1. Identify the most likely logarithmic linearisation and the corresponding model for each scatter diagram, or state that logarithmic linearisation should not be used and give a reason. (a) (b) (d) es2, ‘The specific weight of water varies with temperature according to the data given in Table 19.11. (a) Generate a scatter diagram for this data and describe the association between temperature and specific weight. (b) Give a reason why linearisation using logarithms should not be used for this data, (©) Use your GDC to find an appropriate model for this data, with w as specific weight in terms of temperature T. (4) Use your model to predict the specific weight of water at 12°C to 4 significant figures. (©) Use your model to predict the maximum specific weight of water and the temperature at which this occurs, 3. Do faster aeroplanes use more fuel? ‘The tables contain data on the average speed and fuel consumption of different aeroplanes on mid- range journeys. [Speed (an) | 836 | woz | 779 | va | 762 | 770 | 765 | 723 | 687 Fuel consumption | Gitrespermimurey {224 | 140 | 138 | 94 | 100] 95 | 7 | «2 | 79 [Speedkmh=) | 670 | 665 | 609 | 679 | «25 | seo | 607 | 605 Fuel consumption (Gitres per minute) s6 | 45 | 4 | 70 | st | a0 | st | 48 (a) Generate a scatter diagram and describe the association between speed and fuel consumption, (b) Linearise the data using logarithms to find the best-fit model for this data, using » for speed and F for fuel consumption. (©) Interpret your model and R? in context. (d) Use your model to predict the fuel consumption of a journey with an average speed of 700km h~*, 4, Some researchers drove a compact car at various speeds around a racing track to see if fuel consumption relates to speed. Their data are given in Table 19.12. (a) Generate a scatter diagram for this data. (b) Give a reason why linearisation using logarithms should not be used for this data, (©) Use your GDC to find an appropriate model for this data, with fuel consumption C in terms of speed r. (4) Use your model to predict the fuel consumption of this car at 95kmh-*. man) Sree £0 | acim 0 | 950 er | 90s 1 9.9057 4 068 10 | 28010 a 2097990 “Table 19.1 Data for question 2 Fuel Speed | consumption (mh-) | (litres per 100km) 50 96 w a9 70 83 80 80 0 al 100) a7 no) 38 120 104 fable 19.12 Data for question +(6) Give a reason why it is not reasonable to use this model to predict the fuel consumption at 140 km h~! (6) Use your model to predict the best fuel efficiency (minimum fuel consumption) and the speed at which this occurs. Comment on the reasonableness of this prediction. Medical researchers are interested in how long it takes the body to remove a certain drug from the bloodstream, In one experiement, 4 patient is given a drug and the patient’ blood is tested at regular intervals to determine the concentration in millimoles per litre (mmol L~). The patient is tested just before being given the drug, then twice in 30 minutes, then every six hours. The data for this experiment are given in the table. piieas sence ay | & [025] 05] & | 12 | 18 | 24 | 30 | 36 | 42 | a Concentration GamolL-} 0 |38|80/ 49/32/17] 13] 06] 03] 02] oa (a) Generate a scatter diagram for the data. Describe the feature of the data that makes linearisation difficult. (b) Hence, consider an appropriate subset of the data. Given the form of the scatter diagram, what model is likely to be appropriate? Which linearisation via logarithms should be used? (©) Hence, perform an appropriate linearisation via logarithms, based ‘on your answer to part (b), and find an appropriate least-squares ‘model for concentration C in terms of time f. (d) Write down a suitable domain for your model. (€) Interpret your model in context. (6) Find and interpret the value of R, (g) Use your model to predict the blood concentration of this drug, hours after itis given. (h) The half-life of a drug is the length of time that it takes the body to remove half of the drug from the bloodstream. Use your model to find the half-life of this drug. The orbital period for aplanetisrelatedto 2 Z the planets distance 22 from the Sun. Use 28 the scatter diagram = 9 to answer the 10 100100010000 questions. “Mean distance from Sun (millions km) (a) Estimate the average distance from the Sun and orbital period for Jupiter.a (b) Estimate the average distance from the Sun and orbital period for Mercury. (©) Write down what type of non-linear model appears to be appropriate for this data and give a reason for your answer. ‘The data from question 6 is often expressed in different units: Astronomical units (1 AU is equal to the mean distance from the Earth to the Sun) and the number of Earth years as given in the tables. Planet ‘Mercury [ Venus | Earth | Mars Mean distance fromSun(AU) | 0390 [0.723 1 152 Orbital period (Earth years) 0281 [0616 1 188 Planet Jupiter | Saturn | Uranus | Neptune Mean distance fromSun(AU) | 5.20 | 958 | 192 | 301 Orbital period (Earth years) ns [26 | 4 165 (a) Generate a scatter diagram and describe the association between. average distance from the Sun and orbital period. (b) Linearise the data using logarithms to find the best-fit model, using P for orbital period and D for average distance from the Sun. (c) Interpret your model and R? in context. (@) ‘There isa large gap between Mars and Jupiter. The largest object in this region is the dwarf planet Ceres, located 2.77 AU from the Sun. Use your model to predict the orbital period of Ceres. (e) The actual orbital period of Ceres is 4.60 Earth years. Calculate the percentage error of your prediction. “The tables give the temperature in a growing chamber at various times since midnight. Hourssince midnight | 0 | 2 [ 4 [| 6 | 8 | 10 | 2 ‘Temperature CC) 233 | 237 | 242 [247 | 249 | 250 [247 Hourssince midnight | 14 | 16 | is | 20 | 22 | 24 ‘Temperature (C) 243 [238 | 233 | 230 | 231 | 233 (a) Generate a scatter diagram for the data and describe it. (b) Give a reason why logarithms should not be used to linearise these data. (6) Hence, use your GDC to find an appropriate model for temperature Tin terms of hours since midnight h. (a) Based on your model, write down the average temperature in the ‘growing chamber. (©) Use your model to predict the temperature at 17:00.9. The torque produced by an engine is dependent on the rotational speed (RPM; revolutions min“). The tables give data for a Chevy 350 engine. RPM. 1500_| 2000 [| 2500 | 3000 | 3500 Torque (Nm) 380, 461 475, 508) 529 RPM 4000 | 4500 | so00 | 5500 | 6000 ‘Torque (Nm) 515 488 475, 420 339 (a) Generate a scatter diagram for the data and describe it. (b) Give a reason why logarithms should not be used to linearise this data. (c) Hence, use your GDC to find an appropriate model for torque N in terms of RPM. (d) Based on your model, predict the rotational speed that produces maximum torque.Exercise 19.4 1, (a) log(y) vs x; exponential model (b)_yvs log(x); logarithmic model (c) logarithmic linearization should not be used since data appears to have a turning point (a) log(y) vs log(x); power model3. (a) The associ 2. (0) A cater diagram with an spproprite model is shown below CTT RRS aa SH emp (8) The data does not appear tofitan exponential, logarithmic or power mode the data has a turning Point, o linearization with logarithms cannot be used. (©) The data appears to havea quadratic frm, so we will use quadiatcregresion, The quadratic model is w= 0.000069 7° + 0.000574 + 9.40512, (a) 9802 (@) According to our model, the maximum specifi weight least at 415°C ions strong, postive, and noalinea. There ae no dramatic outliers. o ‘Speed log( fue) vs speed produces the best ineatzation, with log) = 0.0024 + 0192 F = 1.554.00556". ® speed (ha) (©) The model suggests that fue consumption increases by (556% fr each additional kmh increase in speed The inal value (F-intercept) of 245 isnot meaningfl inthis context iti an extrapoltion and it doesnot sake sense to have fuel consumption aa speed of. 62; 86.2% ofthe variation in fuel consumption is predicted by the exponential model with speed asthe ‘explanatory variable (@ 753Lmin 4. (a) seater dlagram wih an appropriate models shown Bo eb To 8 Sb alo Hoe Speed () The data appears to havea quadratic form, so we wll tae quadeatcregrestion (©) The quadratic model is C= 00016199" ~ 0.261667 + 18669. (@) [Link] 100k (©) 140kmA- is outside the ange of observed values, hence the prediction would bean extraplaion. (According to our model, maximum fl effiiency (oninimum fuel consumption of 8.11 per 100m ‘curs at 80.8 kmh, This seems reasonable although itshould be noted tht the observed data includes value of SOL per 100m, which iless than the thcoretical minimum fuel consumption. 5 (a) Te data appears to havea strong negative nonlinear form, excep fr the fist two data pois. This is probably because this isthe time immediately afer the “drags given 0 blood concentration ofthe digi inereasng doing this time Ao bs wEAS HS oS ‘ime ‘Thedata has a lear turning point at 0.5 hours increasing up antl that ine and decreasing afer. A ‘exponential model appears appropiate () Werwll se the data with > 05. An exponential mode! appears appeopriat, so we will usea logy) v8 linearization,(©) helincarized scatter diagram is shown below. “Tine sinceadiitation Te linear model x ogi) = 003981 + 0960-5 € = 9.909121, (12035 () For each adltional hour the blood concentration of this drug decreases by 8.8%. (0) RE = 0.594; 99.4% of the variation in the Blood concentration s predicted by the exponential model ‘using time asthe explanatory variable (@) 631mmolL~* (7.52 hours (a) Average distance fom sun ~ 800 million km, length of year = 4000 days (8) Average distance fom sun ~ 60 milion km, length of year = 90 days (©) A power model appears tobe appropriate since the data appears linear on a log-tog graph 7. (a) There sa strong, positive nonlinear association between average distance from the Sun an the orbital period. 30 i B20 EF ao. i °. Tod eine Nosn distance () the best incarzation is given by the log-log scatter ddagrom: ee Ee eo oa mee Temodd? = De (0) Thee prio of cq the cae othe ae ace yee deerme Wh = 100380, this mode pede 1008 athe Yaron inl period wing Sere ene Tibeorlanaory rab @ topos ov v3 (a) There appears to be a strong sinusoidal association between temperature and time, Terie tniaaaa| ine (b) The pattern appears sinusoidal there are turning points (©) T= 203 sivo263¢ ~ 0.780) + 240 2 2c 9. (a) There appears to bea strong nonlinear relationship between RPM and torque. # Torque eee Tso0” 2300” 3800” 430" 5800 em (8) There isa turning point inthe data, (©) N= 0.000809"? + 02234 + 122 (@) Maxirnm torque 523 Nm at 3610 RPM.