CHAPTER I

DESIGN OBJECTIVE

The review of the yet to be upgraded facility have been undertaken to

suggest a design efficient than the existing facility sustainable to satisfy the
demands of the upcoming generations. The specific objectives are as follows:

1 . To design a filter to remove or reduce the concentration of organic

and inorganic compounds

2. To capture and incorporate suspended and non settle able colloids by the
filter media

1
 CHAPTER 2

SCOPE OF PROJECT

The scope of the yet to be upgraded facility dealing with the area of relevant
interest which is related to the design project are discussed below in line with the
clear insight of the opportunity of the subject. The design scope is as follows:

a. Due to the perpetual cycle of drought and rainfall, prevailing in parts

of India especially in Tamil Nadu it is having adverse effects on the
ground water level that is water that wasted in the form of surface
run-off and this little amount of fresh water left are squash by
industries.
b. The Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board at
Koyambedu currently treats water up to a certain level were 25% is
useful whereas the remaining 75% is taken to the deep sea. Hence,
the yet to be upgraded plant is capable of treating the raw sewage up
to industrial standards, so that rather than draining into the sea the
water can be of good use.

2
 CHAPTER 3

`INTRODUCTION

3.1 GENERAL

Over the past few decades enormous quantities of industrial pollutants have been
released into the environment. Due to high releases of wide variety of pollutants
there has been increase in number of environment related problems. These
xenobiotic compounds are usually removed slowly and tend to accumulate in the
environment. Due to the high degree of toxicity, their accumulation can cause
severe environmental problems. With increasing public concern about deteriorating
environment water quality, stringent regulations are being enforced to control
pollutants. Filtration is one of the most important treatment processes used in water
and wastewater treatment. In water treatment, it is used to purify the surface water
for potable use whereas in wastewater treatment, the main purpose of filtration is
to produce effluent of high quality so that it can be reused for various purposes.
Originally, biofilter was developed using rock or slag as filter media, however at
present, several types and shapes of plastic media are also used. There are a
number of small package treatment plants with different brand names currently
available in the market in which different shaped plastic materials are packed as
filter media and are mainly used for treating small amount of wastewater (e.g. from
household or hotel). Irrespective of its different names usually given based on
operational mode, the basic principle in a biofilter is the same: biodegradations of
pollutants by the micro-organisms attached onto the filter media.

The mechanisms by which microorganisms can attach and colonize on the surface
of the filter media of a biofilter are transportation of microorganisms, initial

3
adhesion, firm attachment and colonization. The transportation of microorganisms
to the surface of the filter media is further controlled by four main processes:
Diffusion (Brownian motion), convection, sedimentation due to gravity, and active
mobility of the microorganisms. The following parameters are taken into
consideration to estimate the attachment of microorganisms on the surface of the
filter media: The steric effect, hydrophobicity of the microorganisms, contact
angle, and electrophoretic mobility values.

Because of its wide range of application, many studies have been done on
biofiltration system in last few decades. However, theoretically it is still difficult to
explain the behavior of a biofilter. The growth of different types of
microorganisms in different working conditions makes it impossible to generalize
the microbial activities in a biofilter. The biofilters operated at different filtration
rates and influent characteristics can have diverse efficiency for different target
pollutants. Besides, due to some of the operational drawbacks of the biofilter such
as performance fluctuation, maintenance of biomass, and disinfection adequacy of
the biofilter effluent, research on biofiltration process has become imperative.
Biofilter has successfully been used as a trickling filter for the domestic
wastewater treatment. It can be used with and without other biological treatment
processes depending on the characteristics of the influent, and the effluent quality
requirement . The rock, slag or plastic materials are used as the trickling biofilter
media. The application options of trickling biofilter vary with the treatment
objectives, the media type, and the nature of the other treatment units in the
process train. It can be used for roughing, carbon oxidation, combined carbon
oxidation and nitrification with different arrangements of two or more biofilters
units.

4
3.2 WASTEWATER TREATMENT

The principal objective of wastewater treatment is generally to allow human

and industrial effluents to be disposed of without danger to human health or
unacceptable damage to the natural environment. Irrigation with wastewater is both
disposal and utilization and indeed is an effective form of wastewater disposal (as
in slow-rate land treatment). However, some degree of treatment must normally be
provided to raw municipal wastewater before it can be used for agricultural or
landscape irrigation or for aquaculture. The quality of treated effluent used in
agriculture has a great influence on the operation and performance of the
wastewater-soil-plant or aquaculture system. In the case of irrigation, the required
quality of effluent will depend on the crop or crops to irrigate the soil conditions
and the system of effluent distribution adopted. Through crop restriction and
selection of irrigation system minimizes health risk; the degree of pre-application
wastewater treatment as to reduce. A similar approach is not feasible in
aquaculture systems and more reliance will have to place on control through
wastewater treatment.

The most appropriate wastewater treatment to apply before effluent use in

agriculture is that which will produce an effluent meeting the recommended
microbiological and chemical quality guidelines both at low cost and with minimal
operational and maintenance requirements (Arar 1988). Adopting as low a level of
treatment as possible is especially desirable in developing countries, not only from
the point of view of cost but also in acknowledgement of the difficulty of operating
complex systems reliably. In many locations, it will be better to design the reuse
system to accept a low-grade of effluent rather than to rely on advanced treatment
processes producing a reclaimed effluent, which continuously meets a stringent
quality standard.

5
BECA WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT, NEW ZEALAND.

6
Nevertheless, there are locations where a higher-grade effluent will be necessary
and it is essential that information on the performance of a wide range of
wastewater treatment technology should be available. The design of wastewater
treatment plants usually based on the need to reduce organic and suspended solids
loads to limit pollution of the environment. Pathogen removal has considerate
effect on objective but, for reuse of effluents in agriculture, this must now be of
primary concern and processes should be as selective and designed accordingly
(Hillman 1988). Treatment to remove wastewater constituents that may be toxic or
harmful to crops, aquatic plants (macrophytes) and fish is technically possible but
is not normally economically feasible.

7
3.3 PROCESS STYLE

Conventional wastewater treatment consists of a combination of physical,

chemical, and biological processes and operations to remove solids, organic matter
and, sometimes, nutrients from wastewater. General terms used to describe
different degrees of treatment, in order of increasing treatment level, are
preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary and/or advanced wastewater
treatment. In some countries, disinfection to remove pathogens sometimes follows
the last treatment step.

The objective of preliminary treatment is the removal of coarse solids and

other large materials often found in raw wastewater. Removal of these materials is
necessary to enhance the operation and maintenance of subsequent treatment units.
Preliminary treatment operations typically include coarse screening, grit removal
and in some cases, combination of large objects. In grit chambers, the velocity of
the water through the chamber is maintained sufficiently high, or air is used, so to
prevent the settling of most organic solids. Grit removal is not included as a
preliminary treatment step in most small wastewater treatment plants.
Comminutors as sometimes adopted to supplement coarse screening and serve to
reduce the size of large particles so that they will remove the form of sludge in
subsequent treatment processes. Flow measurement devices, often standing-wave
flumes, are always included at the preliminary treatment stage.

The objective of primary treatment is the removal of settle-able organic and

inorganic solids by sedimentation, and the removal of materials that will float
(scum) by skimming. Approximately 25 to 50% of the incoming biochemical

8
oxygen demand (BOD5), 50 to 70% of the total suspended solids (SS), and 65% of
the oil and grease as removed during primary treatment. Some organic nitrogen,
organic phosphorus, and heavy metals associated with solids removed during
primary sedimentation but colloidal and dissolved constituents are not affected.
The effluent from primary sedimentation units referred to as primary
effluent. Primary sedimentation tanks or clarifiers may be round or rectangular
basins, typically 3 to 5 m deep, with hydraulic retention time between 2 and 3
hours. Settled solids (primary sludge), normally removed from the bottom of tanks
by sludge rakes that scrape the sludge to a central well from which it has pumped
to sludge processing units. Scum swept across the tank surface by water jets or
mechanical means from which it has also pumped to sludge processing units.

The objective of secondary treatment is the further treatment of the effluent

from primary treatment to remove the residual organics and suspended solids. In
most cases, secondary treatment follows primary treatment and involves the
removal of biodegradable dissolved and colloidal organic matter using aerobic
biological treatment processes. Aerobic biological treatment performed in the
presence of oxygen by aerobic microorganisms (principally bacteria) that
metabolize the organic matter in the wastewater, thereby producing more
microorganisms and inorganic products (principally CO2, NH3, and H2O). Several
aerobic biological processes used for secondary treatment differing primarily in the
manner in which, oxygen supplied to the microorganisms and in the rate at which
organisms metabolize the organic matter.

9
3.3.1 Primary Clarifier :

Primary treatment removes material that will either float or readily settle out
by gravity. It includes the physical processes of screening, comminution, grit
removal, and sedimentation. Screens are made of long, closely spaced, narrow
metal bars. They block floating debris such as wood, rags, and other bulky
objects that could clog pipes or pumps. In modern plants the screens are
cleaned mechanically, and the material is promptly disposed of by burial on the
plant grounds. A comminutor may be used to grind and shred debris that passes
through the screens. The shredded material is removed later by sedimentation or
flotation processes. Grit chambers are long narrow tanks that are designed to slow
down the flow so that solids such as sand, coffee grounds, and eggshells will settle
out of the water. Grit causes excessive wear and tear on pumps and other plant
equipment. Its removal is particularly important in cities with combined sewer
systems, which carry a good deal of silt, sand, and gravel that wash off streets or
land during a storm.

10
3.3.2. Trickling Filters

A trickling filter or bio-filter consists of a basin or tower filled with support

media such as stones, plastic shapes, or wooden slats. Wastewater applied
intermittently, or sometimes continuously, over the media. Tertiary and/or
advanced wastewater treatment as employed when specific wastewater constituents
cannot achieve by secondary treatment must be as removed.

11
Microorganisms attached to the media, form a biological layer or fixed film.
Organic matter in the wastewater diffuses into the film, where it as metabolized.
Oxygen is normally supplied to the film by the natural flow of air either up or
down through the media, depending on the relative temperatures of the wastewater
and ambient air. Forced air can also be as supplied by blowers but this is rarely
necessary. The thickness of the biofilm increases as new organisms grow.
Periodically, portions of the film 'slough off the media. The sloughed material
separated from the liquid in a secondary clarifier and discharged to sludge
processing. Clarified liquid from the secondary clarifier is the secondary effluent
and a portion is often recycled to the bio filter to improve hydraulic distribution of
the wastewater over the filter.

Tertiary and/or advanced wastewater treatment as employed when specific

wastewater constituents cannot achieve by secondary treatment must be as
removed.

12
3.3.3. UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET PROCESS

UASB are constructed out of concrete or another watertight material and can be
designed in a circular or rectangular way. Wastewater is pumped from the bottom
into the reactor where influent suspended solids and bacterial activity and
growth lead to the formation of sludge. The sludge blanket is comprised of
microbial granules (1 to 3 mm in diameter), i.e., small agglomerations
of microorganisms that, because of their weight, resist being washed out in the up
flow. The microorganisms in the sludge layer degrade organic compounds. As a
result, gases (methane and carbon dioxide i.e. biogas) are released. The rising
bubbles mix the sludge without the assistance of any mechanical parts. Upstream
velocity and settling speed of the sludge is in equilibrium and forms a locally
rather stable, but suspended sludge blanket. Sloped walls deflect material that
reaches the top of the tank downwards. The clarified effluent is extracted from the
top of the tank in an area above the sloped walls. A gas-liquid-solids separator
(GLSS) separates the gas from the treated wastewater and the sludge. After several
weeks of use, larger granules of sludge form which, in turn, act as filters for
smaller particles as the effluent rises through the cushion of sludge. Because of the
up flow regime, granule-forming organisms are preferentially accumulated as the
others are washed out. Fortunately, these bacteria are also more efficient
for biogas production than flocculated biomass.

13
14
3.3.4. Secondary Clarifier :

Secondary treatment removes the soluble organic matter that escapes primary
treatment. It also removes more of the suspended solids. Removal is usually
accomplished by biological processes in which microbes consume the organic
impurities as food, converting them into carbon dioxide, water, and energy for their
own growth and reproduction. The sewage treatment plant provides a suitable
environment, albeit of steel and concrete, for this natural biological process.
Removal of soluble organic matter at the treatment plant helps to protect the
dissolved oxygen balance of a receiving stream, river, or lake.

15
 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

Collection of Data

 Population of the  Over flow rate

colony  Influent BOD and
 Per Capita Demand COD in Sewage
of Water  Volatile Suspended
 Total Suspended Solids
Solids

Plan

Design

 Primary Clarifier  Trickling Filter

 Secondary Clarifier  Rotary Distributor
 Upflow Anaerobic
 Design of Arms
Sludge Blanket
Reactor

Analysis

Conclusion

16
 CHAPTER 5

DESIGN OF COMPONENTS

5.1. CALCULATION OF INFLUENT SEWAGE:

TO FIND :

• Population Forecasting

• Calculation of Rate of flow of Sewage

SOLUTION:

5.1.1. POPULATION FORECASTING:

The trend based methods assume that population growth follows natural laws,
therefore, can be expressed in mathematical or graphical form.
Basically, population is forecast by examining and projecting past trends into the
future.

17
Pn = P0 + nx

Pn = Population in nth year

Po = Initial population

n = Number of years

x = Average increment

From the table, population in 2010 = 7350

Pn = 7350 + (10×702.8)

P2020 = 14378

5.1.2. RATE OF FLOW OF SEWAGE:

From Metcalf & Eddy’s waste water engineering,

Water demand per capita = 135litres/day

Assume 80% of water supply turns into sewage

Rate of sewage per capita per day

= ×135

=108 litres/capita/day

Sewage supply for a colony = 14378×108

= 1.55×106lit/day

18
5.2. DESIGN OF PRIMARY CLARIFIER:

Primary treatment. Suspended solids that pass through screens and grit chambers
are removed from the sewage in sedimentation tanks in wastewater treatment.
These tanks, also called primary clarifiers, provide about two hours of detention
time for gravity settling to take place.

• Quantity of sewage = 1.55ML/D

Assume detention period as 2 hours

• Capacity of tank = Quantity of Sewage per day

× Detention period

= × 2 = 0.13ML

= 130 m3

• Now assuming flow velocity through the tank as 0.1 m/min

• Length of the tank = flow velocity × detention period

• Length of tank = 0.1 × (2×60)

= 12 m

• Cross-section area of tank

= 10.8 m2

19
 • Assuming overflow rate as 40,000 litres/m2/day

• To find Width:

= Overflow rate

B=

B =3.2m

• To find depth:

d=

d=

d = 3.4m

Dimensions of primary Clarifier = 12m×3.2m×3.4m

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

DATA:

Tank size 12m x 3.2 m x3.4m

Material used: M25 concrete & fe415 steel

SOLUTION:

STEP 1 - PERMISSIBLE STRESS

Direct tensile stress of concrete (∂ct) = 1.3N/mm2

Direct tensile stress of steel (∂st) = 130N/mm2

20
Bending stress of concrete (∂cbc) = 8.5N/mm2

(Values taken from IS3370 (part-1): 2009)

Modular ratio =

= 10.98

n =

= 0.417

j = 1–

=1-

= 0.86

Q = 0.5 X ∂cbc x n

= 0.5 x 8.5 x 0.417 x 0.86

= 1.54

21
STEP 2 - MOMENT IN SIDE WALL

L/B = 12/3.2

= 3.75 > 2 (cantilever slab)

Water pressure from 1 m bottom, P = W(H-h)

= 10(3.4-1)

= 24 kN/mm2

FIXED END MOMENTS

@ 12m =

= 24 X 122/ 12

= 288 kNm

@ 3.2m = PL2/12

= 24 X 3.22/12

= 20.48 kNm

AT CENTER:

12m span = PL2/8

= 24 x 122 / 8

= 432 kNm

3.2m span = PL2/8

= 24 X 3.22 / 12

= 30.72 kNm

22
STIFFNESS RATIO:

K = I/L

= I/L1 + 1/L2

∑K = I/12 + 1/3.2

∑K = 0.40 I

K = 1I - 0.0612I

= 0.60I (long wall)

Moment at support = 373.3 kNm

Moment @center = 63845-373.3

= 63471.7 kNm

Moment @center = 500 -373.3

= 126.7 kNm

STEP 3 - DESIGN OF LONG & SHORT WALL

For long wall:

Maximum moment = 384.86 kNm

t=

= 540 m

23
Direct tension in long wall T = PL /2

= 24 X 12 / 2

= 144 KN

Ast = +

Where, x = 255m

T = 144 X 1.5

= 216 KN

∂st = 130 N/mm2

Ast = +

= 6749mm2

Provide 20mm diameter bar @ 40mm c/c

For short wall:

T = PL/2

= 24 X 3.4 /2

= 61.2 kN

∂st = 130N/mm2

Ast = +

= 6748 mm2

Provide 20mm diameter bar @ 40mm c/c

24
STEP 4 - STEEL FOR CANTILEVER MOMENT

Cantilever moment =

= 5.67 kNm

Ast =

= 94mm2

Provide 10mm diameter bar @ 830mm c/c

STEP 5 - REINFORCEMENT FOR SLAB

Thickness = 540mm

Ast = 0.3% x 1000 x 530

= 1620mm2

Provide 10 mm bar @ 40mmc/c

5.3. DESIGN OF TRICKLING FILTER:

TO FIND :

• Calculation of Dimensions of Filter

• Design of Rotary Distributor

• Check for velocity

• Design of Arms

25
5.3.1. CALCULATION OF DIMENSION OF FILTER:

• Assume BOD in sewage = 300 mg/litre

• Total BOD present in Sewage

= Discharge × BOD content

= (1.55×106)×(300×10-6)

= 465kg

• Volume Of Filter =

= 2557.5 m3

Assume Depth =3m

Surface area of filter = 852.5m2

Diameter of the filter =

= 33m

5.3.2. DESIGN OF ROTARY DISTRIBUTOR:

Peak flow = 2.25× Avg.Flow

= 2.25× 1.55× 106

= 3.5×106 litres/day

26
 =

= 0.04m3/sec

Assuming Velocity of peak flow is 2 m/s through centre of distributor

Diameter of central column

of rotary distributor =

= = 0.16m/s

5.3.3. CHECK FOR VELOCITY:

Rate of sewage flow = 1.55 Ml/day

Rate of sewage flow =

= 0.018 m3/sec

Velocity at average flow =

= 0.9 m/sec

Velocity should be greater than 1 m/s, hence reduce the diameter to 0.15m

Velocity =

= 1.02 m/s > 1 m/s

27
 Hence safe.

Velocity at peak flow =

= 2.26 m/s

Central column Diameter = 0.15m

5.3.4. DESIGN OF ARMS:

Let the number of arms be 4

Discharge per arm =

= 0.01m3\s

Diameter of Filter used = 33m

• Arm length = Radius –Free space

= 16.5 -1

= 15.5m

We can use each arm of 15.5m length with its size reducing from centre to the end.

Let us take first two sections of 5m length and the third section of 5.5m length.

Allowing 0.3m diameter in the centre to be used for central column, we can
calculate area of each section.

28
 • Area of section 1, A1 = (r22-r12)

= (5.152-0.152)

= 83.25m2

• Area of section 2,A2 = (10.152-5.152)

= 240.21m2

• Area of section 3, A3 = (16.52-10.152)

= 531.37m2

• Total area of the filter = (16.52-0.152) =854.79m2

• Proportionate areas:

Section 1 =

= 10%

Section 2 =

= 28%

Section 3 =

= 62%

29
5.3.4.1. DESIGN OF FIRST SECTION :

Discharge = 0.01m3

Assuming velocity through the arm as 1.2m\s

Diameter =

= 0.1metre

= 100mm

5.3.4.2. DESIGN OF SECOND SECTION:

Discharge = %Area × Discharge per Arm

= × 0.01

= 0.009m3\s

Diameter =

= 0.098m

= 98mm

5.3.4.3. DESIGN OF THIRD SECTION:

Discharge = × 0.01

= 0.0062m3\s

30
Diameter =

= 0.081m

= 81mm

5.3.4.4. DESIGN OF ORIFICE

Total discharge through each arm = 0.05m3/sec

Take 10mm diameter orifice, provide co-efficient of discharge Cd = 0.65

Take water head causing flow as 1.5m

Discharge = Cd.A.√2gh

= 0.65 x π/4 x (0.01)2 X √ 2 x 9.81 x 1.5

= 2.76 x 10-4 m3/sec

Total number of orifice through each arm = total discharge through arm

Discharge through each orifice

= 0.04/2.768 X 10-4 = 145

No. of orifice in 1st section = 10/100 x 145

= 15

No. of orifice in 2nd section = 28/100 x 145

= 41

No. of orifice in 3rdsection = 62/100 x145

= 90

Spacing of orifice can be

31
1st section, 15no’s in 5m length = 5/15

= 0.33 m c/c

2ndsection, 41no’s of 5m length = 5/41

= 0.12 mc/c

3rd section, 90no’s 5.5m length = 5.5/90

= 0.06 m c/c

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

DATA:

Tank size 33m diameter & depth 3m

Material used = M20 concrete & Fe415 Steel

SOLUTION:

STEP 1 - PERMISSIBLE STRESS

Direct tensile stress of concrete (∂ct) =1.3N/mm2

Direct tensile stress of steel (∂st) =130N/mm2

Bending stress of concrete (∂cbc) =8.5N/mm2

(Values taken from IS3370 (part-1): 2009)

Modular ratio =

32
 = 10.98

n =

= 0.417

j= 1–

= 1-

= 0.86

Q = 0.5 X ∂cbc x n

= 0.5 x 8.5 x 0.417 x 0.86

= 1.54

STEP 2 - BENDING MOMENT, RING TENSION & SHEAR

= 1.512

0.6H = O.6 X 3

= 1.8

Ring tension coefficient = 0.210

*Shear coefficient = 0.307

*Moment coefficient = 0.0113

1. Max. BM = BM constant x WH3

= 0.0113 X 10 X 33 = 3.051 kNm

33
2. Max. ring tension = constant x WHD/2

= 0.210X (10 X 3 X 16.5)

= 103.95kNm

3. Max. shear = constant x WH2

= 0.307 X 10 X 32

= 27.63kN

STEP 3 - STEEL FOR HOOP TENSION

Ast = T /∂st

= 103.95 x 103 / 130

=799.6mm2

Provide 20mm diameter bar @ 390mm c/c

STEP 4 - CHECK FOR THICKNESS OF WALL

t = 72mm <160mm

Hence safe

STEP 5 - STEEL FOR BM

Ast =

34
 =

= 227mm2

Provide 12mm diameter bar @ 490mm c/c

STEP 6-STEEL FOR VERTICAL REINFORCEMENT

Ast = 0.3 % x 1000 x 120

= 360 mm2

Provide 10mm diameter bar @ 200mm

STEP7 –DESIGNFOR BASE SLAB

Ast = 0.3 % x 1000 x 120

= 360mm2

Top and bottom provide in each face = 360/2

= 180mm2

Provide 8mm diameter bar

Spacing = x 1000

= 260mm

Provide 8mm diameter bar @ 260mm c/c

STEP8-CHECK FOR SHEAR:

Ʈv =

= 0.27N/mm2 < Ʈc max

35
5.4. DESIGN OF UPFLOW ANAEROBIC SLUDGE BLANKET
PROCESS

Parameters to be Designed,

• Volume of reactor

• Length of reactor

• Width of reactor

• Sludge production

• Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT)

• Solid Retention Time (SRT)

• From Metcalf and Eddy,

The following data are considered

• Influent BOD = 320mg/L

• Influent COD = 850mg/L

• Influent TSS = 400mg/L

• Influent VSS = 300mg/L

5.4.1. DETERMINATION OF BOD REMOVAL:

The amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to decompose the

organic matter in a sample of water, such as that polluted by sewage. It is used as a
measure of the degree of water pollution. Also called biological oxygen demand.

Assuming 80% BOD removal efficiency of system

Effluent BOD = (1-0.8)×320mg/L

= 64mg/L
36
 BOD removed = 0.8×320mg/L

= 256mg/L

= 256×1.55kg/day

= 384kg/day

5.4.2. COMPUTE COD APPLIED:

The amount of oxygen required by aerobic micro organisms to decompose both

organic matter and inorganic matter in a sample of water, such as that polluted by
sewage. It is also measured as a degree of water pollution. This is known as
Chemical oxygen demand.

COD applied = Influent BOD ⨉ Avg. flow

= 850⨉1.55 kg/day

= 1317.5 kg/day

5.4.3. DETERMINE THE TOTAL SLUDGE PRODUCTION:

TSS:

Total suspended solids (TSS) is the dry-weight of particles trapped by a filter. It is

a water quality parameter used for example to assess the quality of wastewater
after treatment in a wastewater treatment plant.

VSS:

Volatile suspended solids is a water quality measure obtained from the loss on
ignition of total suspended solids.

37
DS:

“Dissolved solids" refer to any minerals, salts, metals, cations or anions dissolved
in water. Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts (principally
calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulphates)
and some small amounts of organic matter that are dissolved in water.

FS:

The "Fixed Solids" is the term applied to the residue of any one of the following
"Total Solids", "Total Suspended Solids", or "Total Dissolved Solids" after
igniting at 500 ± 50ºC while the weight lost after ignition is the "Volatile Solids".

Sludge production = new VSS produced in BOD removal + non bio degradable
residue of influent VSS+ influent FS coming in effluent

1) Assuming VSS production @15% of BOD removed, new VSS produced in

BOD removal is

= 0.15⨉0.8⨉300 mg/L

= 36 mg/L

2) Assuming 50% fraction of influent VSS as bio-degradable, the non bio-

degradable residue is 50% of VSS.

So, influent residue of influent VSS remaining as sludge = 0.5×300

= 150mg/L

3) Influent fixed solids coming in effluent

FS = TSS-VSS
38
 = 400-300

= 100mg/L

Therefore, the total sludge produced is

= influent FS + VSS residue + VSS produced

= 100 + 150 + 36

= 286mg/L

= 286×1.5kg/day

= 429kg/day

Total Sludge Produced = 429 kg/day

5.4.4. DETERMINATION OF HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME:

The hydraulic retention time (HRT), also known as hydraulic residence time or t
(tau), is a measure of the average length of time that a compound (ex. water)
remains in a storage unit (ex. lake, pond, ocean).

Assuming 5m full depth of reactor including 2.5m depth of sludge blanket, for
0.5m/hr up-flow velocity

HRT =

= 10 hrs

= 0.42 day

39
5.4.5. DETERMINATION OF SRT:

The Solids Retention Time (SRT) is the average time the activated-sludge
solids are in the system. The SRT is an important design and operating
parameter for the activated-sludge process and is usually expressed in days

SRT =

Assuming 60 kg/m3 sludge concentration in the sludge blanket and effective

factor of 0.8 for depth, we have

• SRT =

= 35.24

35days

5.4.6. DETERMINATION OF SIZE OF REACTOR:

Reactor area =

= 125 m2

Therefore, provide a rectangular unit of net dimensions 15m×8.3m×5.5m

5.4.7. DETERMINATION OF REACTOR VOLUME:

Effective volume of the reactor = 15×8.3×5

= 624.75 m3

40
5.4.8. CHECK FOR VOLUME ORGANIC LOADING:

Volume load or organic loading rate is also an important parameter. It indicates

how many kilograms of organic dry solids are loaded per m3 of digester volume
and unit of time. The organic loading rate is important for the plant components
(esp. mixer/agitator) and for the bacteria.

Volumetric Organic Loading =

= 2.04kg COD m3/day

Design of Secondary Clarifier

• Quantity of sewage = 1.55ML/D

• Capacity of tank = Quantity of Sewage per day × Detention period

= ×2

= 0.13ML

= 130 m3

• Now assuming flow velocity through the tank as 0.1 m/min

• Length of the tank = flow velocity × detention period

• Length of tank = 0.1 × (2×60)

= 12 m

• Cross-section area of tank required =

41
 =

= 10.8 sq.m

• Assuming overflow rate as 25,000 litres/m2/day

• To find Width:

= Overflow rate

B=

B =5.17m

• To find depth:

d=

d=

d = 2.08 m

Dimensions of primary Clarifier = 12m×5.17m×2.08m

REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

DATA:

Tank size 12m x 5.17m x2.08m

Material used: M25 concrete & fe415 steel

SOLUTION:

STEP1 - PERMISSIBLE STRESS

Direct tensile stress of concrete (∂ct) = 1.3N/mm2

42
Direct tensile stress of steel (∂st) = 130N/mm2

Bending stress of concrete (∂cbc) = 8.5N/mm2

(Values taken from IS3370 (part-1): 2009)

Modular ratio=

= 10.98

n =

= 0.417

J = 1–

= 1-

= 0.86

Q = 0.5 X ∂cbc x n

= 0.5 x 8.5 x 0.417 x 0.86

=1.54

STEP2 - MOMENT IN SIDE WALL

= = 2.32 > 2 (Cantilever Slab)

Water pressure from 1m bottom, P =W (H-h)

=10(2.08-1)

43
 = 10.8KN/mm2

FIXED END MOMENTS

@12m =

= 10.8X 122/12

= 129.6 kNm

@5.17m = PL2/12

= 10.8 X 5.172/12

= 24 kNm

AT CENTER:

@12m span = PL2/8

= 10.8 x 122 / 8

= 194.4 kNm

@5.17m span = PL2/8

=10.8 X 5.172 / 8 = 36 kNm

STIFFNESS RATIO:

K = I/L

= I/L1 + 1/L2

∑K = I/12 + 1/5.17

∑K = 0.56I

K = 1I-0.56I

= 0.44I (long wall)

44
Moment at support = 34.8 kNm

Moment @center = (194.4-34.8)

= 159.6 kNm (long wall)

Moment @center = (36-34.8)

= 1.2 kNm (short wall)

STEP 3 - DESIGN OF LONG & SHORT WALL

For long wall

Maximum moment = 159.6 kNm

t =

= 498m

Direct tension in long wall, T = PL /2

= 10.8X12 / 2

= 64.8 kN

Ast = +

Where, x = 150m

T = 64.8 X 1.5

= 97.2 kN

45
 ∂st = 130N/mm2

Ast = +

= 4760 mm2

Provide 20mm diameter bar

Spacing = x 1000

= 60 mm c/c

Provide 20mm diameter bar @ 60mm c/c

For short wall:

T = PL/2

= 10.8 X 5.17/2

= 279.18 kN

∂st = 130N/mm2

Ast = +

= 4759 mm2

Provide 20mm diameter bar

Spacing = x 1000

= 60mm c/c

Provide 20mm diameter bar @ 60mm c/c

46
STEP 4 - STEEL FOR CANTILEVER MOMENT

Cantilever moment =

= 3.47 kNm

Ast =

= 94mm2

Provide 10mm diameter bar

Spacing = x 1000

= 830mm c/c

Provide 10mm diameter bar @ 830mm c/c

STEP 5 - REINFORCEMENT FOR SLAB

Thickness = 330mm

Ast = 0.3% x 1000 x 330

= 990mm2

Provide 10 mm bar @ 75mm c/c

47
 CONCLUSION

As we are entering into a new era of sustainable development, the need for the
projects like this and their construction and implementation can change the whole
scenario of human society

While considering the need of Waste water treatment in MMDA colony in

Maduravoyal, The Biofilter that we designed will be used an efficient way of
treating Waste water. About 80% of BOD is removed is removed in the effluent.

The biofilter effluent is typically well mineralised, containing low COD-

concentrations and high nitrate concentrations. The biofilter effluent will contain
low COD, ammonia and nitrate concentrations. No significant nitrification can be
anticipated, but some nitrogen removal, due to biomass synthesis will take place.
The biofilter effluent will require further polishing treatment, before discharge to
the public stream.

By doing this project, We have learnt to share our ideas and incorporate them in
the project. Which we hope has given the mean for good design. We worked as a
team , not dividing the work among each part of the project together itself, on the
lighter side, we have even learnt to sacrifice our personal interests and put forth
more work hours making small sacrifices on each of our part.

48
 REFERENCE

 Waste Water Engineering by METCALF & EDDY

 Sewage Disposal And Air Pollution Engineering by SANTOSH KUMAR
GARG
 Waste Water Treatment by G.L.KARIA And R.A. CHRISTIAN
 IS 3370 Part 4(1967) - Code of practice for concrete structures for the
storage of liquids
 IS 456 : 2000 Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice

49