Tost 1 READING PASSAGE 2 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-20, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. Forest management in Pennsylvania, USA How managing low-quality wood (also known as low-use wood) for bioenergy can concourago eustainable forest management ‘AA tree's ‘valne’ depends on several factors including its species, size, form, condition, ‘quality, function, and accessibility, and depends on the management goals for a given forest. The same tree can be valued very differently by each person who looks at it. A large, ctraight black cherry tree has high value as timer ta he ent into logs or made into furniture, but for a landowner more interested in wildlife habitat, the real valuc of that stem (or trunk) may he the food it provides to animals. Likewise. if the tree suffers from black knot disease, its value for timber decreases, but to a woodworker interested in making bowls, it brings an opportunity for a unique and beautiful piece of at. B In the past, Pennsylvania landowners were solely interested in the value of their trees us high-quality timber. The norm was to remove the stems of highest quality and leave behind poorly formed trees that were nul as well suited ty the site where they grew. This practice, called *high-grading’, has left a legacy of “low-use wood’ in the forests. Some people even call these ‘junk trees", and they are abundant in Penncylvania, These trees have lower economic Value for traditional timber markets, compete for growth with highes-value tree, chade out desirable regeneration and deceease the health of a stand’ leaving it more ‘vulnerable to poor weather and disease. Management that specifically targets low use wood can help landowners manage these forest health issues, and wood energy markets help promote this © Wood energy markets can accept less expensive wood material of lower quality than would be suitable for traditional timber markets. Most Wood used for energy in Pennsylvania is used to produce heat or electricity through combustion. Many schools and hospitals use ‘wood boiler systems 1o heat and power their facilitics, many homes are primarily heated with wood, and some coal plants incorporate wood into their coal streams to produce clcetricty. Wood can also be gasified for electrical generation and can even be made into liguid fuels inke ethanol and gasoline for lorries and cars, All hese products ate wade primarily from low-use wood. Several tree- and plant-cutting approaches, which could utvally iupiuve the long-term quality of a forest, focus strongly or colely on the uee of ‘wood for those markets. ~olend—An ace covered with Wace tathave somman etic (69s) 20Reading Que such appivachs is called a Tiniber Staud Luprovewent (TSE) Cut. Iu a TSI Cut, really poor-quality tree and plant material is cut down to allow more space. light, and other reoources to the higheot valued stems that romain. Removing invasive planta might be another primary goal of a TSI Cut. The stems that are left behind might then grow in size and develop more foliage and larger crowns or tops that produce more coverage for wildlife; they have a better chance to segencrate iu a less uuwded cuvitymueut. TSI Cuts can be tailored to one farmer’s specific management goals for his or her land. Another approach that might yield a high amount of low-use wood is a Salvage Cut. With the many pests and pathogens visiting forests including hemlock wooly adclgid, Asian longhorned beetle, emerald ash borer, and gypsy moth, to name just a few, it 1s important to remember that those working in the forests can help ease these issues through cutting procedures. These types of cut reduce the number of sick tces aud seck Wy usanage the futue spread of a pest problem. They leave vigorous trees that have stayed healthy enough to survive the outbreak. A Shelterwood Cut, which only takes place in a mature forest that has already been thinned several times, involves removing all the mature trees when other seedlings have become established. This then allows the forester to decide which tree species are regenerated. It leaves a young forest where all trees are at a similar point in their growth. It can also be used to develop a two-tier forest so that there are two harvests and the money that comes in is spread out over a decade or moro. Thiuuings and deuse aud dead wood renoval for fire prevention also center on the production of low-use wood. However, it is important to remember that some retention of swhat many would classify a3 low-use wood is vory important. The tops of trees that have been cut down should be left on the site so that their nutrients cycle back into the soil. In addition, trees with many cavities are extremely important habitats for insect predators like woodpeckers, bats and small mammals. They help control problea insects and increase the health and resilience of the forest. It is also important to remember that not all small trees are low use. For example, many species like hawthorn provide food for wildlife. Finally, rare species of trees in a forest should also stay behind as they add to its structural diversity. 24