Hyperbolic Functions
1. Definition of the hyperbolic functions:
e x − e−x e x + e−x
sinh x = cosh x =
2 2
sinh x e x − e − x e 2 x − 1 cosh x e x + e − x e 2 x + 1
tanh x = = = coth x = = =
cosh x e x + e − x e 2 x + 1 sinh x e x − e − x e 2 x − 1
1 2 1 2
sech x = = x csch x = = x
cosh x e + e − x sinh x e − e − x
2. Some identities involving hyperbolic functions:
cosh 2 x − sinh 2 x = 1 cosh 2 x = 2 cosh 2 x − 1
= 1 + 2 sinh 2 x
sinh 2 x = 2 sinh x cosh x 2 tanh x
tanh 2 x =
1 + tanh 2 x
1 − tanh 2 x = sec h 2 x coth 2 x − 1 = csc h 2 x
tanh x tanh y
tanh ( x y ) =
1 tanh x tanh y
cosh ( x y ) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y sinh ( x y ) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y
3. Osbornes’s Rule: a trigonometry identity can be converted to an analogous identity for
hyperbolic functions by expanding, exchanging trigonometric functions with their
hyperbolic counterparts, and then flipping the sign of each term involving the product
of two hyperbolic sines. For example, given the identity
Osborne's rule gives the corresponding identity
Eric W. Weisstein. "Osborne's Rule." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/OsbornesRule.html
4. Graphs of the hyperbolic functions:
5. Inverses of the hyperbolic functions and their formulae:
( )
sinh −1 x = ln x + x 2 + 1 , − x
cosh −1 x = ln (x + x2 − 1 ), x 1
1 1+ x
tanh −1 x = ln , −1 x 1
2 1− x
6. Graphs of the inverse hyperbolic functions:
7. Logarithmic Form
y = sinh −1 x = ln ( x + x 2 + 1) , − x
y = cosh −1 x = ln ( x + x 2 − 1) , x 1
1 1+ x
y = tanh−1 x = ln ( ) , x 1
2 1− x
8. Examples
Example1
Solve 6 sinh x − 2 cosh x = 7 .
Solution:
Consider 6 sinh x − 2 cosh x = 7 .
Then
1 1
6 ( e x − e − x ) − 2 (e x + e − x ) = 7 .
2 2
3(e − e ) − (e + e − x ) = 7
x −x x
3e x − 3e − x − e x − e − x = 7
4
2e x − 4e − x = 7 o 2e x − x = 7
e
Thereore
2e 2 x − 7e x − 4 = 0 (1)
Let y = e . Then Eqn (1) becomes 2 y 2 − 7 y − 4 = 0 or (2 y + 1)( y − 4) = 0
x
Then (2 y + 1) = 0 or ( y − 4) = 0
1
Then y = − or y = 4
2
1
Hence e x = − or e x = 4
2
1
Choose e x = 4 ( e x = − never exists).
2
Then ln(e x ) = ln 4 .
Then x ln(e) = ln 4 .
Then x = ln 4 .
Example 2
Proof
y = sinh −1 x = ln ( x + x 2 + 1) .
Solution
Consider y = sinh −1 x . Then sinh y = x
1
But sinh x = (e x − e − x ) .
2
1
Then sinh y = (e y − e − y ) = x
2
Then
e y − e− y = 2x
Therefore
e 2 y − 2 xe y − 1 = 0 .
Let u = e y . Then e 2 y − 2 xe y − 1 = 0 becomes u 2 − 2 xu − 1 = 0 .
− (−2 x) (−2 x) 2 − 4(1)(−1) 2 x 4 x 2 + 4
Then u = = = x x2 +1
2(1) 2
Then e y = x x 2 + 1
Hence, ln e y = ln ( x + x 2 + 1) or y = ln ( x + x 2 + 1)
Thereore, sinh −1 x = ln ( x + x 2 + 1)
Example 3
Solve cosh 2 x + 5 sinh x − 4 = 0 .
Solution:
Consider cosh 2 x + 5 sinh x − 4 = 0 (1)
Use identity cosh 2u = 2 cosh 2 u − 1
Then the given becomes
(2 sinh 2 x + 1) + 5 sinh x − 4 = 0
Hence
2 sinh 2 x + 5 sinh x − 3 = 0 . (2)
Let y = sinh x . Then Eqn.(2) becomes 2 y 2 + 5 y − 3 = 0 or (2 y − 1)( y + 3) = 0 .
Then 2 y − 1 = 0 or y + 3 = 0
1
Then, y = or y = −3
2
Hence
1
sinh x = or sinh x = −3 .
2
1
Thus, x = sinh −1 ( ) or x = sinh −1 (−3) .
2
Example 4
Solve the equation
4 x 2 + 5x
2 tanh −1 (2 x) = ln
1 − 2x
Solution
4 x 2 + 5x
Consider 2 tanh −1 (2 x) = ln .
1 − 2x
1 1 + 2x 4 x 2 + 5x
Then 2 ( ln = ln
2 1 − 2x 1 − 2x
1 + 2x 4 x 2 + 5x
Then ln = ln
1 − 2x 1 − 2x
Hence,
1 + 2 x 4 x + 5x
2
=
or 1 + 2 x = 4 x 2 + 5 x
1 − 2x 1 − 2x
Thus
4 x 2 + 3 x − 1 = 0 or ( x + 1)(4 x − 1) = 0
Therefore
1
x = −1 or x = .
3
Inverse Trigonometric Functions
1. Deinition
Function Domain of inverse function Range of inverse function
y = arcsin x iff sin y = x −1 x 1 − 2 y 2
y = arccos x iff cos y = x −1 x 1 0 y
y = arctan x iff tan y = x − x − 2 y 2
y = arccot x iff cot y = x − x 0 y
y = arcsec x iff sec y = x x 1 ( x 1 or x -1) 0 y , y 2
y = arccsc x iff csc y = x x 1 ( x 1 or x -1) − 2 y 2 , y 0
Note: The abbreviation “iff” refers to the biconditional “if and only if.”
y = arcsin x = sin −1 x , y = arcsin h x = sinh −1 x
2. Graphs of the Six Inverse Trigonometric Functions
y = arcsin x y = arccsc x y = arctan x
y
y y
x
− − x
− −
− −
−
−
−
−
−
y = arccos x y = arcsec x y = arccot x
y y
x
− − x
− −
− − 3. Review on
− Trigonometry
−
−
−
i. Cosine:
The general solution of the equation cos = cos for any angle , is
= 360n 0 or = 2n . n = 0,1, 2,
1 1 7 7
sin −1 (− ) = sin = − = sin = sin =
2 2 6 6
7
Or generally: = n (−1) n i.e. = n (−1) n
6
7 7 13
Choose n = 1 , then = − (−1)1 = + =
6 6 6
ii. Sine:
The general solution of the equation sin = sin for any angle , is
= 180 n 0 + (−1) n or = n + (−1) n .
iii. Tangent:
The general solution of the equation tan = tan for any angle , is
= 180n 0 + or = n + .
4. Examples
Example 1: Evaluating Inverse Trigonometric Functions.
Evaluate each of the following −
1
a. sin −1 (− ) b. cos −1 (0) c. tan −1 ( 3 ) d. sin −1 (0.3) .
2
Solution:
1
a. Let x = sin −1 (− )
2
Then
1 7
sin x = − = sin .
2 6
Then
7
x = n + (−1) n .
6
7
If n = 0 , then x =
6
7 11
If n = 1 , then x = − =− =
6 6 6
b. Let x = cos −1 (0) .
Then
cos x = 0 = cos
2
Then
x = 2n .
2
If n = 0 x = , for 0 x 2
2
3 5
If n = 1 x = 2 = , , for 0 x 2
2 2 2
c. Let x = tan −1 ( 3 ) .
Then
tan x = 3 = tan
3
Then
x = n +
3
If n = 0 x = , for 0 x 2
3
4
If n = 1 x = + = , for 0 x 2
3 3
−1
d. Let x = sin (0.3) .
Then
sin x = 0.3 = sin 17 .46 0 .
Then
x = n + (−1) n 17 .46 0
If n = 0 x = 17 .46 0
If n = 1 x = − 17 .46 0 = 162 .54 0
Example 2:
Solve the following for x: tan−1 (2 x − 3) = .
4
Solution
tan−1 (2 x − 3) = 2 x − 3 = tan 2x − 3 = 1 2x = 4 x = 2 .
4 4
Example 3: Finding the Exact Value of Expressions Involving Inverse Trigonometric
Functions.
1 2 5
a. tan cos −1 − b. sec sin−1
3 5
Solution
1 1
a. Let y = cos −1 (− ) cos y = − = cos109.47 .
3 3
Then y = 109 .47 0
Then tan y = −2.83
2 5 2 5
b. Let y = sin −1 sin y =
y = 63 .43 0 .
5 5
1 1
Then sec 63.430 = 0
= = 2.2356
cos 63.43 0.4473
Example 4: Using Right Triangles.
Answer each of the following.
a. Given y = sin −1 x , where 0 y , find cos y .
2
Solution
x
1
1− x2
y = sin −1 x sin y = x
1− x2
cos y = = 1− x2
1
b. Given y = sec −1 x , find tan y .
Solution
x2 −1
x
1 1
y = sec −1 x sec y = x = x cos y =
cos y x
x2 −1
tan y = = x2 −1
1
