Magnetic Materials
Classification of Magnetic Materials
Weiss Theory of Ferromagnetism
(Qualitative Explanation)
Hard and Soft Magnetic Materials
What is a magnet?
Why it has got the name ‘Magnet’?
The ends of a magnet are where the magnetic
effect is the strongest. These are called ‘Poles’.
Poles of magnets comes always in pairs
A bar magnet
A simple bar
magnet behaves
like a magnetic
dipole
Examples of Magnetic Materials
Why some are materials are magnetic and some are not???
Where does the Magnetism come from ?
Current carrying circular conductor - magnetic
moment arises perpendicular to the coil.
Magnetic moment of an atom arises from:
Electrons moving around the nucleus and
spinning around e- have orbital (L) and
spin (S) angular momentum
Therefore, magnetism arises from the
Mag Moment or Mag Dipole of the
magnetic materials
ORIGIN OF MAGNETISM IN MATERIALS
A moving electric charge, macroscopically or “microscopically” is responsible for
Magnetism
Nuclear spin Weak effect
Unpaired electrons required
Origin of Magnetism Spin of electrons for net Magnetic Moment
Orbital motion of electrons This effect is
Also not
significant
Magnetic Moment resultant from the spin of a single unpaired electron
→ Bohr Magneton = 9.273 x 1024 A.m2
THE CONCEPT OF “FIELDS”
Magnetic field:
The space surrounding the magnet up to which
its influence felt is known as Magnetic Field.
Michael Faraday
Some Important
Definitions
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
Its value may be zero, positive or negative.
• Generally, M changes in
magnitude as H is
varied.
• Magnitude of response
is called the “magnetic
susceptibility” of the
material
Note: It is the property of the substance which shows how easily a
substance could be magnetized.
How does M respond to H?
• There is a variety of ways that M responds to H
• Response depends on type of material
• Response depends on temperature
• Response can sometimes depend on the
previous history of magnetic field strengths and
directions applied to the material
A magnetic dipole
• Field lines run from
the North pole to
the South pole
• Field lines indicate
the direction of
force that would be
experienced by a
North magnetic
monopole
Schematic representation of a magnetic dipole
• A magnetic
dipole is often
represented
schematically as
an arrow.
• The head of the
arrow is the
North pole.
A pair of magnetic poles of equal and opposite strengths separated by a
finite distance is called a magnetic dipole.
The magnitude of dipole moment is the product of the pole strength m and
the separation 2l between the poles.
Material in a Magnetic Field
(Summary)
The response of a material to a Magnetic Field H is called Magnetic Induction B
The relationship between B and H is a property of the material
In some materials and in free space B is a linear function of H but in general it is
much more complicated.
Total number of lines per cm2 is called the magnetic flux density or the induction
B=H+4ΠM
The ratio of B to H is called the permeability µ
B 0 ( H M ) B [Weber / m ] [Tesla]
2
m Permeability of free space µo = 4Π x 10-7 Tesla m/A
M M Magnetization Magnetic Moment (m) per unit volum e
V
M
Magnetic Susceptibility
H
Classification of Materials
Materials
Non- magnetic Magnetic
Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic Antiferromagnetic Ferrimagnetic
• Non-magnetic elements DO-NOT have a permanent / intrinsic
magnetic moment for their atoms.
* Magnetic elements DO have a permanent/intrinsic magnetic
moment for their atoms.
FERROMAGNETISM
FERRIMAGNETISM
ANTIFERROMAGNETISM
Classification of magnetic materials
Magnitude and sign of relative permeability
μ
Diamagnetism
i A material which lacks Permanent dipoles
e-
Question: Are all materials Diamagnetic ?
Δμ
r Answer: YES – Because of Lenz’s Law
Diamagnetic material placed in
a magnetic field experiences a
force which repels the
diamagnetic material away from
a permanent magnet.
The magnetic moment opposes the field in diamagnetic materials
Paramagnetism
(a) In paramagnetic material each individual atom possesses a permanent
magnetic moment but due to thermal agitation there is no average
moment per atom; M = 0.
(b) In an applied field, individual magnetic moments take alignments along
the applied field; and M is finite and along B, but saturation cannot be
attained.
Based on Magnetic dipole moments
No permanent dipole moment: Diamagnetic
Permanent dipole moment : Para, Ferro, Anti-Ferro and/or Ferri
Para Ferro Antiferro Ferri
Anti Ferromagnetism
1. It is a special category of ferromagentic materials with
zero net magnetic dipole moment
Examples: MnO, MnS, Cr2O3
2. Magnetic susceptibility is positive and small
Ferrimagnetism
1. It is a special category of ferromagentic materials
with non-zero net magnetic dipole moment
Examples: magnetite (Fe3O4), Zn Fe2O4
Ferrimagnetic materials are ceramics, in
particular, ceramic oxides. The most
widely used ferrimagnets in
technological devices are materials
known as ferrites. Ferrites are
electrically insulating transitional-metal
oxides
2. Magnetic susceptibility is positive and larger
Ferromagnetism
Weiss Theory (Domain theory)
Magnetic Domains Weiss Theory
A ferromagnetic material is divided into a large
number of small regions called domains.
Each domain is spontaneously magnetized
Weiss Theory
The direction of magnetization various from
domain to domain and the net magnetization is
zero, in the absence external mag. field
The two domain separates by domain wall or
Block wall.
When the magnetic field is applied to the Ferromagnetic
material, the magnetization is produced by two ways:
Weak Strong
Hysteresis in Ferromagnetism
1. Exchange energy
2. Crystalline energy
3. Domain wall energy
4. Magnetostriction energy
Periodic Table of Magnetic Materials
No Hysteresis No Hysteresis Exhibit Hysteresis
No Retentivity No Retentivity Possesses Retentivity
χ = Independent of χ = Dependent of χ = Dependent of
Temperature Temperature Temperature
Hard and Soft magnetic materials
Based on Hysteresis
Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials
Based on coercivity
SOFT HARD
1 to 10-2 Oe 102-104 Oe
Characteristic parameters
high permeability high energy product
Applications
inductors, low and high
recording media, automobile
frequency transformers,
industry, Motors, etc.,
Reduction in eddy current loss,
etc.,
State of the art materials
Ferrites, FINEMET, NANOPERM, HITPERM Nd-Fe-B, Sm-Co, Fe-Pt
Historical Development of Hard Magnetic Materials
1. C-steel
2. W-Steel
3. Co-Steel
4. Fe-Ni-Co-Al
alloy
5. Ticonal II
6. Ticonal G
7. Ticonal GG
8. Ticonal XX
9. SmCo5
10. (Sm,Pr)Co5
11. SmCo7
12. NdFeB
Comparison of Soft & Hard Magnetic Materials
PROPERTY SOFT HARD
Area of Hysteresis Loop Smaller Larger
Hysteresis Loss Less More
Permeability Larger Smaller
Domain wall movement Easier Difficult
Magnetic Reluctance Low High
Susceptibility High Low
Retentivity Smaller Higher
Coercivity Smaller Higher
Magnetization Easier Difficult
De-magnetization Easier Difficult
Eddy Current Loss Lesser Greater
Magnetostatic Energy Smaller Larger
Magnetic Saturation Less field needed High field needed
Example: Fe-Si alloy, Fe-Ni alloy SmCo, Nd-Fe-B
Electric power generations
Thermal, Nuclear, and hydro power plants similar way
Electric motors
Ceiling fan
Grinder
Mixer
Washing machine
Mutual induction
Transformers
Computers
Hard disk drive
Microphones, Loudspeakers, Car Horns,
and Electric Bells
Medical field
Permanent Magnets in an Automobile
