المذكرة الثانية
The Time and Frequency Domains
• These two ways of looking at a problem are
interchangeable;
• that is, no information is lost in changing
from one domain to another.
• The advantage in introducing these two
domains is that of a change of perspective.
• By changing perspective from the time
domain, the solution to difficult problems
can often become quite clear in the
frequency domain.
The Time Domain
• The traditional way of observing signals is to
view them in the time domain.
• The time domain is a record of what
happened to a parameter of the system versus
time.
Direct Recording of Displacement
• The figure shows a simple spring-mass system
where we have attached a pen to the mass
and pulled a piece of paper past the pen at a
constant rate.
• The resulting graph is
a record of the
displacement of the
mass versus time, a
time domain view of
displacement.
The Frequency Domain
• Baron Jean Baptiste Fourier showed that any
waveform that exists in the real world can be
generated by adding up sine waves.
• By picking the amplitudes, frequencies and
phases of these sine waves correctly, we can
generate a waveform identical to our desired
signal.
3D Addition of Sine Waves
• Two of the axes are time and amplitude,
familiar from the time domain.
• The third axis is frequency
The Time and Frequency Domains
The Time and Frequency Domains
The Time and Frequency Domains
• If we view this three-dimensional graph along
the frequency axis we get the time domain
view.
• Adding them together
at each instant of time
gives the original
waveform.
The Time and Frequency Domains
• If we view our graph along the time axis,
• we get axes of amplitude versus frequency,
what is commonly called the frequency
domain.
• Every sine wave we
separated from the input
appears as a vertical line.
• Its height represents its
amplitude and its position
represents its frequency.
Why the Frequency Domain?
• Suppose we wish to measure the level of
distortion in an audio oscillator.
• Or we might be trying to detect the first
sounds of a bearing failing on a noisy machine.
• In each case, we are trying to detect a small
sine wave in the presence of large signals.
A Time Domain Waveform
• A time domain waveform which seems to be a
single sine wave.
The Frequency Domain
• The frequency domain that the same signal is
composed of a large sine wave and significant
other sine wave components.
The Need for Decibels
• Since one of the major uses of the frequency
domain is to resolve small signals in the
presence of large ones,
• Let us now address the problem of how we
can see both large and small signals on our
display simultaneously.
Logarithmic Scale
• Since we want to be able to see all the
components easily at the same time, the only
answer is to change our amplitude scale.
• A logarithmic scale would compress our large
signal amplitude and expand the small ones,
allowing all components to be displayed at the
same time.
The Decibel (dB)
• Alexander Graham Bell discovered that the
human ear responded logarithmically to power
difference and invented a unit, the Bel, to help
him measure the ability of people to hear.
1
• One tenth ( )
of a Bel, the deciBel (dB) is the
10
most common unit used today.
• The dB is a relative unit of measurement
commonly used in communications for providing
a reference for input and output levels.
• Power gain or loss.
Calculation of dB
• The dB value is calculated by taking the log of
the ratio of the measured or calculated power
(P2) with respect to a reference power (P1).
• The result is multiplied by 10 to obtain the
value in dB.
dB Based on Voltage or Current Ratio
• It can be modified to provide a dB value based
on the ratio of two voltages.
• By using the power relationship P = V2/R
• It can be modified to provide a dB value based
on the ratio of two currents.
• By using the power relationship P = RI2
𝑅 (𝐼2 )2
• dB = 10 log10 𝑃2
𝑃1
=10 log10
𝑅 (𝐼1 )2
=20 log10
𝐼2
𝐼1
Relationship Between Volts, Power & dB
Ratio and dB
Ratio
dB
100 - 100
20 -
50 -
10 -
10
10 - 0.1
0.1 - 0
-10 -
Signals Described in Math Form
• Consider the network of the Figure where the
switch is closed at time t = 0.
• We wish to describe vout in a math form for the
time interval –∞ < t < +∞.
• To do this, it is convenient to divide the time
interval into two parts, –∞ < t < 0, and 0 < t < ∞.
• For the time interval –∞ < t < 0, the switch is
open and therefore, the output voltage vout is
zero. In other words,
vout = 0 for –∞ < t < 0
• For the time interval 0 < t < ∞ the switch is
closed. Then, the input voltage vs appears at
the output,i.e.,
vout = vs for 0 < t < ∞
• Combining the two into a single relationship,
we get
0 −∞<𝑡 <0
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑣𝑠 0<𝑡< ∞
• We can express the above equation by the
waveform shown in the Figure.
