LC75 **Z METER 2” CAPACITOR — INDUCTOR ANALYZER Operation, Application, and Maintenance Manual CAMTER ELECTRONICS Tupelo Drive Citrus ris Height, CA 95622 (916) 721-6071 Cicer rery és os ooo ou oe MODELLC7S CAPACITOR-INDUCTOR ANALYZER —)— a 3200 Sencore Drive, Sioux Falls, SD 57107WARNING Do not attempt to check capacitors in-circuit. This instrument to be operated by a technically trained person only — who understands the shock hazard of up to 600 Volts applied to test leads during capacitor leakage test. Byery precaution has been taken in the design of your instrument to insure that it is as safe as possible. However, safe operation depends ‘on you, the operator. 1. Do not use this instrument in circuits with power applied. This unit is designed to be used with the power removed from the unit, you are testing. Remove the AC line cord and discharge filter ‘capacitors before making any test lead connections. 2, Never exceed the limits of this instrument as given in the specifi- cation section, and the additional warnings in this manual. 3. A severe shock hazard can result if the chassis of the equipment boing tested is tied to the “hot” side of the AC line, Always remove the AC line cord when testing the components with this type of equipment. If the unit is to be put into operation, use an isolation transformer. Also, be sure that che top of the bench and the floor underneath it is dry and made of non-conducting material 4. Be sure your equipment is in good order. Broken or frayed test leads can cause improper test results. 5. Remove the test leads immediately after the tests have been completed to reduce the possibility of shock. 6, Do not work alone when working on hazardous circuits, Always have another person close by in case of an accident. Remember, even a minor shock can be the cause of a more serious accident, such as falling against the equipment, or coming in contact with high voltage. 7, Improper Fuse(s) V. so always replace fuse with the proper type and current rating ‘The proper fuse type and current rating are marked near the fuse holder and in the instruetion manual. Always: a. Be sure you are replacing the right fuse. On units with more than one fuse, be sure you are replacing the fuse with the proper type and current rating. b. Have the proper size fuse in stock. With each new instrument, be sure to update your fuse inventory with any special value fuses your instrument may require. ¢. Avoid situations that will blow the fuse. When a protection fuse blows, note what caused the fuse failure. Prevent future fuse failure by following proper procedures. Warranty. Fuses are for your protection, 8. Do not defeat the third wire ground on the AC line cord, The third wire ground insures correct capacity readings on low value capacitors. Defeating the third wire ground will void the warranty.caus i rc TRONICS Gone fitch et 6021 LC a 5 —_ ‘2 METER 2” CAPACITOR — INDUCTOR ANALYZER Operation, Application, and Maintenance Manual 3200 Sencore Drive, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 57107 1TABLE OF CONTENTS SAFETY PRECAUTIONS ..........-Inside Front Cover SIMPLIFIED OPERATIONS . DESCRIPTION Introduction... Features Specifications . Controls....... Supplied Accessories Optional Accessories. ... OPERATION Introduction Power Connection. Fuse Replacement Test Leads.. Test Lead Mounting Clip CAPACITOR TESTING Capacity Measurement Accuracy. cee 8 Lead Zero . tees Checking Capacitors Below 2pF. Interpreting. 2 METER 2" Value Readings... 14 Testing Large Screw Terminal Lytics, Checking Capacitors for Leakage ” Ceramic, Paper, Mica, and Film Types... 16 ‘Aluminum Lyte, . Tantalum Lytics . Leakage Charts .. Identifying Capacitor Types. Tantalum Lytics . Ceramic Discs. Film Types Testing for Dielectric Absorption Reforming Lytics on the “Z METER 2” Reforming Lytics with a Power Supply. Checking Capacitors For ESR . ESR Charts. To Eliminate Test Load Resistance. Capacitor Testing Application Tips No Value Reading on Small Value Capacitors ..... cescetee eens BB Leakage in Geramie, Paper, Film, and Mica Capacitors... 23 Dielectric Stress. .... 23 ‘Checking for Leakage Between Sections ‘of a Multi-Section Lytic..... Large Fluctuations in Lytic ieakage Readings. 24 Leakage Measurements of No Lytics. Lyties Sitting in Stock... Intermittent Capacitors « Time Required to Obtain a Value Reading ona Capacitor ... = 28 Checking Ceramic Capacitors for ‘Temperature Sensitivity 25 Checking Film Type Capacitors for Temperature Sensitivity ........-+.+++.25 Testing Capacity of Silicon Diodes and Transistors. : Testing High Voltage Diodes .. Testing Silicon Controlled Rectifiers (SCRs) and TRIACs (with optional ‘SCR224). +28 Determining the Length of RF Coaxial Cable 27 How to Find a Short in'a Coaxial Cable - How to Find the Inductance or Capacitance Per Foot of Coaxial Cable . 28 INDUCTOR TESTING ‘Checking Inductors for Inductance Value . 28 Balancing Out Lead inductance.........29 Checking Coils Below 2 Microhenrys. ... 29 Open Winding in a Coil 29 Checking Inductance In-Cirot 29 Testing Inductors on Printed Circui Boards... Mutual Inductance Inductor Coding ..... 18h Checking inductors for Good or Bad With the Ringing Test at Inductor Testing Application Tips Peaking Coils . 32 Coils in Metal Shields. 32 Ferrite Core Transformers and Coils ...... coe 88 Testing Fiyback Transformers With the Ringing Test. .. 2-98 Testing Yokes with the Ringing Test ....34MAINTENANCE Introduction . 2188 Recalibration & Service 136 Circuit Description & Calibration Procedures... 36 Replacement Leads . : weer 38 220VAC Operation. 138 Zeroing Adjustments 36 ‘APPENDIX Capacitor Theory and the “Z METER 2”........38 Gapacitor Color Code and Marking Char 142 Glossary of Terms . 48 ‘SERVICE AND WARRANTY.SIMPLIFIED OPERATIONS CAPACITOR TESTS 5. Read VALUE of capacitor in pF or 9. Read LEAKAGEIn 11, Read ESA in uF on display A on display (Ohms on display Push button rho rf st 8s. ENTE ex 2 voltage for leakage test 1. Open test U = leads 6. Sel LEAKAGE 2. Adjust for 00.0 RANGE 4. Push button readout while 3. Connect capacitor pushing capacitor to test leads value bution INDUCTOR TESTS 8, Readinging Test ‘on Display. Read- ing of 10 or more indicates good ‘component 8. Read VALUE of coll binuHormH 4. Push button on Display \ ° rere reir 3h om Md et dt de ok oo 6. Push bation 7. Rotate to Fed posi tion for yoko & fiybacks, blue posi: lion for other coils. 1. Short test leads 2. Adjust for 00.0, readout while pushing inductor value button 8. Connect coil, yoke, oF flybackNotesDESCRIPTION INTRODUCTION Capacitor and inductor useage in electronic equipment is increasing rapidly and the forecast is for this growth to continue. Much of the increased use of capacitors and inductors is due to the increasing use of the integrated circuit. ICs are taking the place of discrete components in many electronic circuits. Due to their construction however, capacitors and inductors are not contained within the IC package, but rather remain as discrete components. To moot ‘the requirements of todays IC circuits, capacitors and inductors have tighter tolerance and more critical parameters than ever before. As the use of ICs increases, so will the useage of capacitor and inductors. The need to measure critical eapacitor parameters and inductor value and quality is greater than ever before. Without 1 good reliable measurement of these parameters, circuit troubleshooting becomes difficult. The Sencore 1075, “Z METER 2” meets this challenge. It allows capacitors to be checked for value, ESR and leakage at their rated working voltage. The LC75 also provides a patented dielectric absorption test. Inductors are readily tested for value with a patented inductance test and for quality with a patented ringing test. The C75 is a complete capacitor and inductor analyzer. FEATURES. ‘The Sencore LC75 “Z METER 2” is a complete, triple-patented capacitor and inductor analyzer designed to locate defective components. Simply hook the capacitor or inductor to the test leads, push a button and the LC75 automatically displays the value on the digital readout. In addition to checking value, the LCT5 also checks capacitors for leakage at their rated working voltage from 3 to 600 volts. A flashing LED serves as a safety reminder when the voltage applied to the capacitor is 50 volts or higher. A patented dielectric absorption test and patent pending ESR test round out the ‘capacitor checks, making the LC75 a unique, thorough capacitor analyzer. ‘The Sencore patented inductance value test provides a fast, reliable check of true inductance. The Sencore patented ringing test checks coils, deflection yokes, and other non-iron core transformers with an accurate good/bad check. Six impedance matching settings match coils from 10uH to 10H to the test cireuit. Good coils show 10 or more ringing cycles on the digital display while bad coils show less than 10. ALEAD ZERO control allows you to balance out test ead capacity and inductance for accurate readings of very small capacitors and coils. The ““Z METER 2” is protected against voltages accidentally being applied to the test leads by a front panel, replaceable fuse and a special relay inside the instrument. SPECIFICATIONS DIGITAL READOUT TYPE: 5”,7 segment LED. ACCURACY: Function accuracy + resolution error. RESOLUTION: 3 significant digits +2 counts on 3rd digit, (8% digits on capacitors of 100,000 uF to 200,000 uF). AUTORANGING: Fully automatic decimal placement. One or two place holding zeros added as, needed (does not affect accuracy) to provide standard value readouts of uF, pF, uH, or mH. RANGE INDICATORS: Type: LED Operation: Controlled by the autoranging circuits. CAPACITORS (Out-of-Circuit): Dynamic test of capacity value determined by measuring one RC time constant when capacitor is charged to + 5V through: 10 Megohms for 0-9000pF. 10 Kilohms for 9000pF-90uF. Values greater than 90 uF are charged with a constant current of 60 mA. ACCURACY: + 1% of reading + resolution error, + ApF. + 5% of reading + resolution error for caps over 10000F. RANGE: 1.0 pF to 199,900 uF in 10 automatically selected ranges. CAPACITOR LEAKAGE ACCURACY: + 5% + resolution error. RANGES: 0 to 99.9 uA and 0 to 9.9K uA in two switch selectable ranges. VOLTAGES: 12 selectable DC voltages from 3 VDC to 10 VDC filtered, and from 15 VDC to 600 VDC, non-filtered. Available at test leads only when LEAKAGE pushbutton is depressed. Capacitor is automatically discharged when button is released. CAPACITOR ESR (Patent Pending) ACCURACY: + 5% + resolution error. RANGE: 0.10 Ohm to 999 Ohms in 3 automatically selected ranges. CAPACITOR RANGE: 1uF minimum value for specified accuracy. CAPACITOR DIA Dynamic test of capacitor dielectric absorption determined by the difference in capacity value measured before and after applying rated voltage to the capacitor. (US patent 4,267,503) APPLIED VOLTAGE: Same as capacitor leakage. ‘ACCURACY: Same as capacitor value accuracy.INDUCTANCE (In- or Out-of-Circuit) Dynamic test of inductance value determined by ‘measuring the EMF caused by a constantly varying current through the coil under test (US patent 4,258,315). Current rates are: 10 mA/usec - 0 to 90 uHl. 1'mA/usec -90 to 900 uHl. .1mA/usec - 900 uH to 9 mH. 01 mA/usec -9 to 90 mH. 1 wA/usec - 90 to 900 mH. .1 uA/asec - 900 to 9,990 mH. ACCURACY: + 2% of reading + resolution error. RANGES: 1.0 ull to 9,990 mH in 6 automatically selected ranges. RINGING TEST Dynamic test of inductor quality determined by counting the number of cycles the inductor rings before reaching a preset damping point after a given exciting pulse has been applied. (US patent 3,990,002) EXCITING PULSE AMPLITUDE: Approximately 7 ‘Volts peak. ACCURACY: + I count from readings of 8 to 13. Specifications subject to change without notice. ACCESSORIES (Supplied) 99G143 Test Leads 39G144 Test Lead Adaptor '39G154 Test Button Hold Down Rod 64G37 Test Lead Mounting Clip 68G34 Allen Wrench 44G20 Spare 1 Amp Slo-Blo Fuse ACCESSORIES (Optional) 39G85 Touch Test Probe F221 Field Calibrator SCR224 SCR/TRIAC Test Accessory GENERAL TEMPERATURE RANGES (Typical): Calibrated at 10 degrees F., Rated accuracy range: 60-00 degrees F. Operating range: 32-130 degrees F. POWER: 105-130 VAC, 60 Hz, 25 Watts. TEST LEAD INPUT: Fuse protected with indine 1 ‘Amp 3AG Slo-Blo fuse. size:6” x 9" x 11.” (15.24em x 22,86 x 29.1¢m) WEIGHT: 1.75 Ibs. (8.56 Kg).CONTROLS 1. DIGITAL READOUT - First three digits read the value of capacity, inductance, leakage current or ringing test values, last. two digits are place holders and only indicate '0 on larger values of capacity, inductance, or leakage current s0 all readings are given as pF, uF, uH, or mH. 2, INDICATOR LEDS ‘a. pF -lights up when capacitor reading isin picofarads. 'b. uF lights up when capacitor reading is in microfarads. ¢.wA-lights up when capacitor leakage reading is in microamps. 4. ull - lights up when inductor reading is in microhenrys. e.mil- lights up when inductor reading is in millihenrys. £.0HM.- lights up when ESR reading is in Ohms. 3, IMPEDANCE MATCH SWITCH - Rotate through the last 4 test positions to make the ringing test. on yokes and flybacks and through all 6 positions when testing other inductors. A reading of 10 or more indicates a good inductor. 4, POWER SWITCH - Controls the AC line voltage to the “Z METER 2”. 5, RINGING TEST - Depress to make the patented Sencore ringing test on inductors, yokes, and flybacks to check the quality. Use IMPEDANCE MATCH switch 3). 6, INDUCTOR VALUE - Depress to test inductors for value of inductance. 7. TEST LEAD INPUT JACK - Unscrew jack for access to input protection fuse. 8, ESR TEST - Depress to test capacitors for ESR. 9. CAPACITOR VALUE - Depress to test capacitors for capacity value. 10, PULL CHART - Provides simplified operating instructions and quick reference tables for capacitor leakage and ESR. 11. LEAD ZERO - Use to balance out capacity or inductance in the test loads when measuring small values of capacitors or inductors. 12, LEAKAGE TEST - Depress to test capacitors for leakage after the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch (15) has been set to the working voltage of the capacitor and LEAKAGE RANGE switch (14) is set to the proper value as indicated in the leakage chart (10). 13, CAUTION INDICATOR LED - Blinks when the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch (15) is set to 50 Volts or higher as a warning to the user. Voltage is only present on test leads when LEAKAGE button (12) is depressed, 14, LEAKAGE RANGE SWITCH - Use to select the desired range of capacitor leakage current, 0 to 100 uA. orl0K ua. 15, APPLIED VOLTAGE SWITCH - Use to select the desired test voltage when making capacitor leakage tests. REAR PANEL 16. 39G145 Test Button Hold Down Rod mounting 17, 39G144 Test Lead Adaptor mounting clip. 18. Rear panel METER ZERO adjust Adjust to zero digital readout with all buttons out. 19, Rear Panel CAPACITOR ZERO Adjust to zero digital readout with test leads open and capacitor value button depressed. 20. Rear Panel ESR ZERO - Adjust to Zero digital readout with test leads shorted and capacitor BSR button depressed.SUPPLIED ACCESSORIES 21,39G145. TEST BUTTON HOLD DOWN ROD Use to hold LEAKAGE (12) button depressed when reforming capacitors. 22, 39G144 TEST LEAD ADAPTOR - Use to adapt test lead (23) clips to large screw terminal capacitors. 23, 399G143 TEST LEADS - Special low capacity cable with E-Z Hook clips. Connect to Test Lead Input Jack m. 24, 64G37 TEST LEAD MOUNTING CLIP Use to hold Test Lead when not in use. 25, 68G34 ALLEN WRENCH - Used to tighten knobs. 26, 44G20 SPARE FUSE - 1 Amp, Slo-Blo replacement for fuse in Test Lead Input Jack (7) OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES 27, 39G85 TOUCH TEST PROBE - Use for in-cireuit testing of coils from foil side of P.C. board. 28, SCR224 SCR AND TRIAC TEST ACCESSORY - Use for testing SCRs and TRIACS. 29, F221 FIELD CALIBRATOR - Use to periodically check calibration of LC75. as*,, A oO Fig. 3— Supplied accessories Fig. 4— Optional accessories 10OPERATION INTRODUCTION Before using your LC75 “Z METER 2” for the first time, take a few minutes to read through the ‘operations and applications section of the manual carefully to acquaint yourself with the features of the LCT5. Once you are familiar with the general ‘operations, most. tests can be performed with the information provided on the LC7S front panel. POWER CONNECTION ‘The LC75 is designed to be operated from 105 - 130 ‘VAC (60/60 Hz). If 210-230 VAC operation is required, the unit may be modified (at additional cost) by the Sencore Service Department, 3200 Sencore Drive, Sioux Falls, SD 57107, ‘To operate the LC75 from the AC line: 1. Connect the AC line cord to a 117 VAC (or 220 VAC for modified units) outlet, 2. Turn the power switch on. 8. The LC75 is immediately ready to make capacitor or inductor checks. If precise measurements are to be made, the unit should be allowed to operate for at least 5 minutes to allow the cireuits to stabilize. FUSE REPLACEMENT AC FUSE: The LC75 does not use an AC line fuse. Instead the unit is protected by a special thermal switch in the power transformer. If the power transformer is overloaded, the thermal switch opens the primary, removing the voltage from the unit. Simply allow the unit to cool down and the thermal switch will close, applying power to the primary and allowing the unit to operate again. TEST LEAD FUSE: A 1 Amp, 3 AG, Slo-blo fuse is used in the test lead input on the “Z METER 2”. This protects the the unit from voltage accidentally applied to the input. Replace with a 1 Amp, 3AG, Slo-Blo type only. ‘WARNING Always replace the fuse in the test lead with a 1 Amp, 3AG, Slo-Blo type. Any other type or ‘current rating may cause internal damage to the unit and will void all warranties. BLOWN FUSE CONDITIONS No Leakage readings. Capacity reads small negative value unchanged by LEAD ZERO adjustment. Inductance shows flashing 888 with 0 following. No indication on Ringing Test. ESR shows “—"" reading. Reading will not change with test leads open or shorted. 12 TEST LEAD INPUT FUSE REPLACEMENT: The fuse for the test lead input is located behind the BNC input jack. Remove the fuse holder by turning the BNC connector counter clockwise and unscrewing the connector until the fuse is free. ‘The BNC connector of the test leads may be used as a “Wrench” to aid in the removal of the fuse holder. When replacing the fuse holder, make sure it is screwed in tightly to prevent the connector from turning when connecting and disconnecting test leads. Replace the fuse with a 1 Amp Slo-Blo 3AG fuse only. VALUE ncte ill be applied to apse capscioe ia hand suing polanty and votge aig ws me Fig. 5— A 1 amp 3G slo-blo fuse protects the LC75 input. The fuse is located behind the test lead input jack. TEST LEADS 39G143 TEST LEADS: The test leads (supplied with the LC75) use a special low capacity cable. Using any other cable adds extra capacity to the meter circuit, ‘which may be out of range of the LEAD ZERO control, If the test leads ever need replacing, order new leads (39G143) directly from the Sencore__ Service Department, 3200 Seneore Drive, Sioux Falls, SD 57107. TEST LEAD MOUNTING CLIP ‘The Special Test Lead Mounting Clip (64G87) may be ‘mounted on the top of the Z METER 2”, on the side of the handle, or on your work bench. The elip holds the test leads out of the way, but keeps them ready for use at any time. To mount the test lead clip, simply peel off the backing, place on the spot to be mounted, and press firmly.NOTE: Do not mount the Test Lead Clip to the sides of the “Z METER 2” as it will interfere with the movement of the handle. Fig. 6— The test lead mounting clip holds the test ds out of the way, but ready for us neo oq Ooocog Fig. 7— Controls used for capacitor testing CAPACITOR TESTING ‘The "Z METER 2” checks capacitors for their actual capacity with 6 automatically selected ranges. Simply connect the capacitor to the test leads, push the VALUE button under CAPACITORS and read the value on the digital readout. ‘SPECIAL NOTES ON CAPACITOR TESTING: 1. Only power the “Z METER 2” through a properly grounded AC outlet. The third wire ground on the “Z METER 2” provides more accurate readings of low level capacitors (below 1000 pF) with the third wire shielding. Defeating the third wire ground results in lower accuracy value readings on capacitors below 1000 pF and voids the warranty. If grounded outlet is unavailable, use a grounding adaptor and connect the third wire to.a good earth ground such as a water pipe. 2 The “Z METER 2” has been designed to give accurate readings of capacitor value out of cireuit. Impedances found in the circuit will upset the “Z METER 2" readings. Capacitors cannot be checked in circuit with any degree of accuracy or reliability with any known test method, 13 8. Remove the power from the circuit ifa capacitor is to be checked that has one end removed but the other end still connected to the circuit. If the unit under test is AC operated, remove the AC line cord from the AC ‘outlet. Whenever possible, remove the capacitor completely from the circuit. CAPACITORS LEAKAGE VALUE ESR VAL Cp will be apy hw ind canacite Fig. @— To measure capacity, connect the capacitor to the test leads, depress the value button, and read the amount of capacitance on the digital displ CAPACITY MEASUREMENT ACCURACY The Sencore ““Z METER 2” has been designed to provide accurate measurements (within 1% of reading) of capacity using the most accurate method available. The "Z METER 2” measures the RC charging time of the capacitor with a precision charging resistor. This gives a true and accurate capacity measurement, The readings of the "Z METER 2” may or may not be the same as those of another instrument using a different ‘measuring system. The bridge, for example, uses an AC signal and measures capacitive reactance, not the actual capacity. Two bridges with different frequency signals will give different capacity readings because the capacitive reactance changes with frequency. The higher the frequency, the lower the capacitive reactance and the lower the capacity reading. The Sencore “Z METER 2” will provide a true measure of capacity. It is normal for electrolytic capacitors to read up to 150% higher than their marked value. The reason is that electrolytics are marked according to the value measured on an AC-type impedance bridge. The diode action of the capacitor causes the current waveform to be restricted, causing the bridge to measure a value lower than its true capacity value. This should cause no trouble in determining whether an electrolytic is good, as most electrolytics have a 60 to 80% tolerance. The capacitor should read its marked value or higher on the LC75. Most electrolyties fail due to leakage or dielectric absorption rather than value change. Value changes that do take place result in a value drop far below the marked value. WARNING When checking capacitors, connect the capacitor to the test leads before depressing the VALUE or LEAKAGE pushbutton.‘To Check Capacitors for Capacity Value 1, Connect the test leads to the capacitor to be tested. Polarity of the test leads is only important if checking a polarized capacitor. When checking polarized capacitors the red test lead must be connected to the positive capacitor terminal. 2, Depress the CAPACITOR VALUE pushbutton. 3. Read the value of the capacitor on the display. The value of capacity will be in microfarads if the LED in front of the uF indicator is lit, or in picofarads if the LED in front of the pF indicator is lit. NOTE: Most capacitor values read very quickly, but extremely large electrolytic capacitors (over 50,000 uF) may take a few seconds to display a reading. For example, a 60,000 uF cap will take about 5 seconds before a reading is seen on the digital readout and a 100,000 uF electrolytic may take 10 seconds. If the value does not read in the time listed above, the capacitor is either shorted or very leahy. In either case, itis probably defective LEAD ZERO Small value capacitance readings (2 pF to 1000 pF) may be off slightly due to the capacity of the test leads. ‘This capacity can be balanced out with the LEAD ZERO control. The LEAD ZERO control is automatically switched out of circuit for capacity values above 10,000 pF. ‘To Bliminate Test Lead Capacity: 1, Place the test leads (with no capacitor connected) on the work area so that they will not be moved when the capacitor is connected. Be sure that the test leads are not on a metal surface or near an AC power outlet or AC operated device, Stray AC may affect the reading of small values of capacitors. 2. Depress the VALUE button and adjust. the LEAD ‘ZERO control until the meter reads 00.0, with negative sign appearing occasionally. 3. Carefully connect the capacitor to be tested to the test leads. Depress the VALUE button and read the actual value of the capacitor on the meter. @ = Fig. 9— Zero out the test lead capacity when ‘measuring small value capacitors. Once the LEAD ZERO control has been set it should not need to be readjusted for ESR or Inductance lead zeroing. If the control must be reset, refer to the section ‘'Zeroing Adjustments" on page 36 of the MAINTENANCE section. CHECKING CAPACITORS BELOW 2 PICOFARADS ‘The autoranging circuit in the "Z METER 2” will often show a “00.0” readout for capacitors less than 2 DF. This is due to the ‘‘zero window” that is necessary for the autoranging circuit. Values below 2 pF can be read, however, by using the LEAD ZERO control to offset the meter zero. ‘To Read Capacitors Less Than 2 pF 1, Place the test leads (with no capacitor connected) so that they will not be moved when the capacitor to be tested is connected. Be sure that the test leads are not on a metal surface or near AC power or an AC operated device, 2. Depress the VALUE button and adjust the LEAD. ZERO control until the meter reads a positive number such as 2.0 pF’. A negative number can be obtained on the readout but will give an incorrect reading, 3. Connect the capacitor to the test leads without disturbing their position on the work area. 4, Depress the VALUE button to obtain a reading on the meter. Subtract the setting of step 2 from the reading to get the actual value of the capacitor. For example, if the reading obtained was 2.6 and the setting in step 2 was 2.0, then the capacitor value is 2.6 minus 2.0 or 0.6 pF. INTERPRETING “‘Z METER 2”” VALUE READINGS Some capacitor defects result in a reading much lower than the tolerance specified for the capacitor. Details on determining the tolerance of common capacitors are included in the Appendix section at the end of the manual. If the reading is outside this tolerance, the capacitor should be considered bad. Some capacitors, especially aluminum electrolytics, may show an overrange indication (flashing 888). This reading indicates that the capacitor is defective. ‘The LO75 automatically displays the two most common capacitor values of picofarads (pF) and microfarads (uF). Capacitors from 1 pF to .089 uF will show as “pF”, and capacitors over .09 uF will show as “uF”. You may encounter some capacitors that are marked with the opposite multiplier. Some companies, for example, will mark the value of a given capacitor as 147 uF", while others may mark the same type of capacitor ‘as ‘4700 pF”. ‘The following table will explain how to easily convert one reading to another.Hance To | micRoFARADS | NANOFARADS } PICOFARADS FROM MICROFARADS Move decimal | Move decimal 3 places right | 6 places right NANOFARADS | Move decimal Move decimal 3 places left 3 places right PICOFARADS | Wove decimal | Move decimal B places left} 3 places left Table 1— Capacitor multiplier conversion chart TESTING LARGE SCREW TERMINAL LYTICS Some electrolyties, especially in industrial appli- cations, use rather large screw terminals rather than the conventional solder terminals. ‘The 39G144 TEST LEAD Adaptor (supplied with the LC75) should be used to convert the small E-Z Hook® clips to large alligator clips to fit the large serew terminals. A special clip is mounted on the back of the LC75 to store the 39G144 when it’s not in use, Fig. 10— The 396144 test lead adepter allows largo ‘screw terminal capacitors to be connected to the LC75. ‘To Use the 396144: 1. Connect the Red E-Z Hook* on the LC75 test leads to the red terminal of the 39G144 TEST LEAD ADAPTOR. Connect the Black clip to the other ‘terminal. 2. Connect the Red alligator clip of the 39G144 to the positive screw terminal and the Black alligator clip to ‘the negative terminal 3, Test the capacitor in the usual manner. CHECKING CAPACITORS FOR LEAKAGE Capacitors will often read the correct value but exhibit leakage which may affect their operation in the circuit. The “Z METER 2” will check capacitors for this leakage at their rated working voltage up to 600 Volts. ‘There are two leakage current ranges, 0 to 100 uA and 0 to 10K uA and 12 voltages from 3 Volts to 600 Volts DC. The voltage is applied to the test leads only when 15 the LEAKAGE button is depressed. The capacitor is automatically discharged when the LEAKAGE BUTTON is released, ——WARNING ‘This instrument is to be operated by a technically trained person only — who understands the shock hazard of up to 600 Volts applied to the test leads during the capacitor leakage test. DO NOT hold the capacitor in your hand or touch the test leads or capacitor leads when making the leakage test with 50 Volts or more. NOTE: The red area of the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch should be observed. Voltages in this area are 50 Volts and above and could cause a shock hazard. The blinking LED is an extra reminder that the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch is set to 50 Volts or greater. Always observe the red area of the switch in case the extra reminder LED is burned out. A LEAKAGE VOLTAGE 50v 100V 200v ALL omen ichpactrons. Oona a Fig. 11— To test capi tor leakage, set the APPLIED VOLTAGE switch to the rated working voltage of the capacitor. ‘To Check a Capacitor for Leakage 1, Connect the capacitor to be tested to the test leads If the capacitor is polarized, connect the positive ‘capacitor terminal to the red test lead and the negative terminal to the black test lead. 2. Select the desired current range with the LEAKAGE RANGE switch. Use the ALL OTHER CAPACITORS (100 uA max) range for most small electrolytics, paper, mica, film, and ceramic capacitors. Use the LARGE ALUM. ELECTROLYTICS (10K uA max) range for large electrolytics. Consult the leakage chart to determine which range should be used. Start with the highest range (Large Aluminum Electrolytics) if you are not sure which range to use. If the display shows “000”, switch to the other range. You can switch ranges of the LEAKAGE RANGE switch while holding the LEAKAGE button in,Fig. 12— Consult the leakage charts on the pull chart under the LC75 or the leakage charts in this manual for the maximum allowable leakage of aluminum and tantalum electrolytic: 3. Select the normal DC working voltage of the capacitor with the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch. If the capacitors normal working voltage falls between switch ranges, select the next lower range. For ‘example, if the capacitor’s working voltage is 35 Volts, select the 25 Volt position of the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch, 4. Depress the LEAKAGE button and read the amount of leakage current in microamps on the display. Capacitors take a certain amount of time to charge before a reading of the leakage current is displayed. CERAMIC, PAPER, MICA, AND FILM TYPES: Use the ALL OTHER CAPACITORS position of the LEAKAGE RANGE switch when testing these capacitors for leakage. The leakage reading should take only 2 to 8 seconds for an accurate display. Some very large value capacitors may show a low leakage reading which quickly changes to 00.0. This is normal and merely shows that the capacitor is charging. If a reading is still presont after about five seconds the capacitor has excessive leakage and should be considered defective. SPECIAL NOTE ON LOW VOLTAGE CERAMIC Ceramic capacitors of 60 working volts (WVDC) or greater have a very high insulation resistance and ‘should not show any leakage. Ceramic capacitors with working voltages lower than 50 Volts have a much lower insulation resistance and may show leakage. While the actual insulation resistance varies from manufacturer to manufacturer, a general rule of thumb is 10 WVDC capacitors may normally show as much as 16 uA of leakage and 25 WVDC ceramic capacitors may show up to 2.5 uA of leakage. Make a comparison test, if possible, between a known good capacitor and the ‘suspect capacitor when in doubt. In most cases, these low voltage capacitors will only be used in circuits where this high leakage will not upset the cireuit operation. 16 ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTICS: ‘The charging time for aluminum electrolytics varies with capacity and applied voltage. On_ larger clectrolyties, the meter will overrange (show flashing 888) until the charging current drops below 10 mA. ‘The typical amount, of overranging time can be determined from table 2. After the LC75 stops overranging the display usually begins at a high leakage reading and drops with each display update. This shows the charging action of the capacitor through the impedance of the APPLIED VOLTAGE power supply circuits. When a lytic is fully charged, the reading will change in small steps, either up or down. These small changes simply indicate that the capacitar under test is attempting to filter small changes in the AC power line voltage. It is not necessary, in most cases, to wait until the capacitor is fully charged to determine if it is good. Just depress the LEAKAGE button until the leakage drops below the maximum allowable level as shown in the tables below or on the pull out chart under the “Z METER 2", If the LARGE ALUM. ELECTROLYTIC (10K uA max) range is used first and the reading drops to 000, simply change the LEAKAGE RANGE switch to the ALL OTHER CAPACITORS (100 uA max) range while depressing the LEAKAGE button. Ignore the first two readings after changing ranges as switching ranges changes the series impedance which in turn causes a momentary change in the charging current ‘amet oF ~~ Table 2— Meter overrange time versus capacitor value and applied volta TANTALUM ELECTROLYTICS: ‘Tantalum electrolytic capacitors have a much lower leakage compared to aluminum lytics for the same capacity and working voltage. Tantalum lytics will give a leakage reading in a very short period of time, usually in just a matter of 2 to 5 seconds. LEAKAGE CHARTS ‘The leakage charts that follow, and on the pull chart below the LC75, show the maximum allowable leakage for the most common aluminum electrolytic anddipped tantalum capacitors. Good eapacitors will show leakage values lower than the values in the leakage charts. You do not need to wait for the measured leakage to drop to zero or to its lowest point. The capacitor is good for any leakage reading lower than the amount shown. Leakage value for aluminum electrolytics are the worst case conditions as specified by the Electronics Industry Association (EIA) standards RS-395 using the following formula: for CV products (capacity times voltage) less than 1000 L/=.05 CV, for CV products greaterthan 1000L=6 V CV. Maximum Allowable Leakage (in Microamps) Standard Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors | Capacity inuF 10V. 10 15 22 33 47 XVI YNOO! sn BON SOVIET 68 10 15 22. 33, 47 68 | __ 100 | 150, WMOL Bs SONVY 3OVWST Table 3— Maximum allowable leakage for aluminum electrolytics per EIA standards. 7Maximum Allowable Leakage (in Microamps) Dipped Solid Tantalum Capacitors Capacity inuF 41.0 15 2.2 3.3 47 68 10 15 22. 33, a7 68 4100 150 220 330 470 680 1000 1500 3v ev_| tov | i5v 4100000 1150000 200000 50V 1.0 20 20 3.0 35 100v | 200v | s00v | 400v | s00v | 600v BONVH 3OVVST XW WNOO! @s/n, ‘wnyOL esn, SONVY 3OvyVaT NOTE: No industry standards are available for component values in the shaded areas. These values have been extrapolated from existing standards and manufacturers data. All values not shaded are based on existing EIA industry standards. Table 4 — Maximum allowable leakage for solid tantalum electrolytics per EIA standards. Leakage values for dipped solid tantalum capacitors are based on EIA standard RS=228-B. The values listed in the leakage chart are for the most commonly used tantalum capacitors, type In a few applications outside consumer service, tantalum capacitors other than type 3.3 may be encountered. Refer to the individual manufacturers specifications for the maximum allowable leakage of these special capacitors. Some values of tantalum capacitors listed in the chart are not covered by existing BIA leakage standards, These values are identified by the shaded areas and were extrapolated from EIA standard RS= 228-B using the formula: L = .3 18 NOTE: In the above formulas L is the maximum leakage current in microamps, Cis the capacitor value inuB, and Vis the rated voltage of the capacitor. Non-polarized electrolytic capacitors should be measured for leakage in both directions. Make the leakage test, then reverse the test leads and repeat the test. Some non-polarized clectrolyties have one lead ‘connected internally to the case, The allowable leakage for these types is twice that of a regular electrolytic of ‘the same capacity and voltage rating.IDENTIFYING CAPACITOR TYPES ‘The capacitor has increased in use tremendously in the past few years. Many new types and improved versions are now in use. The following information is provided as a guide to aid in identifying the type of capacitor and its value. The color code charts indicate ‘most of the variations that will be encountered. There may be others not covered here and in those cases, consult the manufacturer of the equipment for information, TANTALUM ELECTROLYTIC: Dipped Tantalum lyties are becoming very common in electronic circuits. Its low leakage current and smaller physical size make it a standout for solid state circuits. Tantalum electrolyties can be made to tighter tolerances than aluminum electrolytics. Tantalums are not marked as such and the schematic generally does not indicate the lytic as a tantalum. The dipped tantalum electrolytic is smaller (about one-half or less) than the same capacity and voltage aluminum electrolytic. Dipped tantalum capacitors come in many sizes and shapes, as shown in figure 13. Some use a color code to show the positive lead, others are marked with the value and a + on the positive lead, while others use the shape of the lead or a rounding of a corner to indicate the positive lead. Typical Physical Shapes of Common Tantalum Capacitors HH Voltage and we = Longest — 0 Is postive No rounded corners, long ead is positive Fig. 13— Solid tantalum electrolytics come in all sizes and shapes. The most common shapes are shown here. CERAMIC DISCS: ‘The ceramic disc is well-known and can be identified by its round shape and generally brown color. Some ceramic discs come in different colors such as blue and green due to a different coating material on the outside. Most ceramic discs are marked with the value 19 and the tolerance. The most common working voltage (500 Volts) is generally not marked, but, anything different is normally found on the capacitor body. There are other markings such as NPO, GMV, N1500, or similar. These are the temperature coefficients or how much the capacitor will change with a change in temperature. When replacing a ceramic disc, be sure to use the same exact type that was used in the original circuit. NPO stands for Negative-Positive-Zero or no change in capacity. GMV is Guaranteed Minimum Value and the actual value could be much higher. The lotter N indicates that the capacity will decrease with an increase in temperature, and if you find one with a letter P, that one will increase in capacity with an increase in temperature. Further information will be found in the section on “Capacitor Theory and the ‘Z METER 2”, and in the Glossary at the back of this manual. Ceramic capacitors may also be found in shapes other than the familiar dise shape. Some common shapes of ceramic capacitors are shown in figure 14. Generally, replace a ceramic capacitor with one that has characteristics identical to the one removed from the circuit, Using a different type may cause improper circuit operation, 14— Ceramic capacitors come in shapes other the familiar disc. Other shapes of ceramic capacitors are shown here. FILM TYPES: These are the hardest to identify as to the type of film being used. The type of film is not generally marked and it could be any one of at least five types. On these capacitors you will have to consult the manufacturer's service information for the correct type. It should be noted that a Mylar capacitor is not_a universal replacement for any film type capacitor. Each film has different characteristics and must be replaced with the same type of film used in the circuit. ‘This is especially true in those areas of schematics that are specified as "Safety Critical”. TESTING FOR DIELECTRIC ABSORPTION Dielectric absorption is the inability of a capacitor to completely discharge to zero. This is sometimes called “battery action” or “capacitor memory” and is due to the dielectric of the capacitor retaining a charge. All capacitors have some dielectric absorption, but electrolytic capacitors have the highest amount and will often affect cireuit operation if it becomes excessive. You can check lytics for dielectric absorption during the normal test for capacitor value and leakage. Simply recheck the value of the capacitor after the leakage test in the following manner using the Sencore patented dielectric absorption test.‘To Check For Dielectric Absorption: 1, Connect the capacitor to the test leads and test for the capacitor value in the normal manner. Note capacity reading on the LC75. 2, Test the capacitor for leakage at its rated working voltage. Allow the leakage current shown on the display to drop to the maximum allowable leakage shown on the leakage charts in the manual or on the pull chart under the L75. 8, Release the LEAKAGE button and allow the display to drop to 000. Immediately depress the VALUE button and note the capacitor reading, a. Ifthe capacity reading is within 5% of the original value and the reading increases slowly upward toward the original value, or there is no difference in the readings, the capacitor has very little dielectric absorption and is good. b. If the value reading difference is greater than 5% but less than 15%, the capacitor may require reforming as described in the next section. Some of the dielectric oxide has deteriorated and reforming the lytic may bring it back to a useful life, Recheck for dielectric absorption often while attempting to reform the capacitor. c. If the difference in values is greater than 15% and the reading after the leakage test changes upward rapidly toward the original value, the capacitor has excessive dielectric absorption. Electrolytic capacitors exhibiting this much dielectric absorption may be reformed in some cases However, if the capacitor exhibits similar dielectric ‘absorption after reforming has been attempted, it should be replaced as it will give trouble in the circuit. NOTE: If a mica or film type capacitor shows any dielectric absorption, it can be considered “bad" and should be replaced. REFORMING LYTICS ON THE “‘Z METER 2”” Aluminum electrolytics will often show low value or high leakage if they have been sitting on a shelf for a long period of time. Generally any aluminum electrolytic capacitor sitting on the shelf for over one year will show up in this manner. This is caused by a loss of some of the oxide coating that forms the dielectric of the capacitor. In many cases, the oxide coating may be reformed with the application of a DC voltage for a period of time.The “Z METER 2” can reform the dielectric material by using the same DC power supply that is used for leakage testing, Reforming may require more than an hour before the capacitor returns to its normal condition. The 39G154 TEST BUTTON HOLD DOWN ROD is included with the “Z METER 2” to hold the LEAKAGE button down for reforming lyties. A special clip is mounted on the rear of the instrument for storage of the 39G154 when it is not in use. 20 ‘WARNING Use the 39G154 with extreme caution! Do not touch the test leads or the capacitor leads while the 39G154 is being used. Make sure that the capacitor being reformed will not touch any metal or come in contact with any metal object, while it is being reformed. The voltage from the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch is present on the test leads when the LEAKAGE button is depressed. NOTE: Observe the red area on the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch. This indicates a voltage of 50 to 600 Volts DC and can be dangerous. The special LED will also blink on and off to indicate that the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch is set to 60 to 600 Volts but rely on the red area of the switch in case the LED burns out. ‘To Use the 39G154 Test Button Hold Down Rod: 1. Connect the Iytie to be reformed to the test leads observing polarity. 2. Select the proper voltage with the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch. Observe the above warning when using 50 Volts or more, 8. Depress the LEAKAGE button, and while holding the button in, place the 39G154 on the button. Bring the handle to the front of the meter and adjust. the 39G154 so it fits securely between the handle and the LEAKAGE button, holding the LEAKAGE button depressed. 4. After the capacitor has been reformed for at least ‘one hour, allow it to discharge and sit for about 30 inutes, ‘Then recheck the value and the leakage to see if the reforming processed has improved the capacitor. WARNING NEVER use the Test Button Hold Down Rod to hold down any switch except the Leakage switch. Damage to the LC75 is possible if you latch another switch because the protection circuits are | bypassed with a button depressed. The warranty will be voided if the LC75 is damaged by connecting to a charged capacitor or a powered circuit with one of the switches held down, SPECIAL NOTES: 1. This method of holding the LEAKAGE button in provides greater safety than a “latching” switch. Always observe extreme caution when you see the handle in front of the switches as this will tell you voltage is being applied to the test leads and capacitor. Never attempt to operate any other function pushbuttons when the 39G154 is being used. 2 The 39G154 Test Button Hold Down Rod is not spring loaded. The spring on the threaded shajt prevents the adjustable portion of the holder from moving after you have adjusted it to the correct length.CAPACITORS LEAKAGE VALUE Fig. 15— The test button hold down rod ke LEAKAGE button depressed when reforming also serves as a safety reminder that voltage is being applied to the test leads. REFORMING LYTICS WITH A POWER SUPPLY A separate DC power supply may be used to reform a capacitor, The power supply must have voltage output equal to the capacitors working voltage, and should be adjustable from zero to allow the voltage to be increased slowly. ‘The power supply should also have a DC current meter or an external meter must be used to monitor the charging current, CAUTION. Always use a series limiting resistor when apply- ing voltage from an external power supply. This will prevent the capacitor from charging too fast which may cause permanent damage to the capacitor. WARNING Voltages from 50 to 600 Volts can be dangerous. Do not touch the leads from the power supply or the leads of the capacitor. Do not allow the eapa- citor to come in contact with metal or any metal object while the voltage is being applied. A warn- ing sign should be placed on or next to the unit hile the capacitor is being reformed. ‘To Use the External Power Supply to Reform Lytics: 1. With the power supply turned OFF, connect: the positive power supply terminal, through a 1000 Ohm, 5 Watt resistor and the external current. meter (if required) to the positive terminal of the lytic to be reformed. 2. Connect the negative terminal of the power supply to the negative terminal of the lytic, 2 3, Set the output voltage control on the power supply to minimum. 4. Turn the power supply ON and slowly inerease the voltage while watching the current meter. Do not allow the charging current to go above 50 mA. If the meter reads higher than 50 mA, stop increasing the voltage until the current drops below this level. Then slowly increase the voltage again while watching the current meter until the DC working voltage of the capacitor is reached. Allow the capacitor to remain at its full rated working voltage for at least 30 minutes. 5. Tarn the power supply off and allow the capacitor to discharge. After the capacitor has discharged for at least one hour, recheck the value and leakage on the “Z METER 2” to see if further reforming is necessary. Variable Power 1000 Ohm 5 Watt Fig. 16 — An electrolytic may be reformed using an external power supply, other than the LC7S, Be sure to @ series current limiting resistor and a current ‘meter to monitor the restoring current, CHECKING CAPACITORS FOR ESR Electrolytic capacitors may develop'abnormally high levels of internal resistance. Equivalent series resistance (ESR) is most often a problem in capacitors which are used in high frequency filtering applications, such as switching power supplies and AGC circuits. In these applications high series resistance interferes with the normal filtering action and causes improper circuit operation. In addition, the power dropped by the resistance may cause the capacitor to overheat. c ESR Fig. 17— Losses in the dielectric and foil connections may all be grouped together into a single equivalant series resistance. Capacitors can be tested for high ESR values using the patent pending LC75 ESR test. To determine if a capacitor is good or bad simply measure the ESR with the LC75 and compare the measured value to the values listed in the charts in tables 5 and 6 or on the pull chart below the LC75. These values are themaximum allowable ESR limits established by the EIA for common aluminum and dipped tantalum electrolytic capacitors. The figures are the worst case conditions and good capacitors will show ESR values well below the amounts listed in the tables. ‘The ESR values for aluminum electrolytics in table 5 are based on EIA standard RS - 395 and the ESR values for dipped tantalums listed in table 6 are based on EIA standard RS-228-B. Some capacitor values listed in the tables are not covered by existing EIA standards. These values are indicated by shaded areas in the charts and were extrapolated from the existing standards, ‘To measure ESR: 1. Connect the capacitor to the LC75 test leads. For polarized capacitors connect the positive terminal to the red test lead and the negative terminal to the black test lead. 2, Depress the Capacitor ESR test button and read the amount of resistance in ohms on the digital display. 3, Compare the measured ESR to the value listed in the ESR tables under the capacitance value and voltage rating of the capacitor you are testing. NOTE: No industry standards are available for component values in the shaded areas. These values have been ‘extrapolated from existing standards and manufacturers data. All values not shaded are based on existing EIA industry standards. Maximum Allowable ESR (in Ohms) Standard Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Capacity inuF | 3v_| 6v_| tov | 15V | 25V | Sov | 100V | 200V | 300V | 400V | 500V 1.0 [esa] 663 | 663 | 464 | 464 | 332 | 265 | 265 | 265 | 265 | 265 15 | aaa | 442 | 442 | s10 | aio | 21 | azz | a7 | 477 | azz | 177 22 | goa | 302 | 302 | 211 | ait | 151 | tai | 121 | tat | 121 | 12 33 | 201 | 201 | 201 | 141 | 141 | 101 | 0.0 | 80.0 | 0.0 | 80.0 | 80.0 47 | 441 | 141 | 141 | 99 | 99 | 71.0 | 56.0 | 56.0 | 56.0 | 56.0 | 56.0 ee | 98 98 | 98 | 68.0 | 68.0 | 49.0 | 39.0 | 39.0 | 39.0 | 39.0 | 39.0 to | 66.0 | 660 | 66.0 | 460 | 460 | 330 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 27.0 | 27.0 15 | 44.0 | 44.0 | 44.0 | 31.0 | 310 | 220 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 18.0 | 180 | 180 22 | 800 | 30.0 | 300 | 21.0 | 210 | 150 | 120 | 120 | 120 | 120 | 120 33 | 20.0 | 20.0 | 200 | 140 | 140 | 10.0 | 8.04 | 8.04 | 8.04 | 8.04 | 8.04 47__| 140 | 140 | 140 | 9.88 | 9.88 | 7.06 | 5.65 | 5.65 | 5.65 | 5.65 | 5.65_ 68__| 976 | 9.76 | 9.76 | 683 | 6.83 | 488 | 3.90 | 3.90 | 3.90 | 390 | 3.90 [100 [66a | 6.63 | 663 | 4.64 | 464 | 3.92 | 265 | 2.65 | 2.65 | 265 | 2.65 150 | 442 | 442 | 4.2 | 3.10 | 3.10 | 221 | 1.77 | 477 [azz | 177 | 4.77 | 220 | g02 | 302 | 302 | att | 211 | 151 | en | 421 | 4.21 | 121 | aad 330__| 201 | 201 | 201 | 1.41 | 1.41 | 4.01 | go | 80 | 80 [470 [4at | 1.41 | 1.41 [99 | 99 | 7t | 7] 57 |_57. a0 | 98 | 98 | 98 | 68 | 68 | 49 39 | 39 | 39 joo0 | 66 | s6 | 66 | 46 | 46 | 33 27° (in 27 | 27. 1500 | 44 | 44 [4a | at | 31 | 22 18 [47 | 18 2200 | 30} 30 | 90 | 21 | 21 [oasi| ign wizrlaei2 [3300 | 20! 20] 20| 14| 14 | 40 | 08 | 08 | 08 | 08 | 08 4700 | 44 | 14 10 | 40) 07 | 06 | 06 | 06 | 06 | 06 6800 | 40) 10 07 | 07 | 05 | 04 | 04 | 04 | 04 | 04 10000 [07 | 07 05 | 05 | 03 | 03 | 03 | .03 | 03 | 03 15000 | 04 | 04 03 | 03 | 02 02 02 | o2| 02 | 02 22000 | 03 | 03 | 03 | 02) o2| 02) o1 | or) o1| o1| or 33000 | 02 | 02 | 02 | 1 | ot ot | 47000 | 01 | 01 | .01 | 01 | ot s6000__| 01 | 01 |_.01 Z 68000 01 | 01 | 01 | ‘Table 5 — Maximum allowable ESR for aluminum electrolytics per EIA standards. 22Maximum Allowable ESR (in Ohms) Dipped Solid Tantalum Capacitors Capacity inuF 10 415 22 33 a7 68 10 15 22 33 a7 68 +00 150) 220 330 470 680 +1000 1500 2200 3300 4700 6800 ev 133) 88.4 60.3 40.2 28.2 19.5, 13.3 ead 603 4.02 2.82 1.95 1.33 88 60, 40. 28 20 13, 09) 06 4 03, 02. 10V 736 53.1 36.2 24.1 16.9 117. 7.96 331 3.62 241 1.69 1.17 80 88 60 40. 28 20 13, 09. 06 04 93, 02. av 133, 88.4 60.3 40.2 [282 19.5 13.3 B84 6.03 ‘4.02 2.82 1.95 1.33 88 60. 40, 28 20 13, 09) 06 4 03, 02 25 79.6 53.1 36.2 24.4 169 117 7.96 5.31 3.62 2a 1.69 17, 80, 28 60, 40. 28 20 13 09) 06. 4 03 02 28 20. 13, 09) 06. 04 93 02. 50 663 442 30.1 20.1 141 17 7.96 531 ‘3.62 2.41 1.69 17 80, 53 36 2h 17 12 08 05, 04 02 02 1 s00V | 200V | 300v | 4oov | soov | 6oov | NOTE: No industry standards are available for component values in the shaded areas. These values have been extrapolated from existing standards and manufacturers data. All values not shaded are based on existing EIA industry standards. Table 6 — Maximum allowable ESR for dipped solid tantalum electrolytics per EIA standards. TO ELIMINATE TEST LEAD RESISTANCE When measuring very low amounts of ESR you should zero out the test lead resistance with the LEAD ZERO control. Once the LEAD ZERO control has been set for ESR zero it should not need to be readjusted for capacitance or inductance lead zeroing. If the LEAD ZERO must be reset refer to the section “Zeroing Adjustments" on page 36 of the Maintenance section. ‘To adjust ESR lead zero: 1. Short the red and black test leads together. 2. Depress the Capacitor ESR button. 3. Adjust the LEAD ZERO control until the meter reads 0.00 with the minus sign appearing occasionally. CAPACITOR TESTING APPLICATION TIPS NO VALUE READING ON SMALL VALUE CAPACITORS ‘A shorted capacitor will normally give a 000 readout. However, some capacitors, with values generally below 1000 pF, may give a 000 readout on capacitor VALUE even though they are not shorted. ‘These capacitors have a low value leakage current, which may be read using the capacitor LEAKAGE test. This small value of leakage current will upset the capacity measuring circuit of the 'Z METER 2” and cause the 000 readout. LEAKAGE IN CERAMIC, PAPER, FILM, AND MICA CAPACITORS Ceramic, paper, film, and mica type capacitors should not show any leakage at all. The maximum allowable leakage is below the sensitivity of the measuring circuit. If any of these type capacitors exhibit leakage, they are defective, DIELECTRIC STRESS. ‘The capacity of many ceramic capacitors changes when they are DC biased. ‘This value change is caused causing a decrease in value. It takes several seconds for the capacitor to return to its nonstressed mode after removing the bias.Dielectric stress causes the capacitor to read a lower capacity value on the LC75 immediately after performing a leakage test compared to the capacity value read just before the leakage test. After the leakage test, the capacitance value slowly builds back up as the dielectric stress dissipates. This effect looks like dielectric absorption in other types of capacitors. Small value ceramic capacitors show a larger percentage than larger ones, often as much as 50% for values less than 10 pfd. Capacitors 40 pfd and larger should normally show less than a 15% value change, CHECKING FOR LEAKAGE BETWEEN SECTIONS OF A MULTI-SECTION LYTIC Multiple section lytics are common in many power supplies. Leakage sometimes develops between two or more sections of a multiple section type. This leakage may be due to an internal short circuit, or a build-up of dirt between the terminals on the outside of the capacitor. This type of leakage is particularly difficult to troubleshoot because the signal from one section of the capacitor is coupled to the other section which results in multiple symptoms in the operation of the device in which the capacitor is used. An ohmmeter will often fail to show this leakage because it only occurs at or near the capacitor’s operating voltage. The “Z METER 2” quickly locates this type of leakage while performing the standard leakage test. Simply short out the sections that are not being tested for leakage while the leakage of the first section is tested. An increase in leakage indicates internal leakage between sections and a bad capacitor. ‘WARNING ‘The following procedure should only be performed by a qualified person who understands the potential hazard of up to 600 Volts being applied to the test leads while making the leakage test. Do not touch the Red test lead clip or the capacitor terminal it is connected to during the test or while the LEAKAGE button is depressed. To test for leakage between sections of a multi- section capacitor: 1. Connect one section of the capacitor to the test leads observing polarity. 2. Set the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch to the proper voltage for the section being tested. Be sure to use the correct voltage as many multi-section capacitors have different voltages for each section. 8. Depress the LEAKAGE button and observe the leakage current reading on the display. 4. Connect one end of a short jumper to the common torminal of the capacitor and while depressing the LEAKAGE button, connect the other end of the jumper to one of the remaining capacitor terminals not connected to the test leads. A good electrolytic will 24 show no change in the leakage reading. A capacitor with leakage between sections will show an increase in Teakage when the short is applied to the untested terminal. NOTE: Be sure to test all the terminals of the ‘multi-section lytic against each other for leakage between sections. Fig. muiti-section electrolytic and then short one of the remaining sections to ground. An increase in leakage current indicates leakage between that section and ground, LARGE FLUCTUATIONS IN ELECTROLYTIC LEAKAGE READINGS Leakage readings on lyties will normally start at some high value and then decrease as the capacitor charges up. When the capacitor is fully charged, there will be a ‘small variation in the leakage reading indicating that the capacitor is trying to filter out the small variations in the line voltage. When the variations become rather large and change in large jumps, suspect an intermittent lytic. Lyties that exhibit this symptom will give trouble in the circuit and should be rejected. LEAKAGE MEASUREMENTS OF NON- POLARIZED ELECTROLYTICS Leakage measurements on non-polarized lytics must be made in both directions. Simply make the leakage test, note the leakage current, and then reverse the leads and make the leakage test again. If both ends of the non-polarized lytic are insulated from the case, the maximum allowable leakage is the same as listed in the Teakage chart. If one end is connected to the case, the allowable leakage is doubled. ELECTROLYTICS SITTING IN STOCK Electrolytic capacitors that: have been sitting on the shelf for extended periods of time may show high leakage when checked. These lytics should be reformed according to the information in this manual under “Reforming Lytics with the ‘Z METER 2’ " or “Reforming Lyties with a Power Supply”. Generally, an electrolytie that has been sitting and is checked for value and then leakage may indicate a larger capacity Fevalue when the value is rechecked. For example, the lytic may measure 1000 uF when tested before performing the leakage check. When the value is checked after the leakage test, the value may now be as high as 1100 uF. ‘This indicates that the lytic was partially reformed when the leakage was tested. This type of lytic can often be reformed to its original capacity with the "Z METER 2”, power supply, or when placed in the circuit and allowed to run for a period of time. INTERMITTENT CAPACITORS Occasionally a capacitor becomes intermittent. A poor weld of the lead to the foil or other mechanical malfunction can cause the capacitor to operate in a random fashion, The leads of a suspected capacitor should be moved around or pulled on when making the Value test. A change in capacity indicates a intermittent problem. An intermittent caused by a bad weld can sometimes show up as flashing 888 on the meter. This is due to the capacity changing at the time the VALUE button is ‘depressed and the meter cannot lock in on a range. INTERNAL CONSTRUCTION OF ALUMINUM ELECTROLYTIC Insulator Paper Ne Tab impacted Aluminum NeSAt weldes Peon Case oleate | | ‘Tab Welded to Tab Connected 2 To Anode Foil Tab Connected rolled (0 Other Foil Foil Fig. 19— An electrolytic can become intermittent due toa poor or corroded weld. TIME REQUIRED TO OBTAIN A VALUE READING ON A CAPACITOR Capacitors of 1000 uF and below will read almost instantaneously. More time is required for capacitors above this value. The actual time depends upon the RC time constant of the capacitor. For example, a 50,000 UF will read in only 3 seconds and a 100,000 uF takes only 7 seconds. The meter will read 000 until the counting circuit has reached the proper level and then the capacity reading will appear on the display. On very large capacitors, generally over 100,000 uF, the first reading may differ from later readings by as much as 10 percent."This is normal and caused by the dielectric absorption found in most types of capacitors, ‘This slight change in readings should cause no problem because the tolerances of these capacitors are generally 20% + 80% which means that the first reading will ‘be close enough to locate capacitors that have changed 25 value outside the tolerance limits. If you require a very precise reading, simply leave the Capacitor VALUE button depressed until the Z METER 2” has gone through at least 2 complete reading cycles, CHECKING CERAMIC CAPACITORS FOR TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY Ceramic capacitors (often called disc capacitors because of their physical appearance) come in a wide variety of capacity values and temperature tolerances. You can quickly determine the temperature characteristics of the capacitor using the LC75 and a heat source. Simply connect the capacitor to the "Z METER 2” and check its capacity. Then apply heat from a soldering iron or heat gun while continuing to measure the capacitors value. If the capacitor is marked COG or NPO the capacity should not change or change only slightly. If the capacitor is marked with an N, such as N1500, the capacity will decrease as the heat is applied. Capacitors marked with the letter P (not in common usage) will increase capacity with the application of heat, CHECKING FILM TYPE CAPACITORS FOR TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY Film type capacitors normally maintain a fairly constant capacity value over temperature. If they become temperature sensitive they can cause problems in the circuit. By connecting the suspect capacitor to the ""Z METER 2” and testing the capacity while applying heat from a soldering iron or heat. gun, or spraying the capacitor with a “ireeze spray”, changes in capacity value can be seen. Most film type capacitors should change very little in capacity. If a drastic change is seon, the capacitor has become temperature sensitive and should be replaced. A word of caution here - do not touch the soldering iron to the capacitor. The heat can damage the sensitive plastic film used as a dielectric and make the capacitor useless, TESTING CAPACITY OF SILICON DIODES AND TRANSISTORS ‘The “Z METER 2” can measure the capacity of silicon diodes and transistors as well as the reverse leakage paths around the transistor or diode. The connections to measure capacity or leakage are shown in figure 20. If the readout shows 000 when testing for capacity or flashing 888 when testing leakage, the leads are reversed. No precautions are necessary when testing capacity, but the following guidelines should be observed when testing leakage. 1, Use only the 3 Volts position of the LEAKAGE, VOLTAGE ewitch when testing Ibeo. 2. Use the setting of the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch that matches the maximum applied voltage specification of the transistor when testing Icbo o1 Iceo, DO NOT exceed the rating of the tran the transistor will go into a zener mode and give anincorrect leakage reading. If left in this manner, damage to the transistor could result. NOTE: The capacity of germanium transistors and diodes cannot be measured with the LC75. The high leakage of these devices will upset the capacity measuring circuit of the ‘“Z METER 2", causing the readout to show flashing 888 when the VALUE button is depressed. The leakage of germanium devices can be measured with the LC75 leakage test using the same procedures as for silicon devices. Do not exceed the voltage rating of the device as germanium devices can be easily damaged. PNP Black loB0 ane Bt0C Capacity Hea nea ¥ ICEO and e1oc Capecly Rea Tago and Back pioceapecty | 4 NPN “piack Red 1080 ana roe Capeclty wt loko ane E10 Capacity Reg Black Leakage and une Capacity Fig. 20— Connections for measuring capacity of silicon junctions. Leakage paths are for both silicon and germanium type junctions. TESTING HIGH VOLTAGE DIODES High voltage diodes, such as found in TV high voltage and focus voltage sections, cannot be tested on a conventional ohmmeter because they require voltages as high as 200 Volts before they begin to conduct. An ohmmeter, which typically supplies only 2 Volts, will simply show an open circuit no matter how the leads are connected. ‘The Leakage test of the LC75 provides sufficient voltage to allow high voltage diodes to be tested for both forward conduction and reverse leakage. The diode should be tested for forward conduction first to confirm that it is not open. Then, it should be tested for reverse leakage. 26 WARNING ———_— ‘The following procedures should be performed only by a technically qualified person who under- stands the potential shock hazard of up to 600 Volts applied to the test leads when the LEAKAGE button is depressed. ‘To test a high voltage diode: 1. Connect the red lead of the C75 to the anode (- end) of the diode and the black lead to the cathode (+ end). 2, Begin with the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch in the 50 Volt position and depress the LEAKAGE button. 3. While holding the LEAKAGE button, tum the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE switch up one step at a time until the digital display shows a leakage reading. Do not increase the voltage past the point where the digital readout begins to read. Increased voltage may ‘eause too much current to flow which may ruin the diode. Ifyou get all the way to 600 Volts and there is still no reading, the diode is open. 4, Release the LEAKAGE button and reverse the ‘connection of the red and black test leads. 5, Increase the setting of the LEAKAGE VOLTAGE, switch to the 600 volt position. 6, Again depress the LEAKAGE button and observe the digital readout. The digital readout should stay at “900”. Any leakage current indicates that the diode is leaky and should be considered defective. TESTING SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS (SCRs) AND TRIACS (With Optional SCR224 SCRITRIAC Test Accessory) SCRs and TRIACS can be tested dynamically on the “Z METER 2” using the leakage function of the capacitor test along with the optional SCR 224 SCR and TRIAC Test Accessory. SCRs and TRIACS can ‘be tested for turn on (latched) conditions and at the full rated working voltage of the device up to 600 Volts. ‘All tests on SCR and TRIACS must be performed with the device out-of-circuit. Complete instructions for using the SCR224 are included with the SCR224 test accessory.DETERMINING THE LENGTH OF RF COAXIAL CABLE ‘The actual length of a piece of coaxial cable, or the location of a break can be determined very accurately with the “Z METER 2”. Each type of coax has @ nominal amount of capacity per foot of length. Thus, to find the length or distance to the break in the cable, simply measure the capacity of the unterminated cable :nd divide by the capacity per foot. The “Z METER will locate the break regardless if the break is in the shield or the center conductor. The break point and cable length can be found by the simple steps below. If at all possible, measure from both ends of the cable to pinpoint the break much closer. 1. Measure the capacity of the cable (must be open and unterminated) with the ""Z METER 2". Connect the red test clip to the center conductor and the black test clip to the shielded braid. 2, Divide the “Z METER 2” capacitance reading by the cable capacity per foot. This gives the distance to ‘This test can also be used to determine the length of or pinpoint breaks in multiconductor cable having 3 or more wires. Follow the same procedure as above. Tie all but one of the conductors together to form the “shield”. Measure the capacitance between the shield group of wires and the single conductor. You can determine the capacitance per foot for the cable wi the procedure in the section How To Determine Inductance or Capacitance Per Foot Of Coaxial Cable” on page 28, NOTES: 1. The accuracy of the measurement depends upon the cable capacity tolerance since the value listed isa nominal. figure and varies slightly with ‘manufacturer. The normal tolerance for coaxial cable is within the 2% of the LC75. 2. Locations of excessive crimping or clamping change the capacity and will affect the overall reading. 3. The “Z METER 2” will not read the capacity if the cable is terminated. The following section indicates how to locate a short. 4. The accuarcy of measurements on non-coaxial cable is not as good due to variations in conductor spacing and stray noise pickup. the break or the length of the cable from the measuring RF COAXIAL CABLE point in feet. 70-75 Ohm AF COAXIAL CABLE naw cooietyee | mpotunce | Capinpr |indunonee ser ‘50-55 Ohm oan, 75 2 nawcasietype | impetmee | capinprier | waucance eau Foum = |» seu 0 zs nw. 3B 205 ow 82 205 1HUFoam 75 173 eu Foam 0 26 $A 7s 208 oan 22 295 veal 75 205 soar 52 25 130i 74 205 soar 2 205 sa 75 20 sary 535 255 a5 75 205 ‘010 Foam 20 28 sau 73 a sean 0 208 S910 Foem 7s 73 a = = Douwiesriaa | 75 | 173 58010 Foam 0 26 sams = ae ut = 28 64 5 205 rau 20 30308 sm . ne — — ~ #2 Channel 73 175; — - — RF COAXIAL CABLE ra so 208 90-125 Ohm 21a 0 305 Tominat [Nominal | Nominal GWU Cobie Type | impedance | CapinpF [inductance uHET or 0 305 a = oct a 2, 2. 20 125 10 zea = = 780 98 138 Table 7— Capacitance per toot of typeal RG coexia aa = “0 arHOW TO FIND A SHORT IN A COAXIAL CABLE A break in a coaxial cable may be located with the Capacity test as indicated in the previous section. A shorted cable, however, will not read on the Capacity test. ‘The inductance test should be used to locate a short. ‘The amount of inductance per foot is generally not published by the cable manufacturer. This value may ‘be dotermined by using the "7 METER 2” to measure a known length of the cable (as explained in the next Section) before performing the Inductance test. Space has been left in the charts above for the inductance per foot to be added as you encounter different cables. ‘To find the approximate distance to a short: 1. Measure the inductance of the shorted cable. The red test clip should be connected to the center conductor and the black test clip to the shield braid. 2. Divide the reading obtained by the inductance per foot that you have measured to find the distance in feet from the measuring point to the short. To more accurately locate a short, measure the cable from both ends. HOW TO FIND THE INDUCTANCE OR CAPACITANCE PER FOOT OF COAXIAL CABLE ‘A known length of cable can be measured with the “Z METER 2” to find the value of inductance or capacitance per foot. A length of at least 20 to 25 feet is recommended to obtain an accurate inductance reading. A length of 10 fect may be used to obtain a capacitance value. 1. Connect the known length of cable to the “Z METER 2”, the center conductor to the red test clip, and the shield braid to the black test clip. Short the center conductor to the shield at the opposite end to measure inductance. 2. Measure the inductance or capacitance. Divide the reading obtained by the length of the cable. Record this figure in the chart for future reference. NOTE: The inductance may vary slightly with the same type of cable due to the variations in ‘manufacture. The measuring tolerance to the point of a short should be within 2% in most cases. INDUCTORS ‘The “Z METER 2” measures the actual inductance of coils using a patented circuit. To measure inductance, simply connect the test leads to the coil and depress the VALUE button and read the inductance in uHl or mH on the display. Fig. 21— Controls used for inductor testing. -WARNING. Do not connect the test leads to a circuit having power applied. Be sure the power is “OFF” by disconnecting the AC line cord to the set under test. CHECKING INDUCTORS FOR INDUCTANCE VALUE 1. Connect the test leads to the coil or transformer to be tested. 2. Depress the Inductors VALUE button. 3. Read the value of inductance of the coil or transformer on the digital display. The LED will light in front of ull if the value is in microhenrys or in front of mH if the valueis in millihenrys. NOTE: A reading of flashing 888 with a steady zero indicates an open circuit. Recheck your lead connections t0 make sure you are connected to the ‘proper terminals. i INDUCTORS ESR VALUE RINGER colts will ssure inductance, connect the inductor is, depress the VALUE button and read the amouunt of inductance on the digital displayBALANCING OUT LEAD INDUCTANCE ‘The above procedure provides accurate readings on inductors over 1000 uH. Small value inductors ‘between 2 uH and 1000 uH may be off slightly due to the inductance of the test leads. This inductance may be balanced out for high accuracy readings with the LEAD ZERO control. 1. Place the test leads on the work area in such a way that they will not be moved when connecting a coil. Be sure the leads are not on a metal surface, near AC power or an AC operated device. Short the test lead clips together. 2, With the test leads shorted, depress the Inductance VALUE button and adjust the LEAD ZERO control until the display reads 00.0 with the negative sign appearing occasionally. NOTE: Adjust the LEAD ZERO control slowly as the ‘LC75 requires about 2 seconds between readings when the test leads are shorted. 3. Carefully connect the coil to the test leads being careful not the disturb the position of the leads if possible. Depress the Inductors VALUE button and read the inductance value on the display. Fig. 23— Zero out the test lead inductance when measuring small value inductors. Once the LEAD ZERO control has been set. for inductance zero it should not need to be readjusted for capacitance or ESR lead zero. If the control must be reset, refer to the section “Zeroing Adjustments" on page 36. CHECKING COILS BELOW 2 MICROHENRYS: ‘The “Z METER 2” may show a reading of 00.0 for coils under 2 uH in value. This is due to the 29 window" that is necessary in the autoranging circuit. ‘Values of coils below 2 uHI can be read by offsetting the meter with the LEAD ZERO control. To Read The Value Of Coils Below 2 uH: 1. Place the test leads on the work area in such a way that they will not be moved when the coil is connected. 2, Short the test leads together. Depress the Inductors VALUE button and offset the LEAD ZERO control until the display shows a reading of 2.0 uH. NOTE: If the LEAD ZERO control is turned in the wrong direction, a negative sign will appear in front of the reading. Adjust the LEAD ZERO control for a positive reading. 8. Unshort the test leads and carefully connect the coil to the test leads without disturbing their position. 4, Depress the Inductor VALUE button and obtain a reading on the digital display. Subtract the 2 ull offset from the reading on the display for the actual inductance value of the coil. For example, if the display shows a reading of 2.8 uH, the actual value is 28 minus 2.0, or 0.8 uH. OPEN WINDING IN A COIL Open windings in coils are easily spotted with the “Z METER 2", while checking the inductance value. If the display shows flashing 888 with a stationary 0 during the inductance test the coil is open. If the coil is ‘a small wire type, be sure to check the fine wires that go to the solder lugs on the coil form. The fine wire can be broken easily from tension or extreme heat and cold. variations. On large transformers that have several taps or windings in series, simply check across the entire winding for an open. The actual open can be isolated by moving one lead down the series of taps until the "Z METER 2” gives an inductance reading. The tap above this point has the open winding. NOTE: On multitap transformers such as flyback transformers, check the terminals the test leads are connected to. If the “Z METER 2” shows an open, you ‘may be connected to the wrong terminals. CHECKING INDUCTANCE IN-CIRCUIT WARNING Do not connect the test leads to a circuit having power applied. Be sure the power is “OFF” by disconnecting the AC line cord to the equipment under test. ‘The “Z METER 2” will check the value of inductors incireuit for their actual inductance value. Simply ‘connect the test leads to the coil, depress the Inductors VALUE button and read the inductance value on the display. In-cireuit inductance measurements will be affected by the impedance of the circuit which theinductor is in, Small values of parallel resistance lower the cireuit impedance causing the inductance value to read lower than its actual value. ‘The amount of resistance that can parallel the inductor and decrease the inductance value by 10% or less are as follows: 2t090 uH 8.9 to 45 Ohms 90 uli to900uH 45 to. 390 Ohms 900uH to9mH 390 to 1200 Ohms 9 mH to90 mH 1.2K to 3.9K Ohms 90mH to900mH 3.9K to 7.2K Ohms 900 mH to 9000 mH 7.2K to 27K Ohms Fig. 24— Inductance values can be checked in-circult with the LC75 inductance test. Value of resistance larger than those listed will cause measuring errors less than 10% while resistance values smaller than these will change the measured inductance by more than 10%. Measuring the inductance values of a coil in cireuit is a quick and easy way to determine if itis open. If the coil is open and is not shunted by a resistor, the LC75 will read flashing 888. If, however, a coil is open and shunted by a resistor (something that might be missed with an ohmmeter) the “Z METER 2” will not read the correct value, but a much different value. TESTING INDUCTORS ON PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS ‘On most PC boards, the leads to any components are very short and may make connections difficult. ‘The B- % Hook® clips used with the “Z METER 2” will connect. to many of the coils that you wish to test. ‘When there is no lead to connect, to, you can use the (optional) Sencore 39G85 Touch Test Probe accessory tomake contact with the leads of the coils. Connect the 39G85 to the "Z METER 2” test leads as follows: 1. Connect the Red clip of the test leads to the R point on the top of the 39G85. Connect the Black clip to the Y point on the top of the 39685. NOTE: These are the two longest probe points and will ‘make it easier to use when checking coils. 30 Fig. 25— The optional Touch Test Probe can be used with the ‘Z METER 2” to check the inductance and ringing of coils that are mounted flat on the PC board. 2, Make contact to the point on the PC board for one side of the coil to be tested with the Red probe point and apply slight pressure to hold it in place. ‘Then make contact to the other coil point with the Yellow probe point and apply pressure to hold the 39G85 in place. 3, Depress the Inductors VALUE button and read the inductance on the digital display. MUTUAL INDUCTANCE If two or more coils are wound on the same form and ‘connected either internally or externally, the total inductance measured from end to end with the “Z METER 2” will not be equal to the measured inductance of the individual windings. The measured value may be higher or lower than the measured value of the individual windings due to the mutual inductance of the coils. The measured value of the total will be affected by the spacing between the windings, ‘the type of windings used, and the core material used to wind the coils on. The actual value cannot be determined by simply looking at the coils. The “Z METER 2” will measure the actual inductance of the combination of coils just as the circuit would see it. Of Theat booltten (when Mutual Inductance Adds) (When Mutual Inductance ‘Subtracts), Fig. 26—The “Z METER 2” will show the actual Inductance of two coils with mutual inductance. Mutual inductance can elther add or subtract from the individual reading of the windings. INDUCTOR CODING Inductors are marked using several different color codes. The two most commonly used marking systems are shown in table 8. These two codes are by no means all the codes that may be encountered. When a strange code is found, consult the manufacturer's service literature for the values.‘TUBULAR ENCAPSULATED RF CHOKES Back Tolerance a? fr apace wong LL a3 ra Color Figure Multiplier Tolerance [ | “POSTAGE STAMP” FIXED INDUCTORS: YstDigit 2nd Digit Multiplier cater AstSinp 2nd Strip ‘Sed Sp rr Black or (Blank) oO 7 a Bown a Yellow ¢ Rea 2 2 100 a 7 orange 7 Blue é 7 ss 3 Blue . 6 Whit 9 Violet 7? rr Gray ss ‘Silver 10% | a 9 9 Gos oe ova xa Moltplier 1s the Tactor By which the wo color figures are Siver Xor ‘uttipied to obtain the Inductance value ofthe choke colin UH ea Values wil bein ut Table 8— Typical inductor color codes. CHECKING INDUCTORS FOR GOOD OR BAD RINGER IMPEDANCE MATCH WITH THE RINGING TEST ‘The patented Ringing test allows you to determine if coils (without iron cores) are good or bad with an accurate but easy to perform test of the quality or “Q”” factor of the coil. A special impedance matching circuit establishes a reference for all coils larger than 10 uH. A good coil should show a reading of 10 or more on the digital display. A bad coil will show less than 10 ringing cycles. ‘The LO75 Ringing test measures the “Q” factor by applying a reference pulse to the coil and then digitally counting the number of ringing cycles produced until tthe signal is damped to a preset level. A shorted turn in ae : Fig. 27— The four red positions of the IMPEDANCE 4 coi will lower is @ and cause the ringing to dampen aG4 switch are for TV yokes and flybacke. Use all Seated el AD ope show no ix positions for other coll and transformer types, ‘The Ringing Test IMPEDANCE MATCH switch is While the patented Sencore Ringing test is based on divided into two sections. The four positions marked in the Q of the coil, the readings on the “Z METER 2” red are the only positions that should be used for often will not agree with those obtained with a bridge testing television yokes and flybacks. The sensitivity or a Q meter. The reason is simply that the LC75 of the Ringing test circuits in these positions is “QV"test has been simplified to make the number 10 a matched to the impedance and frequency reference point. specifications of these special coils. 31All six positions should be used for testing other types of coils, The two positions marked in blue have ‘additional sensitivity. to allow small value coils to be tested accurately. The four red positions will match properly to large value coils. SPECIAL NOTES ON INDUCTOR TESTING 1. The Ringing test should not be used on coils and transformers having laminated iron cores such as ‘power transformers, audio output transformers, and filter chokes The iron core in these types of transformers and coils absorbs the ringing energy of the cotls and results in low readings that are unreliable. 2 Good coils below 10 ull in value may not ring 10 cycles. The low inductance of these coils generally allows only about 2 to 4 cycles. A comparison test should be made on a known good coil to see if the Q factor results are correct. 3, Some coils above 10 uH may not show 10 or more rings due to the nature of the construction or core ‘material used in the coil. These may show 8 or 9 rings and still be good. The quality of these coils may be confirmed by adding a ‘'shorted turn” and rechecking the ringing of the coil. If the coil is bad, the number of rings will not change or change very little, indicating the coil already has a shorted turn. If the number of rings drops off drastically, then the coil is good. A good “shorted turn" can be made from a piece of solder wrapped around the coil tightly and twisted together at theends. Donot use small diameter wire or stranded wire for the shorted turn as this wire does not give the same affect and could give misleading results. ‘To Test the Quality of a Coil with the Ringing Test: 1. Connect the test leads to the inductor to be tested. Z METER 2 IAPACITORS Fig. 28— Check inductors for quality by connecting the test leads, depressing the RINGING TEST button and rotating the IMPEDANCE MATCH switch while watching the display for the number of ringing cycles. 2. Depress the RINGING TEST button. Hold the ‘button down and rotate the IMPEDANCE MATCH switch through all 6 positions for regular inductors or through the last 4 positions for T'V yokes and flybacks. 32 3. Ifa reading of 10 or more appears on the display in ‘one or more positions of the IMPEDANCE MATCH switch, the induetor is good. Tf a reading of less than 10 is displayed on all positions of the switch, the inductor is defective, Refer to the Inductor Testing ‘Applications and the section on testing yokes and flybacks for further information. NOTE: The “Z METER 2” may show a continuously changing reading when using the two most sensitive ‘positions of the IMPEDANCE MATCH switch in the ‘presence of high AC power radiation, This can oceur if 1) The coil is open and near a source of high level AC power radiation, 2) The leads are not connected properly, connected to the wrong terminal, or not ‘making proper contact and picking up AC radiation, 3) Touching the Red test clip and injecting AC into the "Z METER 2, and 4) Depressing the Ringing Test button with the leads not connected to anything and near a source of high level AC power radiation. If the continuously changing reading occurs, move the coil being tested to a location away from the source of AC radiation and check the connections to the coil. If you suspect that the coil may be open or the leads not ‘connected properly, merely recheck the inductance value. If the readout shows a flashing 888 with a stationary 0, the coil is open or the leads are not connected properly. INDUCTOR TESTING APPLICATIONS TIPS ‘The patented Ringing test on the Sencore "Z METER 2"” has been designed to test coils and transformers for an indication of good or bad. The ringing test can be made inircuit as well as out of circuit for fast troubleshooting. The following application tips cover special situations you may encounter when testing incireuit. Review these notes carefully before making any in-cireuit test. PEAKING COILS Coils wound on resistors (peaking coils) may not give a good indication on the Ringing test due to thedamping action of the resistor. The lower the value of the resistor, the lower the Ringing test will read. For ‘example, a 1000 uH coil wound on a 10K Ohm resistor will just make 10 rings. The action of the resistor is to dampen out the oscillations or ringing in the circuit and it will do the same on the Ringing test. COILS IN METAL SHIELDS Coils and transformers that are shielded with a metal shield may not show good when tested with the Ringing test. The metal shield may absorb the ringing ‘energy depending on how close the shield is to the coil. Consider a shielded coil good if it shows 10 or more rings. If the coil shows less than 10 rings in all positions of the IMPEDANCE MATCH SWITCH, you should either remove the shield and repeat the test ‘or make a comparison test on a know good shieldedcoil. Be sure the coil is identical to the one in the circuit being tested for accurate results. FERRITE CORE TRANSFORMERS AND COILS Coils and transformers that use ferrite cores will normally show good ringing if the coil is good. ‘The value of the coil or transformer must be above 10 wH to show a ringing test of 10 or more, just like regular coils. TESTING TV FLYBACK TRANSFORMERS WITH THE RINGING TEST The patented Sencore Ringing test allows the testing of yokes and flybacks in- or out-ofcircuit. Simply connect the yoke or flyback to the test leads, depress the RINGING TEST pushbutton and rotate the IMPEDANCE MATCH switch through the four yoke and flyback positions (marked in red). A display of 10 ‘or more on any one of the four positions indicates a ‘good yoke or flyback. If the reading is less than 10 in all four positions of the IMPEDANCE MATCH switch, the Ringing test will help locate the cause of ‘the low reading, a shorted turn or a circuit loading the yoke or flyback down. -WARNING- Do not connect the “Z METER" test leads to the yoke or flyback in the set until ALL power to the set has been removed. For your safety, discon- nect the AC line cord to the receiver from the AC outlet. 1. Connect the red clip to: a) Plate cap of a tube set b) the Collector or input to the tripler of a solid-state set. 2. Connect the black clip to: a) The cathode of the damper tube or anode of the boosted boost rectifier or similar locations that is DC connected to the plate cap through the windings of the flyback for a tube set. b) The B+ input to the horizontal output transistor or to ground. If the set uses an isolated ground, connect, to the B + input point only. rs a we ‘ FL Oy ap e Bata sone Dn J Fig. 20—The ““Z METER 2” provides @ quick in-circuit ringing test on tube or solid state chassis. 8, If the set has a high voltage rectifier tube, remove it as the filaments may act as a short and cause the "Z METER 2” to give a false reading of less than 10. 4, Depress the RINGING TEST pushbutton and hold it down while rotating the IMPEDANCE MATCH switch through the four yoke and flyback positions marked in red. If the meter reads 10 or more in one or more positions of the switch, the flyback is good. If the display shows less than 10 in all four positions of the switch, a short or load on the flyback is indicated. NOTE: The first four steps will identify a good flyback. If a reading of less than 10 is indicated, the flyback may still be good but a circuit could be loading it. Use the remaining steps to locate the defect. 5. If the test results in the previous steps result in a readout of less than 10 in all four positions, unplug or unsolder the yoke leads from the horizontal windings and repeat the test. 6, If the readout is still less than 10 ona solid state set, disconnect one end of the damper diode and repeat the Ringing test. 7. If the readout is still less than 10, unplug the convergence coils and repeat the Ringing test. 8. If the readout is still less than 10, start disconnecting the other coils from the flyback (such as ‘the AGC winding) one at a time. Perform the Ringing test each time a load is disconnected until you either find: 1.) the flyback begins to read good, or 2.) all the leads have been removed from the flyback and it still tests bad. If all the leads have been removed and the display still shows less than 10 in all four positions, the flyback is defective. If, on the other hand, the flyback begins to read good after @ load has been removed, the flyback itself is good. The last load to be disconnected should be tested as there may be a short which is loading the ringing circuit. The flyback may be tested ‘out of circuit using the same procedure. NOTE: The flyback will test “bad” if: 1) the coil under test is open, 2) the coil under test has one or more shorted turns, or 3) any other coil in either the primary or the secondary of the transformer has one or more shorted turns. A shorted turn in any coil will lower the Qofall the other coils through mutual inductance. ‘Acoil in the secondary may occasionally open rather than short. This type of failure will only affect the coil that is open and will not affect the other coils. If the operation of the receiver indicates the possibility of an ‘open winding, leave the “Z METER 2" connected to the primary winding and apply a short circuit to each of the other windings in the transformer. ‘An externally applied short will lower the Q of all the other windings, just like an internal short. Simply note the number of ringing cycles displayed with no external short applied. ‘Then use a small jumper to short out the secondary you wish to test. Repeat the Ringing test with the external short applied. You do not need to rotate the IMPEDANCE MATCH ewitch for these additional tests. Simply leave it in the position that gave the highest number of rings when the coil was tested without the external short.If the secondary coil you are testing is open, you will not see any change in the reading when you depress the RINGING TEST pushbutton with the external short applied. If, on the other hand, the coil is good, you will see fewer ringing cycles displayed. Repeat this test on all the secondary coils. NOTE: If the transformer has several coils connected in series, simply connect across the ends of the series connected coils. An open in any coil will result in no change in the number of ringing cycles displayed. ‘SPECIAL NOTES Some of the newer yokes and flybacks have been designed with very low inductance for use in certain solid-state receivers, ‘These yokes and flybacks may not ring 10 or more times but may show only 8 or 9 rings evens when good. The question of good or bad can be answered quickly be adding a ‘‘shorted turn” and rechecking the number of rings. If the number of rings does not change or changes only slightly, then ‘the yokes or transformer already has a shorted turn. If, the number of rings drops off drastically, then the yoke or flyback is good. This method can be used on any suspected yoke, flyback, or inductor. A simple “shorted turn” is a piece of solder or heavy gaugewire. Simply form it into a loop and press it close to the windings of the yoke or wrap it around the core or windings of the flyback. Do not use @ fine wire or stranded wire as it does not give the same affect and could give misleading results. Many of the newer flybacks have the High Voltage rectifier diodes built right into the flyback itself. These are called Integrated High Voltage ‘Transformers (IHVTs) and have the diodes included as part of the transformer winding. Because of the reverse breakdown of the diodes, the high voltage winding cannot be checked directly with the Ringing test. The flyback must be checked from the primary windings to determine if itis good or bad. If there is a lack of high voltage and the flyback shows good ringing one of the diodes is open. If the high voltage is several thousand volts low and the flyback shows good ringing one of the diodes is shorted. In both cases, the flyback must be replaced as the diodes are not replaceable. TESTING YOKES WITH THE RINGING TEST The LOTS RINGING test provides a quick good/bad yoke test. The four ted positions of the IMPEDANCE MATCHING switch are used for checking yokes. ‘Yokes should be tested while they are still mounted on the CRT: Occasionally a short is caused by the pressure of the yoke mounting. Removing the yoke from the CRT reiieves the pressure and the short may disappear. WARNING Do not connect the “Z METER” to the yoke or flyback in the set until ALL power to the set has heen disconnected. For your safety, remove the ‘AC line cord of the receiver from the AC outlet. To Test Horizontal Yoke Windings: 1. Disconnect the yoke leads from the cireuit, On sets with a yoke plug, simply pull the plug. If the leads are soldered to the flyback or PC board, carefully unsolder them noting where they were connected. 2. Connect the test leads from the “Z METER 2” to the horizontal windings of the yoke. Depress the RINGING TEST pushbutton and hold it down while rotating the IMPEDANCE MATCH switch through the four positions for yoke and.flybacks (marked in red), A display of 10 or more on any one of the four positions indicates a good yoke winding. A display of less than 10 on all four positions of the switch indicates adefective yoke. NOTE: The horizontal windings of the yoke can check ‘good and still have a bad yoke if the vertical windings are bad. Be sure to check both the vertical and the horizontal windings of the yoke with the Ringing test. To Test Vertical Yoke Windings: 1, Disconnect the yoke from the circuit. On sets with a yoke plug, simply pull the plug. If the leads are soldered to the vertical output transformer or the PC board, unsolder them noting where they were ‘connected so that they may be reconnected or the new yoke connected to the proper points. 2. Check the yoke for damping resistors. Some yokes use a damping resistor across the vertical windings. ‘These should be disconnected at one end as they will swamp out the ringing test and possibly give erronedus results. e 3, Connect the test leads from the “Z METER 2” to the vertical windings of the yoke. Depress the RINGING TEST button and read the number of ringing cycles on the display. A reading of 10 or more rings in any of the four positions of the IMPEDANCE MATCH switch for yokes and flybacks (marked in red) indicates that the yoke is good. A display of less than 10 in all four positions indicates a defective yoke, NOTE: On series connected vertical yoke windings, the windings should be tested individually. If there is dan imbalance of more than 3 rings or the inductance is ‘more than 10% different between the two windings, the yoke will give trouble in the receiver. A good yoke will Bivealmost identical readings on both windings.NOTESMAINTENANCE INTRODUCTION ‘The LC75 is designed to provide reliable service with very little maintenance. A fully equipped Factory Service Department is ready to back the LC75 should any problems develop. A schematic, parts list, and circuit board layouts are included along with this manual on separate sheets. RECALIBRATION AND SERVICE Recalibration of the LC75 is recommended on a yearly basis, or whenever the performance of the unit is noticeably affected. Precise standards are required to insure accurate and National Bureau of Standards (NBS) traceable calibration. For this reason it is recommended that the LC75 be returned to the Sencore Factory Service Department for recalibration. ‘The address of the Service Department is listed below. No return authorization is required to return the LC75 for recalibration or service. In most cases, the unit will be on its way back to you within 3 days after it is received by the Service Department. Service Department Address: Sencore Factory Service 8200 Sencore Drive Sioux Falls, SD 57107 ‘The Service Department may be called at (605) 339-0100, CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION AND CALIBRATION PROCEDURES A complete circuit description, and a detailed calibration procedure listing the necessary standards and equipment, are available for the LC75 "2 METER 2”. These items may be purchased separately through the Sencore Factory Service Parts Department at the address and phone number listed below. REPLACEMENT LEADS ‘The 39G143 Test Leads on the LO76 are made from a special low capacity cable. Replacing the test leads with @ cable other than the low capacity test lead will result in measurement errors. Replacement 39G143 ‘Test Leads are available from: Sencore Service Parts Department, 3200 Sencore Drive, Sioux Falls, SD S707. ‘The Service Parts Department may be called at (605) 339-0100. 220 VAC OPERATION ‘The LC75 may be modified, at an additional cost, to operate at a line voltage of 220 VAC, 50-60 Hz. This, modification can be performed by the Sencore Service Department. Simply return the LC75 to the Service Department address listed above. ZEROING ADJUSTMENTS Several controls on the LC75 are used to balance the measuring circuits for zero agreement. These controls are located on the rear of the LC75 and should be adjusted if it becomes necessary to readjust the front panel LEAD ZERO control ‘between capacitance, induetanee, and PSR lead zero. It is normal to have to readjust the front panel LEAD ZERO control from time to time. However, if the Zeroing controls are properly adjusted, capacitance lead zero, inductance lead zero and ESR load zero should all agree at the same setting of the LEAD ZERO control. The location of the Zeroing controls is shown in figure 81. To adjust the Zeroing Controls: 1, With no test buttons depressed, adjust the DVM ZERO control, located on the rear panel, for a digital display reading of "000". 2. Short the tests leads together and depress the INDUCTOR VALUE test button. 3, Adjust the front panel LEAD ZERO control for a reading of "00.0". 4, Depress the ESR test button with the test leads still shorted, 5, Adjust the rear panel ESR ZERO control for a digital display reading of “0.00”, Open the test leads. Place the test clips so they are next to each other but not touching each other. 7. Depress the CAPACITOR VALUE test button, Adjust the rear panel CAP ZERO control for a “00.0” digital display reading. Fig. 30— LC75 Zeroing Adjustments 36APPENDIX CAPACITOR THEORY AND THE METER 2” “Z ‘The capacitor is one of the most common components used in electronics, but less is known about it than the other component in electronics. The following is a brief explanation of the capacitor, how it works, and how the “Z METER 2” measures the important parameters of the capacitor. ‘The basic capacitor is a pair of metal plates separated by an insulating material called the dielectric. The size of the plates, the type of dielectric, and the thickness of the dielectric determines the capacity. To increase capacity, you can increase the size of the plates, increase the number of plates, use a different dielectric or a thinner dielectric. The closer the plates, or the thinner the dielectric, the larger the capacity for a given size plate. Because flat plates are rather impractical, capacitors are generally made by putting and insulating material between two foil strips and rolling the combination into a tight package or roll. Disleetric Foil plate for this nd Fait plate tor this nd Fig. 31— Many capacitors are made of layers of foil separated by @ dielectric and rolled into a tight package. ‘The old explanation of how a capacitor works had the electrons piling up on one plate forcing the electrons off of the other to charge a capacitor. This made it difficult to explain other actions of the capacitor. Faraday’s theory more closely approaches the way a capacitor really works. He stated that the charge is in the dieletric material and not on the plates of the capacitor. Inside the capacitor's dielectric material, there are tiny electric dipoles. When a voltage is applied to the plates of the capacitor, the dipoles are stressed and forced to line up in rows creating stored energy in the dielectric. The dielectric has undergone a physical change similar to that of soft iron when exposed to current through an inductor when it becomes a magnet. If we were able to remove the dielectric of a charged capacitor and then measure the voltage on the plates of the capacitor, we would find no voltage. Reinserting the dielectric and then measuring the plates, we would find the voltage that the capacitor had been charge to before we had removed the ‘The charge of the capacitor is actually 38 stored in the dielectric material. When the capacitor is discharged, the electric dipoles become re-oriented in a random fashion, discharging their stored energy. fy RV Feary ee cHARGED unchanceo CaPaciTOR capaciron Fig. 32— Appling a potential to a. capacitor causes dipoles in the dielectric to align with the applied potential. When the capacitor discharges the dipoles return to an unaligned, random order. When a capacitor is connected to a voltage source, it does not become fully charged instantaneously, but takes a definite amount of time. The time required for the capacitor to charge is determined by the size or capacity of the capacitor, and the resistor in series with the capacitor or its own internal series resistance. ‘This is called the RC time constant. Capacity in Farads multiplied by resistance in Ohms equals the RC time constant in seconds. The curve of the charge of the capacitor is the RC charge curve, 100 Percent of charge arc. onc apc 3RC ARCS. Fig. 33— Capacitors follow an RC charge time as they charge to the voltage applied to them. ‘The “Z METER 2” makes use of this charge curve to measure the capacity of a capacitor. By applying a pulsating DC voltage to the capacitor under test andmeasuring the time on its RC charge curve, the capacity of the capacitor can be determined very accurately. Paper and mica were the standard dielectric materials used in capacitors for years. Ceramic became popular due to its stability and controlled characteristics and lower cost over mica. Today, there are many dielectrics with different ratings and uses in capacitors. Plastic films of Polyester, Polycarbonate, Polystyrene, Polypropylene, and Polysulfone are used in many of the newer large value, small size capacitors. Each film has its own special characteristics and is chosen to be used in the circuit for this special feature. Some of the plastic films are also metalized by vacuum plating the film with a metal. ‘These are generally called self-healing type capacitors and should not be replaced with any other type. Ceramic dielectric is the most versatile of all. Many variations of capacity can be created by altering the ceramic material. Capacitors that increase, stay the same value, or decrease value with temperature changes can be made. If a ceramic disc is marked with alletter P such as P100, then the value of the capacitor will increase 100 parts per million per degree cen grado increase in temperature. If the capacitor is marked NPO or COG, then the value of capacity will remain constant with an increase in the temperature. Ceramic dise capacitors marked with an N such as 11500 will decrease in capacity as the temperature increases. The negative temperature coefficient. is important inemany circuits such as the tuned circuits of the radio and television IF, The temperature coef- ficient of an inductor is positive and the inductance will increase as the temperature rises. If the tuning a “10 a Fig. 34— Temperature change versus capacity change of P100 to N750 temperature compensated ceramic dise capacitors. 39 capacitor across the coil is a negative coefficient, then the net result will be a zero or very little change. 8 Fig. 35— Temperature change versus capacity change of N750 to N5600 temperature compensated ceramic disc capacitors. General type ceramic discs are often marked with such letters as Z5U, Z5F, Y6V, XBV, and so forth. This indicates the ‘type ‘of temperature curve for the particular capacitor. Ceramic capacitors that are not NPO or rated with N or P type characteristics will have wider temperature variations and can vary both positive and negative with temperature changes. The ‘Z5U probably has the greatest change and will only be found in non-critical applications such as BY power supply decoupling. These type of capacitors should not be used in critical applications such as oscillator and timing circuit ‘A coramic capacitor marked GMV means that the value marked on the capacitor is the Guaranteed ‘Minimum Value of capacity at room temperature. The actual value of the capacitor can be much higher. This type of capacitor is used in bypass applications where the actual value of capacity is not critical. Ceramic capacitors have been the most popular capacitors in electronics because of the versatility of the different temperature coefficients and the cost. When replacing a ceramic disc capacitor, be sure to replace the defective capacitor with one having the same characteristics and voltage rating. ‘The aluminum electrolytic capacitor or “Lytic” is a very popular component. A large value capacity in a small case can be obtained quite easily. The aluminum lytic is used in power supply filtering, audio and video coupling and in bypass applications. Anywhere a large value of capacity is required with a small space availability, the lytic fits right in,% CAPACITANCE CHANGE TEMPERATURE °C see TEMPERATURE °C CAPACITANCE CHANGE ® TEMPERATURE °C Se CAPACITANCE CHANGE perature capacitors. ‘The aluminum lytic is made by using a pure aluminum foil wound with a paper soaked in a liquid electrolyte, ‘When a voltage is applied to the combination, a thin layer of oxide film forms on the pure aluminum forming the dielectric. As long as the electrolyte remains liquid, the capacitor is good or can be reformed after sitting for a while. When the electrolyte drys out the leakage goes up and the capacitor loses capacity. This can happen to aluminum lytics just sitting on the shelf. When an aluminum lytic starts drying out, the capacitor begins to show dielectric sorption. ‘The tantalum electrolytic capacitor is becoming very popular too. When it first appeared, the tantalum lytic was very high in cost compared to the aluminum lytic, but mass production technology has made the tantalum lytic comparable in cost with the aluminum lytic. While the leakage in the aluminum lytic is very high due to the nature of its construction, leakage in tantalum capacitors is very low. In addition, tantalum capacitors ean be constructed with much tighter tolerances than the aluminum lytic. ‘The tantalum is much smaller in size for the same capacity and working ‘voltage than an aluminum lytic. ‘Tantalum lytics have become very popular in timing circuits and for critical coupling where high capacity is required with low leakage. The capacity of the tantalum lytic is limited and for extremely large values of capacity for power supply filtering, the aluminum lytic is sil the fist oie. STABLE TYPES compensated ceramic 40 ee SEMI-STABLE TYPES GENERAL PURPOSE TYPES Temperature chan; versus capacity change dise $ ¥ 4 wa / / / Fig. 37— The tantalum lytic on the right is much ‘smaller in physical size than an aluminum lytic of ‘similar capacity and working voltage. ‘There are many different types of capacitors, using different types of dielectrics, each with its own best capability. When replacing capacitors, it is best to replace with a capacitor having not only the same capacity and tolerance, but the same type of dielectric and temperature characteristics as well. This will insure of continued performance equal to the original. ‘The “Z METER 2” will measure leakage in the dielectric of a capacitor and will also show dielectric absorption. The DC leakage is measured in two rangeswith the value displayed on the digital readout in microamps. Dielectric absorption will show up mostly inlyties as a changing capacitor value. If the capacitor is checked for leakage and then checked for value, the meter will show a lower value capacitor at first that slowly increases upward. This indicates that the electric dipoles in the dielectric are resisting the discharge of the capacitor and remaining polarized in the dielectric, This dielectric absorption is sometimes called capacitor memory. It can also be referred to as battery action of a capacitor. What is actually happening is that the small voltage from the dielectric absorption is changing the RC charge curve and making the meter see a smaller value of capacitor. As the test continues, the dielectric charge or memory is slowly dissipated in the charge and recharge of the capacitor. This increases the length of the RC charge curve and allows ‘the meter to read a higher and higher value capacitor. Dielectric absorption will not normally show up in film ‘or ceramic capacitors, but if the “'Z METER 2” test does indicate dielectric absorption the capacitor is a suspect. Dielectric absorption in these capacitors will generally be associated with a high leakage as well. Capacitors can change value. On some multi-layer foil capacitors, poor welding or soldering of the foil to the leads can cause an open to one of the foils to develop due to stress of voltage or temperature, This can result in a loss of almost onehalf of the capacitors marked capacity. Ceramic dise capacitors can also change value due to fissures or cracks, Small fissures or cracks in the ceramic insulating material can be created by ‘thermal stress from exposure to heat and cold. Sometimes very small fissures develop which do not effect the capacitor until much later. The crack will reduce the capacitor to a smaller value. Although the ‘ceramic is still connected to the leads, the actual value of capacity could be a very small portion of the original value depending upon where the crack occurs. The “Z METER 2” will let you know what the value of the capacitor is regardless of its marked value. X orale ao ci sae A\ * P| rem Fig. 38— A ceramic disc is made of a silver coated ceramic dielectric which is coated with a protective coating. Large cracks or fissures in the dielectric may develop which change the capacitance value. a SS Foren == = Fig. 39— A break in one of the foil connections to the lead of a multi-layer foil capacitor can reduce the capacity value. ‘Another problem which develops in capacitors is high Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR). All capacitors have a certain amount of ESR. Sources that contribute to ESR include lead resistance, dissipation in the dielectric material, and foil resistance. Small, non- electrolytic capacitors should have extremely’ small amounts of ESR. An electrolytic capacitor which has ‘excessive ESR will develop internal heat which greatly reduces the life of the capacitor. In addition, ESR changes the impedance of the capacitor in circuit since ithas the same effect as adding an external resistor in series with the component.Dipped Tantalum Capacitors ‘Sairenee® ‘Black 4 0 0 =, — z 7 7 Polarity 10 2 2 | = “Yellow 20 a 4 10,000 Bia = é 6 | 000,000 50 7 7 ~~ | 10,000,000 Gray a 8 8 — ~ White 3 9 9 = Ceramic Disc Capacitors Tolerance “Working, Voltage ‘Temperature Range *IENo Voltage Mi Generally 500 VDC , ‘Typical Ceramic Disc Capacitor Markings Motor 6 F 1 o o 43 Tae ind Letter Fig.of Letter Symbol Capacitance |Mutipior symbol a 1 8 10 c 300 25% 4 D 4,000 210% rs E 101000 220% M F 100,000 +100%,-0% | P P Fe0%,/20% |Z a 8 1 t 4 oan) sea | uv F2en/o% | Vv Capacity Value and Tolerance of ‘Temperature Range Identification of Ceramic Disc Capacitors. 42 ‘Ceramic Disc CapacitorsFilm Type Capacitors ramic Feed Through Capacitors fins ovait Moti ZA) orvawue 52k Tolerance ea ‘SECOND DIGIT I~] Significant f 1st hy? Tempera OF VALUE ln figure mai” S coefficiont mucruier |} } I Tolerance fg 100 Sree Temperature Black 1| apr | 20%/o MULTIPLIER TOLERANCE OF CAPACITOR _ 10 | 0.1 pF 1% | N30 a mea | 2 | ol — | 2m] neo Amber | munpter | cover | ropeertess [overrone Grange | § | 1000) = [2am |Nteo 0 + | 8 | 20tpF veiow | 2 | vo000) — | — |rea 1 10 c (+ .25pF Green 5 - ‘Spr 5% | N330 2 10 | ov £05pF on 3s} 2} oD = nero 3 | 1000 | & | stopr |e 1% Ge: | 9] = | = f= pts 4 | 1000 | ¢ | s20pF | « 2% gore | coor foaeser | — Joo : Wile | 8 | S08" PSE | soi | ao to 5 | r00000 | H © | = 3% etna) M006 s90UAN 5 i 5000-20 0AN) 8 oot | xk = 10% =) = =a Sher | =] | = | | Bppts or couping 9 04 M +£20% Taunies "Sa 18100 = 15009 or a01SUF, = 10% Webs tows Spre ee eter “A may be uted at ne 1 sgnly 2 decal Cana = 2agraruhy Postage Stamp Mica Capacitors , Fit Mia capac Back Signtcant Toleance Vonage ; Sita fier m ” (AWS paper capacitors: i “olor Figure Multiplier (%6) Rating silver) Second “ io = er 9 setext ies —— Black 0 i]. | = 339 prow ‘ oli | 2 ied z To} ] a T peda Orange | 3 sooo | 3 | 0 |_yohronen raat t saa} —} 00 AWS and AN fined epctors Green 3 woom |_| So (fm dtr rst ae = hia Bd vit 7 womco |? | too oo z “Bo. 908- |B] — 00 sooo we 3 0mn900000 | ¢_| _ Sin ae = of =r Stic fi 1 pecina bed i can io_|_ aes Second mat Rosse] I 3] 0 Sania figs Fi Etiam oon] [omen (Not silver | ‘significant figure sin mai votan ate | Cron 43,either ype toad Standard Button 1 aS a rs twoor | ansanaaeoors | smoot smoot enor Wdniior | Gaesiancein pF | Wutipior | Capasonee Top Tarance’ | charts iarwind i cor_| Sits arent _|Symnor a ea a zon | sow | $ | to a |e fed Z| 100 [ath ors TP Sors Grange | 5 | tooo | *%S"o8' | SF wore. PYetow | —2 +700 Ieenttvers | ron | omitted Faiue @ 20PPMFG. especrance fpectance| Vows | 5010500 /specitied to | Gray 8 spectoate VWinty | 3 | on 100 PPM tes cant | ed ox_| a _| terowsopr figures” | Siver zo | Radial or Ayial Lead Ceramic Capacitors (6 Dot or Band System) a ‘Temperature coefficient 5 Dot or Band Ceramic Capacitors (A First significant fi —BSecond: j-C-Decimal multiplier { D-Capacitance tolerance BOTSOR Fixed cermie capacitors, § dot or band system enn cootieant, ra Cac Color Code for Ceramic Capacitors sn | ane 10 on Capacitance | re,| caer] éawr|"ri9| ome | car | ortore | stor | come Tolerance astaand re fre | 3 | sow | s0s5r | 3 [Btwn ‘igniticant cover | 10pF | Temp. > >the be color | “Figure” |muttipier | 10pF | orLess | Coot. Now + [amektor +100%-0R Yalow Black ° 1 |=20% | 20 ° nes t leer | aasse *'SSe ere Brown 1 wo |e 1% N30. ta | Sie Hl pete ae Red 2 100 [= 2% Nao Orange 3 | 1000 N30 Nea | Mee * fivtle | Shope Dies" tte a= 7 - as Nowe | Yotaw [orang Groen 5 N30 wana | Green frag Blue 6 = 5%] o5pF | Na70 taico | Green freon a a § Nero ese. even Pe Gray 3 | oor 025pF | P30 = white 8 01 |st0%| 10pF | Ps00 ‘Tio | ory ‘Sis | ory [ass ‘usGLOSSARY Aging — operating a component or instrument at-con- ‘trolled conditions for time and temperature to screen out weak or defective units and, at the same time, stabilize the good units. ‘Anode — the positive electrode of a capacitor. Capacitance — the measure of the size of a capacitor. Usually expressed in microfarads and picofarads. Determined by the size of the plates, and the dielectric material. Capacitive reactance — the opposition to the flow of a pulsating DC voltage or AC voltage. Measured in ohms. ‘Capacitor — an electronic component consisting of two metal plates separated by a dielectric. Can store and release electrical energy, block the flow of DC current or filter out or bypass AC currents. Cathode — the negative electrode of a capacitor. Charge — the quantity of electrical energy stored or held in a capacitor. Clearing — the removal of a flaw or weak spot in the dielectric of a metalized capacitor. The stored energy in the capacitor vaporizes the material in the imme- diate vicinity of the flaw. Also called self-healing or self-clearing. COG — same as NPO. Very small capacity charge for large temperature changes. Coil — an inductor wound in a spiral or circular fashion. Can be wound on a form or without a form such as an air coil, CV. product — the capacitance of @ capacitor multiplied by its working voltage. Used when det mining the leakage allowable in electrolytic capacitors. ‘The CV product is also equal to the charge that a capacitor can store at its maximum voltage. Dielectric — the insulating or non-conducting material between the plates of a capacitor. Typical dielectries include air, impregnated paper, pasties ol, mica, and ceramic. Dielectric absorption — the measure of the reluctance of a capacitor to completely discharge. The charge that remains after a determined discharge time is expressed in a percentage of the original charge. Can also be called “Capacitor Memory” or “Battery Action” Dielectric constant — the ratio of capacitance between a capacitor having a dry air dielectric and the given material. A figure for determining the efficiency of a given dielectric material. The larger the dielectric con- stant, the greater the capacity with a given size plate. Disc capacitor — a small single layer ceramic capa- citor consisting of dise of ceramic insulator with silver deposited on both sides as the plate. The ceramic ‘material can be of different compositions to give dif- ferent temperature curves to the capacitor. jon factor (DF) — the ratio of the effective series resistance of a capacitor compared to its reactance at a given frequency, generally given in percent. Blectrolyte — a current conducting liquid or solid between the plates or electrodes of a capacitor with at, Teast one of th plates having an oxide or dielectric film. Electrolytic capacitor (aluminum) — a capacitor consisting of two conducting electrodes of pure aluminum, the anode having an oxide film which acts as the dielectric. The electrolyte separates the plates. Equivalent series resistance (BSR) — used in capacitor calculations. All internal series resistances of a capa- titor are lumped into one resistor and treated as one resistor at one point in the capacitor. the measure or unit of capacity. Too large for use and is generally measured in micro- farads or picofarads. Fissures — cracks in the ceramic dielectric material of dise capacitor, most often caused by thermal shock. ‘Some small fissures may not cause failure for a period of time until exposed to great thermal shock or mech: anical vibration for a period of time. Fixed capacitor —a capacitor designed with a specifie value of capacitance that cannot be changed. mick — a capacitor formed by two wires or other conducting materials twisted together or brought into close proximity of each other. GMV — Guaranteed Minimum Value. The smallest value this ceramic capacitor will have. Its value could be much higher. Henry — The unit of the measure of inductance. Also expressed in microhenry and millihenry. Inductor — a device consisting of one or more wind- ings with or without a magnetic material core or introducing inductance into a circuit. Inductance — the property of a coil or transformer which induces an electromagnetic force in that circuit or a neighboring circuit upon application of an alter- nating current. Inductive reactance — the opposition of an inductor to an alternating or pulsating current.Impedance — the total opposition of a circuit to the flow of an alternating or pulsating current. Insulation resistance — the ratio of the DC working voltage and the resulting leakage current through the dielectric. Generally a minimum value is specified, usually in the several thousand megohms range. Iron core — the central portion of a coil or transformer. Can be a powdered iron core as in small coils used in RF to the large iron sheets used in power transformers. Leakage current — stray direct current. flowing through the dielectric or around it in a capacitor when a voltage is applied to its terminals. Metalized capacitor — one in which a thin film of metal hhas been vacuum plated on the dielectric. When a breakdown occurs, the metal film around it immedi- ately burns away. Sometimes called a self-healing capacitor. Monolithic ceramic capacitor — a small capacitor made up of several layers of ceramic dielectric separated by precious metal electrodes. ‘Mutual inductance — the common property of two inductors whereby the induced voltage from one is induced into the other. The magnitude is dependent uponthe spacing, NPO — an ultra stable temperature coefficient in a ceramic disc capacitor. Derived from “negative- positive-zero”. Does not change capacity with ‘temperature changes. Padder — a high capacity variable capacitor placed in series with a fixed capacitor to vary the total capacity of the cireuit by a small amount. Power factor — the ratio of the effective resistance of a capacitor to its impedance. Reactance — the opposition of a capacitor or inductor to the flow of an AC current or a pulsating DC current, Self-healing — term used with metalized foil capacitors Solid tantalum capacitor — an electrolytic capacitor with a solid tantalum electrolyte instead of a liquid. Also called a solid electrolyte tantalum capacitor. Surge voltage — the maximum safe voltage in peaks to which @ capacitor can be subjected to and remain within the operating specifications. This is not the working voltage of the capacitor. Temperature coefficient (TC) — the changes in capacity per degree change in temperature. It can be positive, negative, or zero. Expressed in parts per million per degree centigrade for linear types. For non- linear types, it is expressed as a percent’ of room temperature. 47 ‘Time constant — the number of seconds required for a capacitor to reach 63.2% of its full charge after a voltage is applied. The time constant is the capacity in farads times the resistance in ohms is equal to seconds (T=RO), ‘Trimmer — a low value variable capacitor placed in parallel with a fixed capacitor of higher value so that the total capacity of the circuit may be adjusted to a given value. Variable capacitor — a capacitor that can be changed in value by varying the distance between the plates or the useful area of its plates. ‘Voltage rating — soe working voltage. Wet (slug) tantalum capacitor — an electrolytic capacitor having a liquid cathode. ‘Working voltage — the maximum DC voltage that can bbe applied to a capacitor for continuous operation at the maximum rated temperature.Notes CAMTEK ELECTRONICS 6027 Tupelo Citrus Heights, CA 95621 (16) 721-5071 48SERVICE & WARRANTY Warranty Your Sencore instrument has beon built to the highest quality standards inthe industry. Each unit has beon tested, aged Lndor power for atleast 24 hours, and then retested on every function and range to insure i met ll published specifications fatter aging. Your instrument le fully portected with a 1 year warranty and Sencore's exclusive 100% Made Right Lifetime Guarantee in the unlikely event a manulacturing detect ls missed by th this booklet thoroughly, and keep itn a safe place so you can review itt questions ariee lt Service ‘The Soncore Factory Service Department provides all in or outotwarranty service and complete recalibration services for Sencore Instruments. NO LOCAL SERVICE CENTERS ARE AUTHORIZED TO REPAIR SENCORE INSTRUMENTS. Factory service assures you of the highest quality work, the atest circuit improvements, and the fastst turnaround time possible because every technician specializes In Sencore instruments. Sencore's Service Departmant can usualy reper your instrument and return it to you Taster than a local faciity ‘sercing many brands of instruments, even when shipping time is included YOUDO NOT NEED AUTHORIZATION TO RETURN AN INSTRUMENT TO SENCORE FOR SERVICE. Be sure you include your name and ‘acéeess along with a deseription ofthe symptoms I It should ever be necessary to return your Instrument. Ship your instrument by Unit Parcel Service or alr teight f possible. Use parcel post only when absolutely necetsay, [BE SURE THE INSTRUMENT IS PROPERLY PACKED. Uso tho original shipping carton and al packing inserts whenover possible. the ‘xigial packing material's not avalebe, make certain the unit is properly packed ina sturdy box with shockebsorbing material on ‘des, Sencore suggests insuring the inctrument forts ful value in casei lost or damaged in shipment. ‘A separate schematic and pars lists included f you wish to repair your own instrument. Pars may be ordered directly rom the Factory Serie Department. Any parts not shown in the parts list may be ordered by description, Maintonance Instuctions and ckcult

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