UNIX We Quer 84 DefEnadion of File System § ee AER © x Te Ne Se a aontainer {or ator ’ wnformation. Aire aystem 4s a ore pe aolevert Information Qegard’ng ther nit COR doo be Mewd aa jetiondl uke 1 aortaing The Files ana Nua inode e7ee* Tne Yeo Randdisk stem on comprise” oa ange Coe roe Vpankiion. Sto eovenad () ale eater aumnct be pitt over TOO def forert Aisks & Apes 2 Qres a F Ayes fh Bn NIK alt pape Govieos ake 1 CD-ROM 5 painter cond modem Are shor. Ws aso Pre, ne ot a compe a ee ye ayptem? i 1a frond Atel: , 702M0P one Anasted a Fries - anda, 00 %s dre kernel - So , ms Ales one derided Vato Annee pants — a Ordinary Me- SES fise known as e Pile. a. Atneam oO Charvcters, 2. An omain ar sens 4 contekeng Bry ata. 65 Ae ' _ Akers Mee ™ sk common Fil File com bo fartnen proken Ante 00 Hiss ee 8 Meat Fle- ao | Bx contains on gmmnable ahonaekens + Genanatyy a. deat File contains Unes DF arensitkenn whent ore?) Nines tensninatod eae, a) ricuv Cal_ is With the ney Line charac 1, alse knoon an | Gnefeed (LF). f he @ommand (@ea) ein maka tk istble s@inany Mla A) bin File, on tre etme Kand, Cov Rola betn printable and Laprintable chanaatens Mat coven the envine_ eset AscrINande (From Oto 285). Piclune, Qound and Video Files anc bare the binary Files. Dinactany File $— Dinactany DIE : Sle contains Whe Soper Mo data rut Wo file Arivues Se. “nede muurben oma the Fie mamer, (Ghe mamas of a Bile can oma be Found 71n Ars dinactany « iG. Ane Me “rsh doosrat conan its ON Tame or amy oF its alinioue, Lie “its Ping on com vighis Ve. Ane Waanel First Anould : Knop the “node Of tre cument a, : Foom Si Which % mainraimed %n. <7) Anode Number Vt Aeanches Pode bloeko And locades The “inode for tre dinect aAS Fetches From twig Snode he addrnoss OF He dota Block Whe contains The Uiveclany Flee, From tre aipect Ae Kernel looks Op for rho. noarrasted cae tne inode Number, Sx then ack 4° the Snode bloeks and Jes Mee node OF the roauested ~ ve h Catha "mode erin ie aasde the fle fOige » ois Ale NIMS And abyg Ad the Vindinent plows ond ABAAS ALL adiocicled Finaotnrses block entries, Ave disk driven %e then, “structed ty move . mg ocapeativg Blocks 4 counts tye TO Of Pies mand Und malehes ie uhitne Ans File Age. ‘nd guna sertinues HL Ne tw too number ‘Match. a unique ‘dertificetion ‘number fon tra file on gos Rode Number § B Device File 8— ne. AN devices and perphersls are wspranerited toy Ahies Fo rend on Mine a device OC Nove Yo penton Anse Operations oniits aaaociated He. _ Sovien Fie Names Ors heed Xound Samide Bingle eer Arouctwo > | dev - BAs Dot a @raam of ahanndders , Gnfocr Ait doaenct dean's contain. | arty aol. Aha Kernel “dentifies a doviee AS aArrrrures and hen Woes hem to (rom wt operate tne aevico. . vvuaiitUNTX Commands % 4% Sof Commands g— . Ldasontyy Ahene ang *WO Types oF commande - Internal amd xteanel commends. | } Aniernst commend Ane esr Zin gommends 72 Aenown ar “internal commands, Ane Unique @ UNTK aystern doen't contein Geperate Files tor anese xeon Of Commands oy $F yt echo ¥ coho % a aratt buat Sn, Hens 2cho “is UNTA’S butin commend; 30 here To pars displayrd . = ’ Senrenna\ Command Ane Mes tre Commands am “independent eadotenee in Ye [bin 2, ymonn of external en nolure. Kove havi abuaea| op | Use / Win)» 4, Most commands W% exrennal eommant 24. 4 ee A 4 Ae is /bin / ts Viena Le Sie om. Paternal command oma iris Arruda POL [bin [Ls loeaon...Tue Cominan 3- he CABOwy | A Direetory Command = , 4) : ? Mkdin § Manne DDIRse TAS Dinecdonies ane eneoked with the mide Cmake dincclony)) command: A dinecdony ‘gina’ Ih eneoded under “dhe Unden the cunnent divectogns bke BY: 8 sub- we can cmeade a number © ik one mkdin command dinectonies if mkdin Yee dint dina ‘dy¥n3 gokdin dina — divd/dina dint /din3 TriR commond creates & dinec bony twee. dint L— ding L— ding Bet, to make a dinec bony fnee the Solkowing command sequence Soil nok work > WA [ding dive Th the system vefases to eneoke a divectony, the weosons con be Sotourg: 0) The dmectowy may alneods, exist b) tThene amon we on ondinany) ie by inovk nome ‘im the cdmmenk dinectons. a g¢ mkdin — divt/dina TO ctr se ae CalLN eT AT SA TT TL ALi Se LT ae A > te permissions set Son the cuthnent dinectony don’t permit the cneation of | Biles & dinectonies ba tne usen. 2 cd2 TO CHANGE DIRECTORIES We con change oun — cermnent wonking Simectonies by using the ed Cenonge dneekowg) command. Avome / test PRESENT woRKN [#e Dirgerory ‘i / ome | kesk/ testi > Peesewr WoRkING Directory. ed used wWithoud onguments reveots 4o Ane home dmeckony. iniatiiieas C) [A smate detI> Refnesets Bre comment | dmeckon ¢ | CD L Two doks] > Rebnesents tne ponent dwectony, i > Moves one Level ab. > Moves kno Sevls ub. \ vvainicu wit Valo 3) womdin 2 R 3 REMoviNG Direc TORIES SS ‘bs sub- We com nemove dinechowies by using + wmdin(wemeve dinectony) command: $ wmdin (di chong SED we com ner ve we vony & ‘ae \ ‘ ‘ \, 2A Oe diveckomes with & amle vend © $ mdm divd [dod Shas [dade Bed, dhe eomemnccnd GoWLownG, commend Will nok work — $owmdin divs dint [did diet /div03 wmdin command co Quik ko delete & dwmeckomy, Yor be ony o§ the Sollowng neosons 3- op we comnek deleke o dweckong cehess ok 1 embhy. »)) (ued “centehoemanes o sub-dinechooy, unless we one jphaced “wy o dmeckons, wre WA Mreronchicolly clove the one we wove chosen #0 wemover CalT DiREeTORY 3. To cHeck CURREN eT 4) pwd § Comsat e ; bnesent Ab ony dime we con know! Om pe s : | ‘ divecton by asin pwd Cpr Weaking Wwe 3 ) “nonking dnectony) command + Ioome | desk wd commomd always disiplags tne @ees absolute fpatimame + | 2} '88 Lisnne ‘Directory CONTENTS To show the contenks Q cimnent wowking diveckona we use Ls (ishing) command: EMames would be shown In the | Sollouing mannen fp 4 \y-W&menals Gnsk 5 atest. whl %) Ubpencose next 3 Tostp. doe ® Lowencase last. —> tests. sh bs Options: . ' ~K > Matticolumnan output “F — Monks executodles with*, dinectonies wirkin/ Be symbolic Links with @. ~® >) Shows ath Vlenames. i “R > Reeunswe Lst ‘ “P > sonks Yilenames im nevense onden- v1 one Vhename wn eoch Une. ~didiewame) > Lisds only ddimame> i$ it Raw droee horny ~k> Gonks Qhename by look modification dimes — CRI Car-lt 49 Lehy 3 ne Kaking by Lash stedificadion eal , Somk Wenames by lask oecess ts. mes Meg : Sonk " Aseir collokeng, sequence Ma shows host access tout time THES Ag ode Lik combed by task ac Ss Kime C é ; : ~b J Diiloys made numbers Lh > Lona Lisking [snowma seven cdelyrioudl 2 ob Caring na B) Fire Command 3- 4) cok 3 Disprayinea & CREATING Fites + Lok Command ih used in sevenal punfase: i) TE i$ esed £0 display dne content * ob a small files on the Lenmmol: # cok Chhename> bag cok yp Shed So eo File Content [Etnd+a] t $_ -we can akso use cneakte a new Sle Wwe com oles use cok command doe ] obpend bye Giles — i Hook Ger Glea > Kle3 Th, Whes alneady ents — peck Wles Gla » Gles 2 CPS copme A FILE ‘Youn’ commend #2 The ch (copy) command & used te =by one Bile om a grea & Gles to o Location: $b Wher potas Sep Gles Slez Gles patar DESNNATION Soonce mic) + coins (d option 1% used Sow Trkenoebve Shy. MA option [woens usen Valine etek sovidiog de destination Site~ : $ ep-i Mhes pokhs eps ovenwute baths Lyesony oh 3 ye vesbonse leaves 14 eneoied- i jes 1 used do copy the Din re 1 mmethen Miiueldnes Libh Recumsve ofphion. f ep -=R dina ding ey command cobies alt Sikes & sub- Srechovies Q shag “who ding 3) we ? torn DELETING Fites brn (remove) Command ‘Q used 4o nermove a Gle. Tt com deleke rove tran one Ble with a single wm Command + 3 wm Giles gvm Gilet Siler dw /Siles fim # —> AL les will be deleted. bd, (ce ow -R) * 8) olohiens - LD option i8 used Son Trtenacdive Delelon- s prem —l Sh Blea mt new teal yes/no? fy Wry wer keg Lees|ne) 2 Qn A § nemoves the Bile, omy obken espoinse Leowfem x => Behowes Like wmdin C® option 3 used 40 nemve Giles Sonceluly, even iQ Mb a wnike - broteeded, fom x tye Gikem undeloted: Cn eh - R) olption \h used Sor Recunsive Delelin . ‘ > Telebes everything ‘mn connend Wweedor, ond below: i * | > mv 3 TRENAMING. Fires ae eee MY (roves) commond 2 “used Son RoLowing i buwpose ¢ o TL venomes oa Vile Con dinectony), » a4 MOVES O& Qnouls of Oi. aes | dlenenk dimertony. : Pome Blea kesks To wenome a dimectows => $f mUF Soa! wesley Thene 12 a (é)option ovoiloble with my also, bk behaves exactly Lke In cas Scanned with Car? Sile : kOe THE FE types $ile commend 'S used da know 4 te. 1d on oe gee Silpmnemes 08 onpisments. $ Wle Fistec Fishes ¢ Program te 6) ems COMPARING Two F/LESt- emp(compame) Command % used 40 know wreknen two Biles ome ‘identical ove not: femp Giles Gilee Wea Qbe2 sMen s chon 3, Line 2 Th emp dSeplags wo message bak sn) cee a 4 vetuans 4 tye we Wove cnlenstond thot the Biles ane deatieal femp Vler les + f- CD opkion 3 - (OD opbion (Usk) gues a delobed List a twe byke numen omd the aGfereng baykes - fempthler Shea B 100 125 —__»8th cnamnehen has the 10 6 lee Asc values jon Bias we vuaiiit h Cart i (geo seE NER te FILE OWNER FH chown 3 CHANGIN —_- — enshib omshens own crown Cehonge ownen) 49 SB a De bo a usen- 2k alodionss rOnly sulpen Usen can use wih opAr HE chown — azed ‘Sites , OWNER FILE NAME NAME BeOS Cumsaue Cigodp OWNER Maylp Comonge a Bheors apoulp By dou, the groul> owen o§ a Sile BW tye Brrulp ko which be oumen belonas. Bpouh)) commond hanes owonene Forel gobs Giles GROUP FILE NAME WAME C) Few OTHER Commands ¢— 4) Who WHO ARE THE UseRg- UNIX ameidoins om oecount Ball users who one Layed on ho the system: the wns dsplegs on ‘whonmekve Lsking of usens. command khese * CalGH) ophion 3— (CH): opReng Wt" odedin ae, Sables Lk column nome op heoden nhormotion: | To know about tne details of Ane: wsen, we have fy [pass den anguenenis : : neo. i“ Lom & fa! wk who eommond + Pwo am é : G RP Posswd 8 CHanounte ape PASSWORD Possud § CHaANcUNG RASS aS passwd command Wh used do change { ine [passumda of tne sens , | weg \posswond Qu» used | fosowd § clhomarng, { Enken Loam possiwoeds - - New \posswonds ~ ~~ Re enton new posswond 2 - posewd (system) s possud euccesfully cd on usend. 3> “LUimome 3 KNOWING. MACMINE'’S CHARACTERME tne the sbenshirg system (rics k =) olphions 3 eee \ Yneme — commend displogs he narncieay (2%) & &s) options ane used Son showne fre Cunnent Release by Tinjoremenkecion, Bi lion i used Ko ghow he: Moaninen\aDY ys Knowmine TERMINALS ety (telelybe) command if the mome 2 the tenmmal+ th r tetls no onpaments. | ‘ > sed to know command ri 3 THE cacenrge p commond i} used to see Lhe colendan fg sheciJie month on & combsle te yen with wo ments disflays the calomdon ne eS Cannent mondy. | $ ol os amr TAX commend — wabh would show the | colendon Augusk , 2oog. | | To cose B disblasing tne calendon of tre tokol soon, we ‘ean pouse the Seneen with [adnl-s} olpdion. : 6) doke 8 Displayine System Date coke, covwmond \h used’ bo eneml aee system date J Lime: Geom) 1% weed bo show dee bees onomth- (Frm) 1S used Lo show moni CalS e 1) NER COUNTING LINES, WORDS RC ACTERS ee eee ee we SE (aindauat) commend 6 wed ote weanumben of Lines , words and cvanecs tense of a Sile content: 3 9 at Silet \ bo sf Lines, Lynortg word's Gino: 08 enanachens CO, e») & Ge) (ea) olkions 4 3. Since ead e GL opdion ih used do shows only Gines Cw) opbion 8 oh wonds. oe Qh chomockens: ised: Does only 79: 1. PCr Rigs a) bes HE CALCULATOR (Ge), commenti A used Be eodeutote ong rotmemabicol caleuledton: poe ore Ak AST A a ORE TIN. 6 SY 15 femla5 (see enk s- ee 216 a seobe =2. 218 234OCR OT: 2 baka. cee tbase =2 440 > Bmany 6 — pecimok Ovase = 2 Z — Deewmak rato > Binowy obose =16 40 > Dedimak A —> Nexo decrmal tbase CTrpat Base JS close ane used to convend the same value ‘into ddjenent Namben sasken. > Sane 8 ree ayina A MESSAGE Sere command 1% used bo display, a message $ewo \ MEscAue™ Messame 4 Prombpk fe eunson ‘in same Line. NE vsed Gon Lab Cuide Shaces]. \X > used fon new Line. 1) prot? AW ALTERNATIVE To echo —— — Print commend (2 alse used ‘Ly frint on display message « f Pernt 9 Messoge \n* Messoge ( h CarWy tbat 4 Spat leon CLEARING THE © REEN ' eboh slew, ae ee ee sed fo clean Ine Seneen. Hone 0% 1% the anaument of ANG! Moreen \ Lpreek'. 12) mom ‘BRowsinee MANUAL 5 é $ ON See, can displays on on- line — documentation ra eoew commond: Thih 1S Yenown as tmon- doeumentotion’ We Wave be eee a Oxnquenen be Se wt dan & poge bo hells ‘user On to ‘inborme on" ko pass the commend OS om Usen about he ‘we! Commond « I exit 8- LON: we petkt Sees ‘emk’ commend \R used to ext tre “session: Saale i aAsk weds shytenk cas | Scanned with Cara Poin Jus) bins In these dimechomies, all the commonly 4 Used commons [owien genenal sen can Wan} one Yound. i [Sb0%) be fusr|sbmns = Tm these dtweclonies, alt tne commands wich one nny used vA odeveuslneton ome Sound. ww fete s- Mig unablen Ti dineckony conkans the condgunedey Biles of thet” system: Sys Usens's degra nem Xk 'Posswond' ane shoned Siles = Fr letefpossud & fetelsrodow. | 8 [devs - \ FRA dwechony anndeins alk device Giles. trese Biles dono. oceuby shoe on disk. | # [Lib he [Use| Libs- i Conkeia alt Ubromy Biles ‘wn Biman ro Bfusre/ include 3 [ Contains tne stomdand heoden Sites [Bas ‘include th, conwh efed]. 4 W /L5"/snone [mom 3- : oe E Ta IW dmeelony alk moval po ! stomed« [Like mona, moma ele’). Calm /tmp:- in kwh diwecdony , usen ane GUowed he to eneoke temponany Giles. Bl) vons— + The vomanle pavek of due File syshem. a ontoms all pemk ‘jos & out gorna, k& incoming anal B/hnome t - acs systems, Users owe Woused hene. [ exs- [nome J student ]. Scanned with Car