Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan

PAKISTAN
TEST STUDIES
NO. 6 LECTURE
PROF ALYAS ALINO.1
CHAICHI

Student Learning Outcomes

 Definition of Foreign Policy  Aims and Objectives of Foreign Policy
 Factors of determining the foreign Policy of Pakistan.
Q.1: Enlist the objectives and targets of Pakistan’s foreign policy.
Ans: DEFINITION OF FOREIGN POLICY
“The general plan of one country concerning its relations with other countries” is called foreign policy.

Basic Principles of Foreign Policy of Pakistan:

 Cooperation with the United Nations and other international agencies in maintaining world
peace.
 Friendly relations with all nations of the world.
 Non-alignment.
 Fraternal relations with the Muslim countries.
 Regional cooperation.
Aims and Objectives of our Foreign Policy
Preservation of National Independence:
The Muslims of South Asia struggled hard against the British and the Hindu hegemony, solely because
they wanted to live like an independent and free nation. In order to safeguard her independence
Pakistan had to fight two wars against India 91965 and 1971) preservation of national independence
has always remained the paramount principle of the foreign policy of our country.
Support of Right of Self-determination for all Nations:
In international forum Pakistan always rendered full support to the cause of the nation’s fighting
for the right of self-determination and freedom from foreign subjection. Pakistan successfully
supported the independence movements of the countries like Kampuchea, South Africa, Bosnia,
Libya, Indonesia, Eritrea and a number of other Asian African countries.
Pakistan has been giving unflinching and consistent support to the cause independence of the
people of Kashmir and the Palestine.
Promotion of International Cooperation:
Pakistan became the member of the United Nations Organizations in the very next month after its
independence. As a member of the UN Pakistan always supported the policy of resolving
international disputed through negotiation. Pakistan used her good offices for conciliation among
different countries of the world at many occasions. In this respect Pakistan’s efforts to bring about
cease-fire between Iraq and Iran during their long drawn out war needs special mention.
Non-Alignment:
We are living in a bi-polar world, generally divided into the Socialist and the Capitalist blocks.
Since Pakistan fought its way to freedom on the basis of an ideology, based on the principles of
Islam, it is not possible for us to become the blond camp-followers of either of the two ideological
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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
blocks. We have always tried to establish cordial relations with all countries of the world
irrespective of their ideological affiliations. In 1979 Pakistan joined the NAM (Non-Aligned
Movement) as a regular member.
Regional Cooperation:
Pakistan has always strived hard to establish good neighborly relations with the countries of the
region. Pakistan entered into a Pac with Iran and Turkey, which was known as the RCD (Regional
Cooperation for Development). This pact has now been renamed to ECO (Economic Cooperative
for Development) and has been expanded to accommodate Central Asia Muslim states. Pakistan
has always maintained ideal friendly relations with People republic of China which is strategically
the most important country of our region.
Unity of the Muslim World:
Strengthening fraternal ties with the Muslim countries of the world forms an essential part of the Pakistan
ideology. Pakistan maintains very cordial relations with all a Muslim countries. Pakistan is an important
member of the OIC (Islamic Conference) and all other international Islamic forums. Pakistan has a
brilliant record of upholding and pleading the cause of the Muslims fighting for their independence in
Palestine, Kashmir, Cyprus, Eritrea and Bosnia. This support was moral as well as diplomatic.
Q.2: What are the factors determining the Foreign Policy of Pakistan?
Ans: FACTORS DETERMINING THE FOREIGN POLICY
A country looking forward to a successful and honourable existence in the comity of nation is
bound to frame its foreign policy on the basis of the objective conditions it is faced with.
Pakistan Ideology:
Our country has an ideological basis. Pakistan was established with the sole objective of providing
the South Asian Muslims with a homeland there they could live with dignity and honour and in
the light of democratic principles enunciated by Islam. The founders of Pakistan believed that the
Muslims should invoked separate Muslim identity as a positive sentiment. This did not simply
hatred for any other nation. History bears witness that at times, nations are able to achieve through
peaceful means what they otherwise could not have achieved through war. (Conquest of Makkah
َٖ َ َ ُ َٖ َ َ ٖ َٖ ُ َ َ
by the Prophet ‫ہللا َعل ْی ِہ َو َ یلَع آلِہن َوا ْْصَا ِبہن َو َسل َم‬ ‫ خاتم الن ِب نّی صّل‬is an outstanding example which followed within a
short period of two years’ time after the Treaty of Hudaibia).
Regional Factors:
The area which was later demarcated as the State of Pakistan had become an arena of the power
struggle between the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Fall of the Soviet Empire
brought about far-reaching changes in the world politics, but this change did not affect Pakistan’s
position at the most important country of the religion.
The People’s Republic of China, which is the emerging economic super power of the world, has
very close friendly relations with Pakistan. Afghanistan has undergone rapid changes during the
last two decades. Pakistan’s western neighbor Iran is struggling hard to come out of its internal
strife between conservatism and modernism, set in after a Revolution of 1979. Landlocked Central
Asian states depend upon Pakistan for access to hot water sea ports. These states are
overwhelmingly Muslim and have religious ties with Pakistan. These are the facts that should
guide our policy makers towards the formation of a balanced and fruitful foreign policy.
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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
Islamic Identity:
As a part of the global Muslim community, Pakistan occupies a central place in the chain of Muslim
Countries stretching from Africa to Far East. The Quaid-e-Azam (RA) attached great importance to
Pakistan’s relations with the Muslim Countries, so did his successors.
On the other side, all Muslim countries of the world, Arab and non-Arab like, look forward to
Pakistan for guidance in their cherished cause of establishing international Muslim brotherhood.
While working for a fruitful co-ordination among the Muslim countries of the world, Pakistan cannot
and should not, compromise on her security and existence. In this matter we have to follow the
َٖ َ ُ َٖ َ ٖ ‫َ َ ُ َٖ ٖ َ َ ٖ َ َ ُ َ َٖ ٌ َٖ ُ ْ ُ ی‬
example of our Holy Prophet ‫ہللا َعل ْی ِہ َو َ یلَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬ ‫ خاتم الن ِب نّی س ِیدَن ُممد رسول ہللاِ صّل‬who stands as a role model for us.
َٖ َ ُ َٖ َ ٖ ‫َ َ ُ َٖ ٖ َ َ ٖ َ َ ُ َ َٖ ٌ َٖ ُ ْ ُ ی‬
Under the covenant of Hudaibia the Prophet ‫ہللا َعل ْی ِہ َو َ یلَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬ ‫ خاتم الن ِب نّی س ِیدَن ُممد رسول ہللاِ صّل‬categorically
َٖ ُ َ َ
َ ٖ ‫الن ِب ن‬
resolved not to extend any support to the Muslim living in Makkah. Although the Prophet ‫ّی‬ ‫خاتم‬
َٖ ‫ہللا َعلَ ْی ِہ َو َ ی‬ ‫ُ َ ُ ی‬
ُ ‫ہللا َص ٖ َّل‬
‫لَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬ ِ ٖ ‫ َس ِٖی َد ََن ُم َ ٖ َم ٌد ٖر ُس ْول‬knew that these Muslims were maltreated and subjected to suppression,
yet he advised them to live as the law abiding citizens of the state of Makkah.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The new name of (RCD) is _________
(a) OIC (b) Arabic League (c) D-8 (d) ECO
2. Why we fought the war of 1965 and 1971?
(a) For Booty (b) For Independence (c) 44 For water (d) For enemity
3. Pakistan as a member of "Muslim Uma Peace Committee" made efforts to stop the war
between which countries?
(a) Iran and Iraq (b) India and Bangladesh
(c) Afghanistan and China (d) Russia and Ukraine
4. When Pakistan became the member of Non-Alignment movement?
(a) 1977 (b) 1978 (c) 1979 (d) 1978
5. In which country Islamic revolution took place in 1979?
(a) Saudi Arabia (b) Egypt (c) Pakistan (d) Iran
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Define Foreign Policy. (K.B)
Ans: “The general plan of one country concerning its relations with other countries” is called foreign
policy.
Q.2 Write the basic principles of foreign policy of Pakistan. (K.B)
Ans: Basic Principles of Foreign Policy of Pakistan:
 Cooperation with the United Nations and other international agencies in maintaining world
peace.
 Friendly relations with all nations of the world.
 Non-alignment.
 Fraternal relations with the Muslim countries.
 Regional cooperation.
Q.3 What is the importance of the right to self-determination in foreign policy of
Pakistan? (A.B) + (U.B)
Ans: In international forum Pakistan always rendered full support to the cause of the nation’s
fighting for the right of self-determination and freedom from foreign subjection. Pakistan

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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
successfully supported the independence movements of the countries like Kampuchea, South
Africa, Bosnia, Libya, Indonesia, Eritrea and a number of other Asian African countries.
Q.4 What is meant by Non-Alignment? (A.B)
Ans: We are living in a bi-polar world, generally divided into the Socialist and the Capitalist
blocks. Since Pakistan fought its way to freedom on the basis of an ideology, based on the
principles of Islam, it is not possible for us to become the blond camp-followers of either
of the two ideological blocks. We have always tried to establish cordial relations with all
countries of the world irrespective of their ideological affiliations. In 1979 Pakistan joined
the NAM (Non-Aligned Movement) as a regular member.
Q.5 How can Hudaibia Peace Pact guide us in framing in our foreign policy? (A.B) + (K.B)
َ ُ
Ans: In foreign matter we have to follow the example of our Holy Prophet ‫ّی َس ِٖی َد ََن ُُم َ ٖ َم ٌد ٖ َر ُس ْول ی ٖہللاِ َص ّٖل‬ َٖ ُ َ َ
َ ٖ ‫الن ِب ن‬ ‫خاتم‬
َٖ ‫ہللا َعلَ ْی ِہ َو َ ی‬
ُ who stands as a role model for us. Under the covenant of Hudaibia the Prophet
‫لَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬
َٖ ُ ‫ّی َس ٖی َد ََن ُُم َ ٖ َم ٌد ٖ َر ُس ْو ُل ی ٖہللاِ َص ٖ َّل‬
‫ہللا َعلَ ْی ِہ َو َ ی‬ ٖ َٖ ُ َ َ
‫لَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬ ِ َ ‫ خاتم الن ِب ن‬categorically resolved not to extend any support to the
َٖ َ ُ َٖ َ ٖ ‫َ َ ُ َٖ ٖ َ َ ٖ َ َ ُ َ َٖ ٌ َٖ ُ ْ ُ ی‬
Muslim living in Makkah. Although the Prophet ‫ہللا َعل ْی ِہ َو َ یلَع آلِہن َو َسل َم‬ ‫ خاتم الن ِب نّی س ِیدَن ُممد رسول ہللاِ صّل‬knew
that these Muslims were maltreated and subjected to suppression, yet he advised them to live
as the law abiding citizens of the state of Makkah.

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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
TEST NO.
PAKISTAN 6
STUDIES PROF LECTURE NO.2
ALYAS ALI CHAICHI.

Student Learning Outcomes

 Pak- China Relation  Pak- China Economic Relation
 Pakistan relation with India
Q.1: Give a detailed account of the relations between Pakistan and the People’s Republic
of China?
Ans: RELATION WITH PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Introduction:
Pakistan’s northern neighbor China is the most populous country of the world. The People’s
Republic of China was established on Oct. 1, 1949.
Kai-shek’s Government:
Pakistan recognized the newly established Chinese, government in Jan. 1950. Chiang Kai Sheik’s
nationalist government after its defeat at the hands of Mao’s Communist party had to take refuge in
Taiwan but till long after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, Nationalist China, which
represented only a very meager number of the Chinese population, was allowed to retain seat in the UNO.
Relation of Pakistan and China in 1950 Decade:
 In 1950, Pakistan took a strong stand that the People’s Republic of China had an exclusive
right to represent the Chinese people in the United Nations Organization.
 In 1950 Pakistan remained neutral on the issue of China’s occupation of Tibet.
 Pakistan joined SEATO in the year of 1954 and CENTO in 1955.
 The two military alliances were sponsored by the United States of America and mainly
aimed at containing Communist expansion.
 In the Non-Aligned Conference held in Bandung (Indonesia) in 1955, Pakistan’s Prime
Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra assured the Chinese Prime Minister Chou En Lai that
Pakistan’s membership of the alliance.
 In the 1954, Pakistan for the first time, voted against China’s membership of the United
Nations. The Chinese government observed restraint, and did not even bother to comment
on this unfriendly gesture on the part of Pakistan government.
 Chinese positively knew that Pakistan had done this under American pressure. China did
not support India on Kashmir issue.
Pak China Border Dispute:
 In the year 1062, Indians ventured a military advance into a disputed are on Indo-Chinese border.
 The Chinese were able to repel Indian forces through brief but rapid military action; they
taught the Indians a befitting lesson but were not tempted to prolong the issue.
Air Transport Agreement:
 First air transport agreement between Pakistan and China was concluded in the year 1963.
 It was in the year 1964 that China decided to support Pakistan on Kashmir issue, and since
that time her diplomatic support on the issue has remained consistent.

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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
 In response to this, Pakistan rendered useful support to China, for securing a seat in the
United Nation Organization.
War of 1965:
During the 1965 Indo-Pakistan war, China gave Pakistan full support, but in the 1971 war, China
could not support Pakistan openly because the Soviet Union stood openly on the Indian Side.
EXAMPLES OF PAK-CHINA GOOD RELATION:
The Karakorum Highway:
The Highway made land traffic possible between the two countries. The volume of trade carried
out between the two countries. The volume of trade carried out between the two countries through
this route is expanding day by day. Construction of this highest land route in the world, cutting
through the formidable mountains, was not an easy task, a great number of Pakistani and Chinese
workers laid their lives during the process of its construction.
The Heavy Mechanical Complex Taxila:
This Complex has been designed for the production of heavy machinery. (sugar mills and the like)
The Heavy Electrical Complex.
Taxila Heavy forge and foundry:
Alkhalid Tank was produced here.
Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Kamra:
Military aircrafts are repaired and over handed in this complex. Pakistan’s indigenous aircraft
Mashshak was designed and produced completely in this complex.
Gawadar Port:
A new seaport at Gawadar (Balochistan) is being put up with the Chinese assistance. It is believed
that this new seaport will bring about revolution in Pakistan’s economy, improve Pakistan’s
interaction with the landlocked Central Asia Muslim States, and help Pakistan meet her naval
defense requirement in a better way.
Saindak Project:
Due to scarcely of resources and absence of technical knowhow, Pakistan was unable to make use
of the large copper deposits found in the province of Balochistan. A big project for this purpose
has now been made feasible with the Chinese Assistance.
Cooperation for the improvement of Pakistan Railways:
System of railways in Pakistan is being ungraded and improved with the technical assistance
provided by the People’s Republic of China. Under the programme a new train i.e Korakaram
Express, with facilities matching international standards has been launched.
Cooperation in the field of Nuclear Energy:
In order to met its deficiency in the energy sector, Pakistan has built a nuclear power station at
Chashma (District Mianwali) with Chinese Assistance.

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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
China Pakistan Economic Corridor: (CPEC)
This is only an incomplete list of the projects launched in Pakistan with the Chinese Assistance
there are numerous other departments and sectors in which the two countries are cooperating
usefully. Pak China relationship is based on mutual just and peaceful co-existence, this cooperation
is free from aggressive designs against any other country of the world.
Q.2: Highlight the Pakistan’s Relation with India.
Ans: PAKISTAN AND INDIA
Background:
History of conflict between India and Pakistan on Kashmir issue dates back to the days of partition
in the year 1947. Due to this issue, the two countries could never develop good-neighborly
relations with each other.
Liaquat Nehru Pact:
Many efforts were made to establish peace between India and Pakistan. Liaquat-Nehru Pact on the
minorities issue was concluded in 1950. In the year 1949-50 India proposed a no-war-pact, Pakistan
responded with the proposal of a joint defence pact, but made it conditional with the solution of
Kashmir dispute. Since the offer was not acceptable for India, it was withdrawn in 1963.
Agreement of Ceto and Santo:
Pakistan joined SEATO in 1954 and CENTO in 1955. These mutual security defence pacts were
sponsored by the United States of America. These pacts were launched by the Americans who
aimed at using Pakistan as a front-line state against the Soviet Union.
Indian-China war and Pakistan:
In 1962 Indian forces tried to make an aggressive move into the Chinese territory but had to suffer
a humiliating defeat. The Indian defeat led Pakistan’s leadership to think that India was not as
formidable as they previously had though, she could be an easy target for Pakistani forces on the
other hand the Indian leadership decided to vindicate the humiliation she had suffered at Chinese
hands by hitting hard at Pakistan.
Atomic Blast of India:
India’s first nuclear test in Rajisthan in the year 1974 sent a wave of insecurity throughout Pakistan.
Pakistan’s nuclear programme was its direct corollary nuclear capability was not an easy thing to
acquire; it was an extremely expensive enterprise, accomplished at the cost of keeping our people,
ill-fed, and illiterate, for generations to come. Unfortunately the initiative came from the bigger
partner of the power game which the smaller could not exist to follow.
Movement of Khalistan:
India blamed Pakistan of provoking the Sikh militants in the Punjab and supporting the Khalistan
movement. After the assassination of Indira Gandhi by a Sikh extremist in 1984, relations between
Pakistan and India got extremely strained. Indira’s son Rajiv Gandhi succeeded her as Prime
Minister. He openly blamed Pakistan for maneuvering his mother’s murder. The two countries
seemed to be at daggers drawn with each other in 1987, when Pakistan’s President Gen.
Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq flew to India, apparently for watching a cricket match there. He had a

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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
meeting with the Indian Prime Minister, and was able to ward off the danger of war through his
wise move.
Rajiv-Benazir Talks:
After the revival of democracy in Pakistan in 1988, relations between Pakistan and India started
improving. An agreement was reached between the Pakistan’s Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and
Rajiv Gandhi. The two countries resolved to abstain from attacking each other’s nuclear positions
and to withdraw forces from Siachen. In 1990.
Agra Conference:
July 12, 2001, a summit meeting was held at Agra on July 14, 2001 number of issues including
Kashmir were discussed, a joint communiqué was drafted at the last moment India’s hard-liner
foreign minister managed to incorporate some changes in the draft of the joint communiqué,
liberation government of the Kashmiris was labeled as cross border terrorism this rendered
impossible for the Pakistani President to sign the communiqué.
Arrival of Atall Bihari Vajipi:
Last months of year 2003 showed some positive signs, the most important breakthrough came
when the Indian Prime Minister Atall Behari Vajpai came to Pakistan to attend the SAARC
conference in 2004. The Indian Prime Minister and the President of Pakistan discussed issues of
mutual concern in detail. As a result of these parleys tension was released to some extent.
After this the situation started improving gradually but slowly. Since that time exchange of artist,
intellectuals, and leaders of public opinion between the two countries has gone a long way to
improving the general atmosphere. Two cricket series held in the spring of 2004 and 2005 were
played in very friendly atmosphere and have helped in bringing the two people still closer.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Pakistan has a neighboring country to the north.
(a) Afghanistan (b) Iran (c) India (d) China
2. It is the largest country in the world in terms of population is :
(a) Afghanistan (b) Iran (c) India (d) China
3. Non Aligned conference was held in Bandung.
(a) 1952 (b) 1953 (c) 1954 (d) 1955
4. A dispute arose between India and Pakistan over the issue of Kashmir.
(a) 1947 (b) 1950 (c) 1961 (d) 1972
5. The Indian government conducted the first nuclear explosion in Rajasthan on____:
(a) 1974 (b) 1971 (c) 1961 (d) 1972

SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Give the background of Pak-China relation in 1950 decade. (K.B)
Ans: Pakistan’s northern neighbor China is the most populous country of the world. The
People’s Republic of China was established on Oct. 1, 1949. Pakistan recognized the newly
established Chinese, government in Jan. 1950. Chiang Kai Sheik’s nationalist government
after its defeat at the hands of Mao’s Communist party had to take refuge in Taiwan but till
long after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, Nationalist China, which
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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
represented only a very meager number of the Chinese population, was allowed to retain
seat in the UNO.
Q.2 Give few examples of good relation between Pakistan and China. (K.B)
Ans: Few Examples of Pak China Relation:
 Karakorum Highway
 Heavy Mechanical Complex Taxila
 Taxila Heavy forge and foundry
 Pakistan Aeronautical Complex, Kamra
 Gawadar Port
 Saindak Project
Q.3 What do you know about CPEC? (A.B)
Ans: This is only an incomplete list of the projects launched in Pakistan with the Chinese Assistance
there are numerous other departments and sectors in which the two countries are cooperating
usefully. Pak China relationship is based on mutual just and peaceful co-existence, this
cooperation is free from aggressive designs against any other country of the world.
Q.4 What do you know about Simla Agreement? (A.B)
Ans: In 1972 Pakistan’s Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto had a series of meetings with his
Indian counterpart Mrs. Indira Gandhi at Simla in India. Under an agreement known as
Simla Pact, India agreed to release more than 90 thousand Pakistanis taken as prisoners of
way in East Pakistan. The parties agreed to solve all their disputes, including Kashmir,
through negotiations and peaceful means.
Q.5 Why Agra Conference was failed? (U.B)
Ans: July 12, 2001, a summit meeting was held at Agra on July 14, 2001 number of issues
including Kashmir were discussed, a joint communiqué was drafted at the last moment
India’s hard-liner foreign minister managed to incorporate some changes in the draft of the
joint communiqué, liberation government of the Kashmiris was labeled as cross border
terrorism this rendered impossible for the Pakistani President to sign the communiqué.

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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
TESTSTUDIES
PAKISTAN NO. 6 PROF ALYAS ALI CHAICHI.
LECTURE NO.3
Student Learning Outcomes
 Pak- Iran Relation  Pak- America Relation
Q.1: Highlight the relation of Pakistan with Iran.
Ans: Relation of Pakistan with Iran
Background:
History of relations between Iran and the area which is now known as Pakistan dates back to times
immemorial. Shortly after the advent of Islam, Muslim preachers and scholars, who were to spread
the light of Islam in the Sub-continent travelled through Iran on their way to India?
Diplomatic and Political Ties:
 Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan after independence.
 In May 1949, Pakistan’s first Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan paid an official visit to Iran.
The visit was reciprocated by the Shah of Iran in March 1950.
 In 1955, Pakistan, Iran and Turkey joined the Baghdad Pact. After the exit of Iraq, shortly
after, the Pact was re-organized as CENTO (Central Treaty Organization). The pact was
finally dissolved in 1979.
 In the year 1963, the Shahinshah of Iran used his good offices for the restoration of
diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
 Pakistan’s diplomatic relations with Malaysia were severed in 1965, due Malaysia’s
support of India in the Indo-Pakistan war these were restoration as a result of the Shah’s
diplomatic efforts.
 Pakistan, Iran and Turkey signed a new pact i.e the RCD on July 12, 1964. With this started
a new era of friendship and cooperation between the three countries of the region.
 The RCD remained suspended for some years, after Iranian revolution 1979 and was
revived in the year 1985, its scope was expanded and it was given a new name ECO.
Cultural Exchange:
In the year 1965, Iran and Pakistan made a cultural Pact. This pact exchange of students, teachers,
writers and artists took place. Each country established its cultural centers in the other country this
was done with purpose to build cultural harmony.
Identity of Views:
Pakistan and Iran adopted identical policy on international issue like Palestine, Eritrea,
Afghanistan and Kashmir.
In 1951 Iran took an initiative to liberate its oil industry from the British contrary the British
retaliated by inflicting a blockade on Iran. Pakistan condemned British action and upheld Iranian
point of view.
During the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistan Wars, Iran gave Pakistan full material and diplomatic
support. On Kashmir issue Iran’s support for Pakistan’s stand point always been consistent and
unconditional.

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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
Economic Cooperation:
 In order to promote economic cooperation between the two countries, Pakistan Iran
Economic Commission was established in 1973.
 Under this Commission Iran established textile, fertilizer, sugar, tyre a agricultural
equipment factories in Pakistan, and also undertook projects of expanding railways
facilities. It was also decided that Iran was purchase part of commodities produced in these
factories.
 After the fall of East Pakistan Iran helped Pakistan meet her foreign exchange deficits.
 Iran has been supplying Pakistan enormous quantities of petroleum discounted prices and
has also provided financial and for a very development projects in Pakistan.
 In 1976 Iran provided help for the rehabilitation of the people affected by earthquake in the
northern areas of Pakistan. This gesture of goodwill was reciprocated by Pakistan when the
Iranian province of Kirman was hit by earthquake in 1979.
 An oil refinery is being set up in Karachi with Iranian assistance.
Pakistan and the Iranian revolution:
 Pakistanis were the paramount supporters of their Iranian brethren in their uprising against
the oppressive and anti-Islamic policies of the Shah of Iran.
 This Revolution showed up in the early days of the last quarter of the 20th century.
 Pakistan immediately recognized the government that took over after the Shah was
overthrown in Feb. 1979.
 Delegations of Pakistani intellectuals and Ulama paid several visits to Iran for expressing
solidarity with the Iranian people.
Q.2: Highlight the Relation of Pakistan and America.
Ans: PAK.-AMERICA RELATION

Background:
In the history of international relations, the period during which Pakistan emerged as an
independence state is known as the “cold war era”. The era was marked with polarization between
the Socialist Block led by the Soviet Union and the Capitalist block led by the United States of
America. The US and the USSR were trying hard to expand their respective spheres of influence.
Founders of Pakistan had a democratic bent of mind and had distasle for the Soviet Union philosophy
of Socialism. Under these circumstances it was natural that Pakistan opted to side with Americans.
Relations during the Pakistan Movement:
America had never supported Muslim League’s stand on Pakistan issue during the days of our
freedom movement. Inspite of that the Quaid-e-Azam (RA) called on the American ambassador
in Delhi immediately after the partition plan was announced.
Diplomatic Relations:
That Indian support would prove more helpful in forwarding America’s policy of containing the
Russians and the Chinese Socialists from expending their sphere of influence. The Indian
leadership however, refused to become a Cold War ally of the United States.
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Establishing a Military Blockade Against the Soviet Union:
The Indians made it clear that they wanted to remain neutral, but to meet their military requirements
they established very close friendly relations with the USSR, and used her defeat at the hands of the
People’s Republic of China in 1962 as a pretext for extracting military aid from the US and other
western countries.
In the year 1950, the US made it clear that she wanted to contain the USSR form expanding and to
restrict her within her boundaries by deploying armed establishment outside Russian border. For this
purpose the Americans needed the help of the countries bordering the Soviet Union. India declined
to make a part of this anti-Russia coalition. In 1953 the American President Eisenhower announced
that Pakistan, Iran and Turkey had consented to join Americans in an Anticommunist pact.
Treaty Seato And Cento:
The government of Pakistan took four months to confirm Pakistan’s membership to this pact
(SEATO). Other members of SEATO were, Philippines, Thailand, France, Australia and New
Zealand. Pronounced objective of this pact was to protect the South-Asian countries like Vietnam,
Laos and Combodia from the threat of communist aggression. Americans made it clear that
protecting Pakistan from Indian aggression did not fall within the preview of the pact. Pakistan
proposed the establishment of a standing army for the defence of the member countries but this
was turned down. Pakistan’s request for more aid was also not accede to. In her two wars against
India, Pakistan did not receive any help form the pact. Pakistan at last decided to quit SEATO and
she did it in 1972.
Pak-America Relation During Ayub Khan Period:
Since Ayub Khan foreign minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was generally known as sole architect of
the foreign policy which resulted in the betterment of Pakistan relation with China and Russia, it
was natural that Pak-American relations were so cordial during the Bhutto period (1971-77). In
1977 Bhutto accused the
Un intriguing against him and of financing the opposition movement against government, on this
the Americans placed an embargo on their aid to Pakistan aid was not revived even when Zia-ul-
Haq came to power in 1977. But in Dec when Russians infiltrated in Afghanistan the situation took
a dramatic turn Pakistan assumed the position of the most important and the frontline state against
the Russian aggressors.
Russian Invasion in Afghanistan:
In 1980 Pakistan received $1.6 billion aid from the Us other $ 1.5 billion loan in addition to that.
Pakistan was allowed to purchase here forth prohibited, sophisticated American armament
including F16 aircrafts 1986 Americans signed another $4.2 billion military and economic aid pact
Pakistan. After the fall of the Soviet out of Afghanistan of course with the help of Pakistan and
America, start quarrelling among themselves. Taking advantage of this situation a new grown
Taliban emerged on the Afghan political horizon. Their progress was very rapid they soon captured
governmental power in Afghanistan. Successive Pakistani governments supported Taliban.

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Incident of World Trade Centre:
On Sep 11 2001 American Trade centre and other strategic positions were attacked by unidentified
terrorists. Americans accused Taliban and Alqaidah for maneuvering these attacks. Americans
decided to launch an all-out attack on international terrorism and invited Pakistan to join
international coalition against terrorism. Since Pakistan herself had suffered at the hands of
terrorists in the past, she was readily inclined to join the anti-terrorist coalition and committed to
provide logistic support to the American led allied for attacking Afghanistan.
Multiple Choice Questions
1. First Prime Minister of Pakistan Liaquat Ali Khan visited Iran.
(a) March2004 (b) May1949 (c) March1999 (d) May1999
2. The King of Iran visited Pakistan.
(a) March1950 (b) May1950 (c) March1950 (d) June1950
3. Through the efforts of the Emperor of Iran, the severed diplomatic relations
between Pakistan and Afghanistan were restored.
(a) 1960 (b) 1963 (c) 1965 (d) 1966
4. Eisenhower was the president of which country?
(a) America (b) Russia (c) Uragoi (d) Brazil
5. The world Trade Center was attacked.
(a) 1963 (b) 1976 (c) 2001 (d) 2002
SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1: Write down few lines about the Pak-Iran diplomatic relations. (K.B)
Ans: Pak. Iran diplomatic relation:
 Iran was the first country to recognize Pakistan after independence.
 In May 1949, Pakistan’s first Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan paid an official visit to Iran.
The visit was reciprocated by the Shah of Iran in March 1950.
 In 1955, Pakistan, Iran and Turkey joined the Baghdad Pact. After the exit of Iraq, shortly
after, the Pact was re-organized as CENTO (Central Treaty Organization). The pact was
finally dissolved in 1979.
 In the year 1963, the Shahinshah of Iran used his good offices for the restoration of
diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Q.2 What do you know about the relation of Pakistan with Iran after Islamic revolution?
(U.B)
Ans: Iranian Revolution:
 Pakistanis were the paramount supporters of their Iranian brethren in their uprising against
the oppressive and anti-Islamic policies of the Shah of Iran.
 This Revolution showed up in the early days of the last quarter of the 20th century.
 Pakistan immediately recognized the government that took over after the Shah was
overthrown in Feb. 1979.
 Delegations of Pakistani intellectuals and Ulama paid several visits to Iran for expressing
solidarity with the Iranian people.

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Q.3 What role did Pakistan and the United States play to establish a blockade against the
Soviet Union? (A.B)
Ans: The Indians made it clear that they wanted to remain neutral, but to meet their military
requirements they established very close friendly relations with the USSR, and used her
defeat at the hands of the People’s Republic of China in 1962 as a pretext for extracting
military aid from the US and other western countries.
Q.4 What do you know about the SEATO and CENTO agreement? (U.B)
Ans: Pakistan joined SEATO in 1954 and CENTO in 1955. These mutual security defence pacts
were sponsored by the United States of America. These pacts were launched by the
Americans who aimed at using Pakistan as a front-line state against the Soviet Union.
Q.5 Write a few lines about the condition of Pakistan and Afghanistan after the World Trade
Center incident. (U.B)
Ans: On Sep 11 2001 American Trade centre and other strategic positions were attacked by
unidentified terrorists. Americans accused Taliban and Alqaidah for maneuvering these
attacks. Americans decided to launch an all-out attack on international terrorism and
invited Pakistan to join international coalition against terrorism. Since Pakistan herself had
suffered at the hands of terrorists in the past, she was readily inclined to join the anti-
terrorist coalition and committed to provide logistic support to the American led allied for
attacking Afghanistan.

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PROF ALYAS
TESTALI NO.
CHAICHI
6 LECTURE
PAKISTAN NO.4
STUDIES

Student Learning Outcomes

 Pakistan relation with Afghanistan  Pakistan relation with Saudi Arabia
 Success and Failure of our foreign Policy.
Q.1: Review the Pakistan’s Relation with Afghanistan.
Ans: PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN
Background:
Pakistan shares its longest boundary with Afghanistan lying in the north-west British had made
several efforts to annex Afghanistan with the British India they did not succeed, finally they
decided to demarcate a boundary line between the two countries. The mutually accepted line of
demarcation between the countries was named Durand Line. After the creation of Pakistan the
Durand Line was recognized as international boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Afghanistan Border Reservations:
Some afghan government however expressed reservations regarding the validity of the Durand
Line, and at times, they made claims on certain areas in Pakistan territory. Some misguided
elements in the NWFP fell prey to Afghan propaganda and caused troubled for Pakistan
government. On the contrary of Pakistan governments always manifested restraint, and tried to
assure Afghan people that Pakistan was their friend and wanted to established brotherly relations
with them, on the basis of Islamic fraternity. As a gesture of goodwill the Quaid-e-Azam (RA)
acting as the Supreme Commander of the Pakistan’s armed forces, ordered to remove all military
posts established during the British period on Pak-Afghan border.
Membership of Pakistan in the United Nations:
Pakistan applied for the membership of the United Nations Organization in Sept. 1947. In spite of
Pakistan’s efforts to bring about an atmosphere of good neighborly relations, Afghanistan was the
only country in the world that opposed Pakistan being admitted to the membership of the UNO.
Few months later, a round of talks was held between the Pakistani and the Afghan leadership,
Afghan delegates raised serious objections on the demarcation of boundaries and demanded that
Afghanistan should be given access to the sea by earmarking a corridor cutting through Pakistan
territory. In reply to their demand Pakistan offered transit facilities to Afghanistan provided the
Afghan’s obtained from making territorial claims on Pakistan in future.
Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's visit to Afghanistan:
Sardar Daood had a history of being bitterly anti-Pakistan in the days he was Afghanistan’s Prime
Minister. Later he became President of Afghanistan after deposing King Zahir Shah. In the year
1976, the Prime Ministers of Pakistan Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and President Sardar Daood of
Afghanistan exchanged visits. It was becoming evident that gestures of good will from Pakistan side
had succeeded in creating a soft corner for Pakistan in Sardar Daood’s heart. Gen Muhammad Zia
ul Haq succeeded Bhutto in Pakistan; he continued the policy if friendship with Afghanistan adopted
by Bhutto. He visited Afghanistan in the year 1977 the visit was reciprocated by Sardar Daood in

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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
1978. Unfortunately Sardar daood was assassinated only few months after his return form Pakistan
and a new pro-Russia government was formed in Afghanistan. Due to internal strives of the Afghan
Communist Party, Afghan governments frequently changed in the following years.
Russian intervention in Afghanistan:
In Dec 1979 eighty thousand Russian soldiers entered in Afghanistan and assumed direct control
of affairs there. Agitated due to the oppressive measures adopted by the pro-Russia governments,
Afghans took to armed struggle against Russian hegemony. Freedom loving groups of afghan
militants kept up their armed struggle against Russian “occupation”. Over three million Afghan
citizens, uprooted form hearths and homes had to migrate for seeking refuge in Pakistan. Militant
groups continued their operations within Afghanistan their struggle was fully backed by Pakistan
and America. The support was military, economic and diplomatic. Though the militants emerged
victorious in the struggle, Pakistan had to pay a very heave price for her Afghan policy. Heroin
was for the first time introduce in Pakistan during this period. Massive quantities of illegal weapons
were dished into Pakistan by the refugees giving rise to innumerable terrorist groups in the country.
Taking advantage of the internal turmoil strong groups of the students of religious Madrasahs
emerged on the Afghan political scene. These militant students
Establishment of Taliban Government:
Their progress was astonishingly rapid, and within a short span of time, they had assumed full
charge of affairs in Afghanistan. But the unfortunate incident of nine eleven caused a serious
setback to Taliban. Trade centre and a couple of other strategic positions in the United States were
attacked by unidentified terrorist groups. Americans accused Taliban government to have
maneuvered these attacks in the same lore the American President announced to launch an all out
attack against international terrorism and invited Pakistan to be a part of coalition formed to meet
the danger of internati0onal terrorism. The government of Pakistan decided to join the so called
world coalition.
Q.2: Highlight the relationship between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia.
Ans: PAKISTAN AND SAUDI ARABIA
Religious Relations:
Pakistan has always enjoyed very cordial relations with Saudi Arabia, based on religious fraternity.
Holy Kaaba and Masjid-e-Nabvi are the objects of deep reverence and love for every Muslim,
wherever he lives in the world. The Muslims of the Sub-continet always expressed their feelings
of deep love for Saudi Arabia. Notwithstanding the pressures and strains of international
diplomacy, Saudi people reciprocated these gestures of good will in the like manner. On many
occasions late King Faisal of Saudi Arabia expressed hi deep feeling of love for Pakistan by saying
that Pakistan was hit second homeland. Faisal Mosque in Islamabad stands as a living monument
of King Faisal’s love for Pakistan and Saudi people’s love for their Pakistani brethren.
Economic Cooperation:
Pakistan’s technical and defence assistance programmes for Saudi Arabia started in the year 1967.
Under these programmes great number of Saudi Students came to Pakistan and earned degrees in

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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
the fields of Medical and Engineering. Thousands of Pakistani experts are working in different
fields in Saudi Arabia and making valuable contribution to the development of the country.
Mentioned below, are some important projects accormplished through Saudi-Pak cooperation.
 Building of cement, polyester, fertilizer, factories in Pakistan with Saudi assistance. Pak-
Saudi Fertilizer Factory in Mirpur Mathelo, Paj_saudi Joint Investment Company Al-
Jazeera Bank.
 In the field of trade both countries have given each other the status of the most favoured
ally’. Imports and exports are carried out on a very large scale between the two countries.
Identity of Views:
During the days of our freedom movement, most of the Arab countries supported the Congress point
of view, but Saudi Government and people rendered unflinching support to the cause of Pakistan. In
order to educate the world community about the cause of Pakistan and court international support in
favour of Pakistan Movement, the Quaid-e-Azam (RA) sent a delegation to New York during the
General Assembly session in 1946. Faisal (RA) who was then the foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia,
supported the cause of Pakistan and assured the delegation of full Saudi Support.
Diplomatic Relation:
Saudi Government recognized Pakistan immediately after independence. First pact of friendship
and cooperation between the two countries was conclude in 1951. Kind Saud visited Pakistan in
1954, he was accorded a hearty welcome. Saudi Arabia always supported Pakistan on Kashmir
issue in unequivocal terms. During the 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pak Wars Saudi Arabia provided us
diplomatic and material support.
On the perplexing Bangladesh issue, the Saudi Government stood steadfastly by Pakistan’s side
and did not recognize Bangladesh until Pakistan itself did so.
Russian interference in Afghanistan posed serious problems to Pakistan’s security. In the Muslim
Foreign Minister’s Conference of 1980, held in Islamabad, Saudi Arabia took a firm stand in
Pakistan’s favour. During Pakistan’s long drawn out struggle against Russian imperialism, Saudi
Arabia’s moral and material support was a source of great strength for Pakistan.
High Level Ties:
History of close friendly ties between the two countries dates back to the days of the Pakistan
movement. Each Saudi head of the state paid several visits to Pakistan during his tenure of office;
same is true about Pakistani heads of state and government. King Faisal played a key role in
making the Lahore Summit Conference (Feb. 1974) a success.
Cooperation for solving internal problems:
In 1954 King Saud visited Pakistan and gave generous monetary help for the rehabilitation of
refugees.
Opposition took to protest after the controversial 1977 elections in Pakistan, Kind Khalid used his
good offices and sent a special envoy who tried to bring about conciliation between the government
and the opposition.

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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
Saudi government helped Pakistan in running her programme of Islamization, like implementation
of the system of Zakat teaching of Arabic language and Islamization of legal system. In 1978 King
Khalid deputed a special envoy for assisting the government of Pakistan in the process of
Islamization. Islamic University in Islamabad established with the Saudi assistance, is symbolic of
Saudi commitment to the Islamic reconstruction of the Pakistani society.
In the year 1980, when a group of militants desecrated the Holy Kaaba by taking over the Harem
people of Pakistan expressed great resentment against the rebels and a group of Pakistani
commandos assisted the Saudi authorities in restoring the sanctity of the Holy Kaabah.
Saudi Arabia was a direct victim of Iraqi aggression that started with the Iraq’s attack on Kuwait.
On diplomatic level Pakistan supported the cause of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait. Pakistani troops
were dispatched to Saudi Arabia for the protection of the holy shrines including the Kabah and
Masjid e Nabavi. On many occasions in the past, when the Pakistani people were hit hard by the
natural calamities like earthquakes, floods or internal problems like political or economic crises
their Saudi brethren stood by their side with a generous helping hand.
Relations between countries are generally guided by national and diplomatic considerations, but
relations between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia transcend all these considerations, these are based on
feeling of real fraternity and Islamic brotherhood.
Conclusion:
These ties are different in nature from the diplomatic relations governments usually have these are
deeply ingrained in the hearts of the people of the two countries. Faisal Road, Shahrah-e-Faisal,
Faisal Chowk, Faisal Square and faisal Park are very familiar names and sights for all Pakistanis
and these are found in almost all the big and the small cities of Pakistan, and these manifest the
great love Pakistanis have for their Saudi brethren.
Q.3 What are the successes and failures of world affairs and our foreign
policy? Explain in detail.
Ans: WORLD AFFAIRS AND THE SUCCESSES AND FAILURES OF OUR FOREIGN POLICY
India, Pakistan, China and Japan started new phase of their lives as sovereign independent states at almost
the same period of time in history. Pakistan and India inherited and excellent infrastructure especially of
the railways and irrigation, built by the British during the days of their Raj. The two countries were
blessed with plenty of natural and human resources. Chinese had fought a tough battle to success and the
Chinese leadership was faced with the mammoth problem of feeding their population which formed one
third of the total human population of the globe. Japanese had also fought a long and tough battle and
American nuclear attacks has shaken each and every bit of their existence.
Inspite of all that, these two countries, the People ’s Republic of China and Japan, bewildered the
entire world through their surprising achievements in all spheres of material life, especially in the
economic field. Japan has now achieved the status of the richest country of the world with higher
annual per capita income and highest level of foreign exchange reserves. Annual growth rate of
economy attained and maintained for several years by the People’s Republic of China is a miracle
of world history. These two countries were able to achieve the apparently unachievable targets of
success in the fields of economic and technological growth, only because they said no to war and
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Chapter # 10 Foreign Policy of Islamic Republic Pakistan
followed constructive policies based on peace and tranquility. After the Aug 1945 debacle of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki the Japanese Emperor Hirohito was able to convince the nation that wars
in future were going to be extremely expensive and devastating, so impossible for any nation to
afford. He advised his nation to resist the temptation of seeking vengeance on American aggressors
and try to build up their capabilities in the fields of education, science and technology. This
foresighted leader told his nation that arena of war has now shifted; wars in futures will be fought
in schools, colleges, universities, laboratories and factories and not in the traditional battlefields.
Japanese took the advice of their leader and decided to endure their humiliation at the hands of
Americans, with practice and restraint. The Chinese leadership took a similar decision when the
People’s Republic of China was proclaimed on Oc. 1, 1949.
The extremist element in the Indian leadership sowed the seeds of discord in the subcontinent form
the very first day India was partitioned. Unfortunate for both countries that even in the later period
they could not produce a far sighted and moderate leadership which could pull their people out of
war frenzy and tell them that they were following un-achievable targets. Fortunately after a
colossal loss of wealth and precious human resources the political, military and intellectual
leadership of the two countries has now come to realize that war mongering ha paid them nothing
and in future nothing is going to come out of it and that their targets have been unrealistic and
unachievable and that there is no reason that the poor people of this region should be kept suffering
and starving for nothing for indefinite period of time. People in this region have now started
realizing that knowledge and peace are the two basic values on which a sustainable human culture
can be based. History bears evidence, and common sense supports it, that peace has never been
achieved if two parties of a dispute keep insisting on the equality of rights. For establishing peace
one party has to make unilateral sacrifice though in the end, the party which seems to be the loser
by way of sacrificing its otherwise established rights, may emerge as gainer and victorious in the
end (for the Muslims of Pakistan Hudaibia Peace Pact made by the Prophet ‫َخاتَ ُم النَّبِ ّٖینَ َسیِّ َدنَا ُم َح َّم ٌد‬
َ ِ‫ َّرسُوْ ُل ہّللا‬and stands as the greatest example). This is an undeniable fact that
‫صلَّی ّللاُ َعلَ ْی ِہ َوع ہَلی آلِ ّٖہ َو َسلَّ َم‬
nations can change their friends but not their neighbor. Leadership of Pakistan and India should
realize the realities emerging with the change of times, forsake their traditional thinking, and
instead of looking back to the past, should adopt a progressive, futuristic outlook.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Longest border of Pakistan is a Muslim country located in the northwest.
(a) Afghanistan (b) Dubai (c) Iran (d) Sharjah
2. First Pak-Afghan common border is called:.
(a) The Durand Line (b) Line of Control (c) The Berlin Wall (d) Torkham Border
3. The love of Baitullah and Masjid Nabawi is part of the faith of every Muslim.
(a) First (b) Second (c) Third (d) Fourth
4. Shah Faisal used to call it the second home?
(a) India (b) Russia (c) Pakistan (d) Brazil
5. In which city was the Islamic University established with the support of Saudi Arabia?
(a) Rawalpindi (b) Islamabad (c) Lahore (d) Peshawar

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SHORT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Shortly review the diplomatic relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan. (K.B)
Ans: Pakistan shares its longest boundary with Afghanistan lying in the north-west British had
made several efforts to annex Afghanistan with the British India they did not succeed,
finally they decided to demarcate a boundary line between the two countries.
Q.2 What do you know about Durand Line? (U.B)
Ans: The mutually accepted line of demarcation between the countries was named Durand Line.
After the creation of Pakistan the Durand Line was recognized as international boundary
between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Q.3 In which sectors Saudi Arabia help Pakistan by Economically? (A.B)+ (U.B)
Ans: On many occasions in the past, when the Pakistani people were hit hard by the natural
calamities like earthquakes, floods or internal problems like political or economic crises
their Saudi brethren stood by their side with a generous helping hand. Relations between
countries are generally guided by national and diplomatic considerations, but relations
between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia transcend all these considerations, these are based on
feeling of real fraternity and Islamic brotherhood.
Q.4 Write down few line about diplomatic relation of Pakistan and Saudi Arabia.? (U.B)
Ans: Saudi Government recognized Pakistan immediately after independence. First pact of
friendship and cooperation between the two countries was conclude in 1951. Kind Saud
visited Pakistan in 1954, he was accorded a hearty welcome. Saudi Arabia always
supported Pakistan on Kashmir issue in unequivocal terms. During the 1965 and 1971
Indo-Pak Wars Saudi Arabia provided us diplomatic and material support.
Q.5 What policy Japan adopted for its future after the nuclear attacks? (U.B)
Ans: Japanese had also fought a long and tough battle and American nuclear attacks has shaken each
and every bit of their existence. Inspite of all that, these two countries, the People ’s Republic
of China and Japan, bewildered the entire world through their surprising achievements in
all spheres of material life, especially in the economic field. Japan has now achieved the
status of the richest country of the world with higher annual per capita income and highest
level of foreign exchange reserves.

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