C CH2 C O (b) 2 peaks only: at 1705−1800 and 2800−3000

 Maximum mark: 1
OH
 Maximum mark: 1
(b) methanal or formaldehyde
 Maximum mark: 1
(c) water is not a product of the reaction or no small
molecule produced or it is an addition reaction
 Maximum mark: 1
13. (a) MnO4−(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5e− → Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
(state symbols not required)
 Maximum mark: 1
(b) (i) first titre is a rough (or approximate) result or
not accurate or an estimate or too far away
from the others
 Maximum mark: 1
(ii) Pipette
 Maximum mark: 1
(iii) 5.81 (g) − 4 marks
Correct use of 6:2 ratio to calculate moles of
oxalic acid (1 mark)
Correct scaling from 25 500 (1 mark)
Gfm of oxalic acid = 90 (1 mark)
Calculation of a mass of oxalic acid (1 mark)
26.9
Moles permanganate = 0.04 × = 0.0010
1000
0.0010
Moles oxalic = × 6 = 0.0032 (for 25cm3)
2
Moles for 500cm3 = 0.065
Mass oxalic = 0.065 × 90 = 5.81g
Mass = 0.0538 × 90 = 4.84g
 Maximum mark: 4
14. (a) Octadec-9,12,15-trienoic acid
(allow the interchange of hyphens and commas)
 Maximum mark: 1

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