Palestine Technical University- Kadoorie (PTUK)

Faculty of Engineering and Technology

Electrical Engineering Department

SMART GRID PROTECTION

By:

IBRAHEEM MOUSA (201710763)

Al-MOTAZ BELLH FAKHOURY (201810255)

SARAH KHALIL (201810644)

MOUSA AL-WAHSH (201811697)

Supervised:

DR. JA'FAR JALLAD

A Project Submitted as a Part of the requirements for the degrees of B.A.

in
Electrical Engineering at Palestine Technical University-Kadoorie
Tulkarm – Palestine
2022-2023

I
DEDICATION:
Praise be to God, and prayers and peace be upon the best of people, and he who deserves
prayer, and he who does not thank God does not deserve eternal blessings.
For the high forehead, who gave us his life, to see us grow before him, and to bear the
loneliness of this world, while we are safe in his house under his shadow, Dear father.
To the one who got pregnant, stayed up and got tired, to whom and to whom we are, for a
tender chest and a warm heart, To the hand that wiped our shoulders the tiredness of the
road, who lit up these hearts with its light, For the one who gave up everything, Tender
mother.
For those who gave, and sincerity was their training, and the fear of God was in their eyes,
for the doctors, professors, and every teacher had the credit for us that We arrived here for
the supervisor Dr. Ja`far Jallad, for the Dean of the College of Engineering and
Technology, Dr. Motamed Al-Khatib, and for the head of the department Dr. Mahmoud
Salah.
To our homeland Palestine, the great martyrs and prisoners are a symbol sacrifice;
Kadoorie University; Our friends and colleagues who stand with us through all obstacles
and issues.
We hope that you will shower us with prayers, that this stop is not the end of the road, but
rather the beginning of a long journey that begins Now.

II
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
Firstly, all thanks and praise to ALLAH for his guidance and benevolence. That has given
a success for us to complete this project.
We extend our sincere thanks and appreciation to the project's supervisor: Dr. Ja`far Jallad,
for his continuous support and for the follow-up of the project closely, and for his
comments and his orientation, which were always in place.
Additionally, our sincere thanks to our University, The Palestine Technical University –
Kadoorie, and specifically to the College of Engineering and Technology, in all its
departments, branches and employees, including academics, doctors and instructors, and
all those who contributed even a little to complete this project successfully.
Finally, we cannot fail to thank the anonymous soldiers who have done their best day and
night until they saw the light of our project, dear parents, friends and colleagues

III
 ABSTRACT

As the smart grid will add flexibility to the electric power

system and increase network reliability, this project is
concerned with preparing a solid protection system to
protect the network from error and return it to a normal state
.in a short time
Relays will reduce outages and their consequences, ensure
quick network recovery, and make the electric power system
more prepared for emergencies. A set of relays and circuit
breakers were added to the network and programmed with
Arduino before being connected to the ESP32 piece, with
.the working status displayed on the display screen

IV
 ‫الملخص‬

‫يعنى ھذا المشروع بإعداد نظام حماية متين لحماية الشبكة من الخطأ وإعادتها‬
‫إلى الحالة الطبيعية في وقت قصير ومنع أي ضرر على النظام حيث ستضيف‬
‫الشبكة الذكية مرونة إلى نظام الطاقة الكهربائية‪ ,‬وتعمل على زيادة موثوقية‬
‫الشبكة‪.‬‬
‫ستعمل المرحالت على تقليل االنقطاعات وتقليل التأثيرات عند حدوثها ويضمن‬
‫التعافي السريع للشبكة و جعل نظام الطاقة الكهربائية أفضل استعدادًا لمواجهة‬
‫حاالت الطوارئ‪ .‬وتم اضافة مجموعة مرحالت و قواطع للشبكة و برمجتها من‬
‫خالل االردوينو و ربطهم بقطعة ‪ESP32‬وتمعرض حالة العمل على شاشة‬
‫العرض‪.‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
 CONTENTS

.NO Content Page

.Cover page I
DEDICATION II
.Acknowledgments III
ABSTRACT VI
.Table of Contents VI
.Table of Tables IVI
.Table of Figures IIVI
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Motivation. 2
1.3 .Objectives of the Project 2
1.4 Methodology. 3
1.5 .Literature Review 3
Chapter 2 .Protective system 7
2.1 .Characteristics of the protection system 7
2.2 .Phase Faults and Ground Faults 7
2.3 .protection devices 9
2.4 .Over/ Under voltage protection 11
2.5 .Overcurrent protection 13
2.6 .Directional Over-Current Relay 16
2.7 .Over and under frequency protection 20
2.8 .Relay Testing 21
2.9 .Load Effect 22
Chapter 3 .HARDWAER 23
3.1 .Overview Esp32 23
3.2 .Pin Layout 26
3.3 Pin Description. 27
3.4 .characteristic ESP32 29
3.5 .Wi-Fi & Bluetooth Dual Mode 30
3.6 .disadvantages of ESP32 30
Chapter 4 .SOFTWARE 31
4.1 MATLAB 31
4.1.1 .Matlab properties 31
4.1.2 .Matlab software 31
4.2 .NETWORK IN MATLAB 32
4.3 .COMPONENTS OF GRID 33
4.4 .Result from scope in grid 47
TABLE OF FIGURES

VI
.NO Content page
2.1 .Relay components 10
2.2 .Relay Connection Points 10
2.3 .Over and under voltage 11
2.4 .Block Diagram of Over-Under Voltage Circuit 13
2.5 .Block diagram of an over-current relay 14
2.6 Instantaneous time over-current relay characteristic 14
2.7 Definite time over-current relay characteristic 15
2.8 .Inverse Time Over Current 15
2.9 Need for directional relay 17
2.10 .Single-end-fed parallel feeder needs directional OC protection 18
2.11 Phasor diagram for a directional relay based on induction 19
.principle
2.12 Load encroachment on the tripping characteristic of a mho 22
.relay
3.1 .Reflow Profile 25
3.2 ESP32-WROOM-32 26
Pin Layout.
4.1 Network in MATLAB 32
4.2 .Generator1 in grid 33
4.3 .Generator2 in grid 34
4.4 .Transmission lines in grid 34
4.5 .FrequencyCB1&2 in grid 35
4.6 .Frequency Relay Connecting in grid 36
4.7 .Frequency Relay Block 36
4.8 .Bus in grid 37
4.9 .Three-phase transformer in grid 38
4.10 .Load in grid 39
4.11 .ESP32 connection in grid 39
4.12 .Over voltage CB in grid 40
4.13 .Under voltage CB in grid 40
4.14 .Over current CB in grid 41
4.15 .Over voltage relay in grid 42
4.16 .Overvoltage relay block 43
4.17 .Under voltage relay in grid 43
4.18 .Undervoltage relay block 44
4.19 .Overcurrent relay in grid 44
4.20 .Instantaneous overcurrent relay relay block 45
4.21 .Three phase fault in grid 45
4.22 .The voltage signal is in the normal position 47
4.23 .The load signal is in the normal position 48
4.25 signal frequency1 49
4.26 signal relay over frequency 49
4.27 .voltage in case over frequency 50
4.28 .load in case over frequency 50
4.29 signal frequency G1 51
4.30 .signal relay under frequency
VII 51
4.31 .Buss voltage in case under frequency 52
4.32 .load in case under frequency 52
 TABLE OF THE TABLE
.NO Content page
2.1 .Fault statistics with reference to type of fault 8
2.2 .Fault statistics with reference to power system elements 8
3.1 .ESP32-WROOM-32 Specifications 24
3.2 .Pin Definitions 27
4.1 Values of generator1 in grid 33
4.2 Values of generator2 in grid 34
4.3 .Values of Transmission lines in grid 35
4.4 .Initial status CB in grid 35
4.5 .Values of Frequency Relay in grid 36
4.6 .Values of voltage and current in grid 37
4.7 .Types and values of transformer in grid 38
4.8 .Types and values of load in grid 39
4.9 .Output from OR 41
4.10 .status of circuit breaker in grid 42
4.11 .values setting overvoltage relay in grid 42
4.12 .values setting under voltage relay in grid 44
4.13 .values setting instantaneous overcurrent relay in grid 45
4.14 .values setting three phase fault in grid 46

VIII
 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background
The Power System It is a network of transmission lines, substations, transformers, and
other components that transport electricity from the power plant to customers.
In short, what makes the grid smart is the digital technology that allows for two-way
communication between the utility and its customers, as well as sensing along transmission
lines. It will consist of controls, computers, automation, and new technologies and
equipment working together. These technologies will interact with the electrical grid to
respond to rapidly changing electric demand digitally.
A Smart Grid is an electricity network that can integrate the behavior and actions of all
users connected to it - generators, consumers, and those who do both - to ensure an
economically efficient, sustainable power system with low losses and high levels of
quality, supply security, and safety.
A smart grid makes use of cutting-edge products and services, as well as intelligent
monitoring, control, communication, and self-healing technologies.
The Smart Grid will usher in a new era of energy industry reliability, availability, and
efficiency, benefiting both our economic and environmental health.
The application of digital processing and communications to the power grid is a common
element in most definitions of the smart grid, making data flow and information
management central to the smart grid.
1- Improvement of infrastructure (strong grid) & Technology
2- Provision of a digital layer, which is the essence of the smart grid.
3- Enabling of business investments in smart technology.
4- Training and Education of consumers.
5- Development of standards and regulations.
Power System Protection is an enthralling topic. A power system protection scheme is
designed to continuously monitor the power system to ensure maximum electrical supply
continuity with minimal damage to HFE, equipment, and property. Understanding the fault
characteristics of individual power system elements is required when designing protective
schemes. It is also necessary to be familiar with the tripping characteristics of various

1
protective relays. The protection engineer's job is to design such schemes that achieve the
best possible match between the fault and tripping characteristics.
The design must ensure that relays detect undesirable conditions and trip to disconnect the
affected area, while remaining restrained at all other times. However, statistical evidence
suggests that a large number of relay trips are caused by incorrect or inadequate settings
rather than genuine faults. As a result, students must be equipped with solid concepts of
power system protection in order to deal with unforeseen circumstances in real life.
Our project is to connect a protection system with the network so that the protection
system deals with any type of error by a piece (ESP32) that acts as a controller connecting
the network and the protection system (Relays: over voltage relay, under voltage relay,
over current relay, over frequency relay and under frequency relay), It receives values from
the network (current values, voltage values, frequency values) and accordingly sends
signals to required relay to separate the circuit or not if there are errors.

1.2 Motivation
Every unusual circumstance that affects the electrical system, such as over load,
short circuit, under load, under voltage, over voltage, if there is a significant
increase in the load, this will lead to a decrease in the frequency and the speed of
the generator increases, which leads to damage to equipment or injury to
operators, and this malfunction often results in the passage of a very large current
greater than the rated values in a part of the system

1.3 Objectives of the Project

• Setup a solid protection system to protect the grid faulty and up normal condition in
short time and prevent any damage on the system.

• Increasing the reliability of the network.

• remote control.

• A smarter grid will add flexibility to the electric power system.

• make electric power system better prepared to address emergencies such as.

• This will minimize outages and minimize the effects when they do happen and
ensures fast recovery.

2
 • Because of the electric power system two-way interactive capacity, the Smart Grid
technologies will detect and isolate the outages, containing them before they
become large-scale blackouts.

1.4 Methodology
The system was simulated on MATLAB to test the control system designed for
frequency, current and voltage disturbances. We will be using an ESP32
microcontroller with LEDs attached to it, to represent the load buses. The idea of
using the ESP32 is that it can connect directly to a Wi-Fi network which will
make it the perfect choice for processing, transmitting and then publishing the
physical data to the internet cloud. We will also create an online user interface to
access our system to monitor and control it.

1.5 Literature Review.

– The functional requirements of the protection future Smart Grids, especially for the smart
distribution networks, are discussed in this paper by analyzing a fixed set of different types
of basic protection zones.
Before proceeding to the functional requirements of the protection system a generic set of
different types of basic protection zones is introduced.) Kauhaniemi, Kimmo and Voima,
Sampo,2012)

-Energy Management Techniques in Smart Grid

This smart energy management system can be developed to monitor the power quality and
control the distribution of power system by the advanced technology based wireless
communication networks like Bluetooth, ZigBee network interfaced with microcontroller,
ZigBee network interfaced with FPGA, GSM interfaced with embedded controller,
SCADA interfaced with PLC techniques. (Ramalingam, Govindarajan and Meikandasivam, S.
and Vijayakumar, D,2015)

3
-Energy Management Systems Using Smart Grids: An Exhaustive Parametric
Comprehensive Analysis of Existing Trends, Significance, Opportunities, and
Challenges
Energy management systems can efficiently increase the balance between supply and
demand while reducing peak load during unscheduled periods. The energy management
system can handle distributing or exchanging energy among the many energy resources
available and economically supplying loads in a stable, safe, and effective manner under all
power grid operating situations. This article examines the energy control system’s
structure, goals, benefits, and challenges through an in-depth investigation of the various
stakeholders and participants involved in this system. This review provides a detailed
essential analysis of the operation of several programs used inside the power management
system, such as demand response, demand management, and energy quality management.

It also includes a summary of the smart grid’s functionalities, features, and related
techniques and has discovered research gaps, challenges, and issues. Furthermore, in this
article, the authors review the literature on the enabling technologies of smart grid and
investigate the energy management system, which is among one of the major emerging
technologies and quantifications of the various uncertainty techniques. In this paper, the
authors also discussed the comprehensive review of researchers’ efforts and contributions
to the smart energy management system in the smart grid. It also compares and evaluates
the key optimization approaches utilized to achieve the remarkable aims of energy
management structures while also fulfilling a variety of constraints.
The energy management system of SGs is the subject of this research. (Khan, Nitasha,2022)

-Distribution Automation: Smart Self-healing Network

A system has been developed to control the electrical power distribution network that
monitors the operation of the electrical network and automatically isolates faults within the
smallest possible area, which reduces the time required to restore electric power to the rest
of the subscribers during fault repair, through the developed SCADA control system with a
PLC programmable logic controller. (Uluski, R,2012)

-Implementation of over-voltage & undervoltage protection system

The effects of overvoltage and under voltage can be severe and can cause insulation failure
in case of overvoltage and overheating and burning of motors coils in case of under
voltage. To solve the problem a tripping mechanism is designed to disconnect the load
when subjected to overvoltage, under voltage or imbalance operation in case of three phase
equipment’s. The design is first simulated in a virtual environment using a simulation
program, and then a hardware design is made according to the simulated circuit. The
circuits responded effectively to voltage variations whether it’s under or over voltage in
case of single-phase circuit, and overvoltage, under voltage, phase failure and imbalance
operation in case of three phase circuit. (Alamin, Yousif and Yahiya, Wael and
MohammedV, Mohammed,2017)

4
-Modeling and Simulation of Under -Frequency Relay for Generator Protection
This transfiguration has impersonated new challenges in well-established power system
practices, coordination of protection systems and especially on the design. The power
system is continually laying unexpected contingencies which cause inequality between
load demand and generated power. Such uncertainties cause the disturbance in the power
system frequency. The only way to maintain power system frequency by balancing load
and generation.

We have noticed that when the load on the system is increased, the designed model shed
the extra load and are modeled through under frequency relay by comparing the frequency
responses of the power system.( Emon, Ahsan and Koondhar, Mohsin and Memon, Imdad
and Memon, Munawar and Koondhar, Masood and Abid, S and Bukhari,2021)

-Design and Implementation of Overcurrent Protection Relays Test Bench

This led to the idea of designing and implementing a simple circuit on a test bench that can
be used as a lab equipment to demonstrate the operation of overcurrent protection relays. It
was decided to design the circuit so that it employs equipment removed from the power
simulator including microprocessor-based SEL-751A Feeder Protection
Relays, Westinghouse CO-8 electromechanical relays, variable
autotransformer, voltmeter, ammeter, isolation circuit breaker, and a tripping circuit
breaker. A circuit test bench, available in the lab, was modified for this purpose. The
circuit of the Overcurrent Protection Relays Test Bench has a variable autotransformer
with protection relays, protection breakers and changeover switches installed on the
primary and secondary side of the transformer.

There was only one industrial circuit breaker available in the lab. This use of the breaker
circuit has saved a lot of costs since most of the components used in the design were
already available in the lab. Based on the cost-effective design, it is planned to design a
similar circuit that can demonstrate the operation of differential current protection relay
based on SEL-387A Current Differential Relay. ( Khattak, Khalid Daud,2019)

-Design and Development of an IoT Smart Meter with Load Control for Home
Energy Management Systems.
Electricity consumption is rising due to population growth, climate
change, urbanization, and the increasing use of electronic devices. The trend of the Internet
of Things has contributed to the creation of devices that promote the thrift and efficient use
of electrical energy. Currently, most projects relating to this issue focus solely on
monitoring energy consumption without providing relevant parameters or switching on/off
electronic devices. Therefore, this paper presents in detail the design, construction, and
validation of a smart meter with load control aimed at being part of a home energy
management system.( Munoz, Omar and Ruelas, Adolfo and Rosales,2022)

5
With its own electronic design, the proposal differs from others in many aspects.

-ESP32 Microcontroller Based Smart Power Meter System Design and

Implementation.
Every house and workplaces should install electricity energy meter to evaluate the
electricity consumption. Finally, of consistently, a large number of us get stressed over the
high-power bill and it is need to check the energy meter once in a while. In this work a
smart electricity energy meter using ESP32 microcontroller which monitor energy through
the PZEM-004T at any time and send to the office. Where this PZEM -004T is used for
voltage and current measurements. Then the records will send to the office and store in the
SQL database and also web page which is used specific IP. The results have been
generated using MYSQL and the curves of the values with the time are also plotted using
Microsoft Excel 2010. (Abed, Issa and Naser, Hayder,2020)

-Implementation of Over-Voltage & Under-Voltage Protection System

The under/over voltage protection circuit with time delay presented here is a low cost and
reliable circuit for protecting such equipment’s from damages. This circuit has been
designed, built and evaluated by me to use as a protector for my home refrigerator. The
complete circuit is consisting of various stages. (A Arefín, Utsho and Choudhury] A Arefín,
Utsho and Choudhury,)

6
 CHAPTER TWO: Protective system
2.1 Characteristics of the protection system.
A system which is responsible for protecting electrical systems from faults by isolating the
faulty part from the rest of the system, so power is not disconnected from healthy parts and
this increases system reliability and efficiency.

Characteristics of the protection system:

 Sensitivity:
The protective system must be alive to the presence of the smallest fault current.
The smaller the fault current it can detect, the more sensitive it is.

 Selectivity:
In detecting the fault and isolating the faulty element, the protective system must be
very selective. Ideally, the protective system should zero-in the faulty element and
isolate it, thus causing minimum disruption to the system.
 Speed:
he longer the fault persists on the system, the larger is the damage to the system and
higher is the possibility that the system will lose stability. Thus, it helps a lot if the e
entire process of fault detection and removal of the faulty part is accomplished in as
short a time as feasible.
 Reliability and Dependability:
A protective system is of no use if it is not reliable. There are many ways in which
reliability can be built into the system. Good engineering judgement plays a great
part in enhancing the reliability of the protective system.

2.2 Phase Faults and Ground Faults.

Those faults, which involve only one of the phase conductors and ground, are called
ground faults. Faults involving two or more phase conductors, with or without ground, are
called phase faults. Power systems have been in operation for over a hundred years now.
Accumulated experience shows that all faults are not equally likely. Single line to ground
faults (L-G) are the most likely whereas the fault due to simultaneous short circuit between
all the three lines, known as the three-phase fault (L-L-L), is the least likely. This is
depicted in Table 2.1

7
 Table 2.1 Fault statistics with reference to type of fault

Fault Probability of Severity

)%( occurrence
L-G 85% Least severe
L-L 8%
L-L-G 5%
L-L-L 2% Most severe
Total 100%

Further, the probability of faults on different elements of the power system are different.
The transmission lines which are exposed to the vagaries of the atmosphere are the most
likely to be subjected to faults. Indoor equipment is least likely to be subjected to faults.
The fault statistics is shown in Table 2.2.
Table 2.2 Fault statistics with reference to power system elements.

power system element )%( Probability of faults

Overhead lines 50
Underground cables 9
Transformers 10
Generators 7
Switchgear 12
CT, PT relays, control equipment 12
total 100%

The severity of the fault can be expressed in terms of the magnitude of the fault current and
hence its potential for causing damage. In the power system, the three-phase fault is the
most severe whereas the single line-to-ground fault is the least severe.

2.3 protection devices.

8
The devices used to implement the protection scheme are called protection devices. The
devices used to implement the protection scheme is called protection devices and we will
mention them and what is the role each one does as follow.
Circuit Breakers: are the most powerful devices in the system as they are responsible for
closing/ opening the system based on relays command which will be discussed in the next
few lines.

Batteries: they are very important in any protection system as they are the backup
.supply for protective devices so as to be able to operate even in case of power loss

Communication channels: connectivity between power system and protective devices

is so important to make the whole system visible to each other. And to make the
.proper decision based on the status of systems’ devices

Protective Relays: are the brain of a protective system, they use the measurements from CT
and VT to check whether the system is working properly or there is some kind of fault. In
case of faults the relay sends a trip signal to one or many circuit breakers to disconnect the
.faulty part from the rest of the system

Relay:
It is an electrical element that works with the same principle as a normal switch, but in an
electromechanical way (electrical and mechanical) by giving a direct or alternating current
signal on the relay coil in order to generate a magnetic field, and accordingly the internal
contact points are changed in the sense of opening closed points and closing open points.
Relay components:
The relay consists from the inside on the following parts:
 Magnetic coil: works to attract contact points by applying a potential difference on its
two ends.
 Open and closed contacts: Its function is to connect or disconnect the current passing.
 A spring or spring that is responsible for returning the contact points to their normal
position when the electric current is disconnected from the relay or relay coil.
 External parties to connect.

9
 Figure 2.1: Relay components.

Types of Relay Connection Points:

SPST: means (Single Pole Single Throw) contains an input point and an output point, and
there are two types of it, one is an open key (NO) and the other is a closed key (NC) in the
normal state.

DPST: stands for (Single Pole Double Throw) contains two poles or two switches with one
switch, and they are in the open state (NO / Normally Open) when the current is cut off
from the relay coil.

SPDT: stands for (Single Pole Double Throw) It contains one pole with two shunts
through which it is possible to choose between the two points (NO or NC) connected with
the common point (C / Common terminal).

DPDT: means (Double Pole Double Throw) contains two poles with two diversions.

Figure 2.2: Relay Connection Points

10
After having an overview about the components of protection which can be implemented
to protect the system from many faults, now we mention the most severe faults which
can occur in any electrical system and Which we discussed in our project.
Types of electrical protection:
 Over and under voltage protection.
 Overcurrent protection.
 Over and under frequency protection.

2.4 Over/ Under voltage protection

For the satisfactory working of all electrical and electronic devices, it is recommended to
allow voltage at prescribed limits. Voltage fluctuations in electric power supply
certainly have adverse effects on connected loads. These fluctuations can be of over
voltage and under voltages which are caused by several reasons like voltage surges,
lightning, overload, etc. Over voltages are the voltages that exceed the normal or rated
values which cause insulation damage to electrical appliances leading to short circuits.
Similarly, under-voltage causes overloading of the equipment leading to lamp flickers
and inefficient performance of the equipment.

Figure 2.3: Over and under voltage.

11
 Overvoltage
Often, there is a misconception where a voltage higher than the usual rated voltage amount
is equivalent to higher output or efficiency. In reality, it is not the case and it only
results in more harm than good.
To be more precise, it’s when a supply voltage of 10 % and above the rated motor voltage
occurs. When overvoltage first occurs, it will usually impact the sensitive system
components – motherboards and circuit boards. All these tiny electronic circuits are unable
to cope with any extra voltage and current peaks. Additionally, it also leads to overheating
due to the conversion of extra heat instead of operational output like torque. All these heats
will continue accelerating and eventually cause the deterioration of bearing and insulation
systems
Overvoltage protection is a measure taken to prevent damage to electrical equipment
caused by excessively high voltage levels. In high voltage systems, such as those found
in power transmission and distribution, over voltages can occur due to a variety of
factors, including lightning strikes, switching transients, and fault conditions. These
high voltage events can cause electrical equipment to fail or malfunction, leading to
costly repairs and potential service disruptions.
There are several methods for protecting electrical equipment from over voltages in high
voltage systems. One common method is the use of overvoltage protectors, such as
surge arresters or varistors, which are designed to divert excess voltage away from
sensitive equipment. Another method is the use of transformers with tap-changing
capability, which can adjust the voltage level of the incoming power to within a safe
range. Protective relays and fuses are also commonly used to detect and interrupt the
flow of electrical current in the event of an overvoltage.
It is important to properly design and maintain overvoltage protection systems in high
voltage systems to ensure the reliability and safety of the electrical equipment. This
may involve regular testing and maintenance of protection devices, as well as careful
analysis of the system to determine the most appropriate protection methods and
devices.

Under voltage
Under voltage happens when the average voltage of equipment falls below the rated
voltage amount. Frequent under voltage can result in a degradation in equipment
performance and reliability.
The winding suffers a substantial amount of wear and tear in the winding and reduces the
lifespan of the equipment. Insufficient voltage means that the equipment has to draw
extra current in order to meet the power requirements. As a result of being unable to
fulfil these needs – the equipment is not able to perform as how it normally does.

12
Especially if the scale of application for the equipment is used on industries and
transmission distribution, the consequences are even dire as the generators,
transformers, compressors, loads and static capacitors connected to the grid are
programmed to operate at the specified voltage and at maximum load as much as
possible.
When it’s not running on the rated voltage, the equipment won’t be operating at its best
ability and instead will start to show signs of breaking down eventually.
An equipment is designed to run within a specific voltage range that is generally +/-
10 percent of rated voltage; anything too high or low will shorten the lifespan of the
machinery.

Figure 2.4: Block Diagram of Over-Under Voltage Circuit.

Causes of issue:
1. The problem of diesel engine generator speed regulation
2. The varistor or rectifier bridge diode on the generator winding is damaged
3. Malfunction of generator regulator board
4. The voltage sampling line is loose, and no voltage can be measured at this time.
5. Ground fault

2.5 Overcurrent protection.

Overcurrent, refers to any circumstance where the amount of electric current in an
electrical system is greater than the current the system is designed to manage.

13
 Figure 2.5: Block diagram of an over-current relay.
:types of Over Current relays, such as
1. Instantaneous over current relay.
2. Definite time over current relay.
3. Inverse time over current relay.

1. Instantaneous Over Current Relay:

The construction and operation of an instantaneous over current relay are quite simple.
In most cases, a magnetic core is wound by a current coil. When there is insufficient
current in the coil, the NO contacts remain open because a piece of iron is fitted in the
relay by hinge support and a restraining spring. When the current in the coil exceeds a
predetermined value, the attractive force is strong enough to pull the iron piece towards the
magnetic core, and the no contacts close.
The pickup setting current is the pre-set value of current in the relay coil. This relay is
known as an instantaneous over current relay because it operates as soon as the current in
the coil exceeds the pick upsetting current. There is no deliberate time delay used.
However, there is always an inherent time delay that we cannot avoid. In practice, an
instantaneous relay has an operating time of a few milliseconds.

Figure 2.6: Instantaneous over-current relay characteristic.

14
 2. Definite Time Over Current Relay:
This relay is built by intentionally delaying the detection of the current value after crossing it. A
definite time overcurrent relay can be set to issue a trip output exactly one second after it picks up.
As a result, it has a time setting adjustment as well as a pickup adjustment. The characteristic and
the block diagram are shown in Figure 2.6.

Figure 2.7: Definite time over-current relay characteristic

3. Inverse Time Over Current Relay:

Inverse time is a natural property of any rotating device of the induction type. If the input
current is greater, the rotating part of the device rotates faster. In other words, the time of
operation varies inversely with the input current. This inherent property of
electromechanical induction disc relays makes them ideal for overcurrent protection. If
the fault is severe, it will be cleared more quickly. Although the time inverse
characteristic is inherent in electromechanical induction disc relays, it is also possible to
achieve the same characteristic in microprocessor-based relays with proper programming.

15
 Figure 2.8: Inverse Time Over Current.

Overloading the circuit, a short circuit, ground fault, or arc fault can lead to an overcurrent.
Possible causes of overcurrent in an electric circuit: short circuit, Excessive load, Design fault,
arcing in circuits, lose connection, Voltage drop, And Earth Faults.

 Circuit’s Overloading

When a circuit is subjected to an overcurrent, a circuit overload takes place. The breaker
will trip if overloaded a circuit by plugging too many appliances into one socket. A
surge power draw is another typical sort of overload; this occurs when a motor needs a
lot of electricity to start up.

 Short Circuits

In a short circuit, a “hot” wire touches another “hot” wire or touches a neutral wire, there is
a lower resistance along the short circuit path than along the normal path of the circuit,
allowing a lot of currents to flow, resulting in excessive wire heating.

 Ground Faults

When a hot wire comes into touch with a grounded item, such as the metal casing of a tool
or appliance or an electrical box made of metal (when placed as part of a grounding
system), a ground fault frequently results.

 Arc Faults

Electric discharge leaps from one conductor to another is called an arc fault. This can occur
when a hot wire meets a neutral or ground wire or when a hot wire has a minor break
and only occasionally makes contact.

 Loose Connection

Arcing can also be brought on by a loose wire connection on an outlet or other equipment.
High current flow and intense heat are produced by arc faults due to lose connection,
which can melt wire insulation or cause fires.

Each electric device consumes a certain amount of electric current while operating.
However, circuit overload will occur if you use more power than the circuit is designed
for, or short circuits occur in the device or any other fault that’s mentioned above, the
reason doesn’t matter, the overcurrent effect is the same.
In addition to the heat loss from increasing current, the rising current can also damage the
circuit, burn resistors and electronic components, damage electric equipment and home
appliances, and even cause fire to break out around the circuit

16
2.6 Directional Over-Current Relay.

Figure 2.10 shows a double-end-fed power system. The zones to be generated by the relays
are also shown. Consider that we have only over-current relays at our disposal. Will it be
possible to implement the desired zones using simple over-current relays?
In order to answer this question, let us focus on OC relays at bus C. Note that OC relays
operate on the magnitude of fault current and cannot sense the direction of the fault.
Consider fault F, as per the desired zones, only CBs 4 and 5 should trip. However, it can be
easily seen that if plain OC relays are used, CBs 3, 4, 5, and 6 will all trip as the fault will
be seen by OC relays at these locations. Thus, the desired zones are not generated.

Figure 2.9 Need for directional relay.

Where Directional OC Relays are necessary:

There are other situations where it becomes necessary to use directional relays to supervise
OC relays. One such situation is a single-end-fed system of parallel feeders, shown in
Figure 2.10, where a fault on any of the parallel lines is fed not only from the faulted line
but from the healthy line as well.

17
If directional relays are not provided, in conjunction with OC relays, then the desired zones
will not be generated. This will result in both lines being tripped out for any fault on any
one of the lines.
It may be noted that directional relays with tripping direction away from the bus will be
required at locations '2' and '3' in Figure 2.10. However, at locations '1' and '4', non-
directional over-current relays will suffice. Since directional relay units cost more and also
need the provision of PTs, they should be used only when absolutely necessary.

Figure 2.10 Single-end-fed parallel feeder needs directional OC protection.

Characteristics of directional relay:

4 directional relay can be compared to a contact making wattmeter. A wattmeter develops
maximum positive torque when the current and voltage supplied to the current coil and the
pressure coil are in phase. If we define the maximum torque angle (MTA) as the angle
between the voltage and current at which the relay develops maximum torque, then a
wattmeter can be called a directional relay with MTA of zero degree. The phasor diagram
for a directional relay is depicted in Figure 2.11.

18
 Figure 2.11 Phasor diagram for a directional relay based on induction principle.

Vpc is the voltage applied to the pressure coil. The current drawn by the pressure coil Ipc.,
lags the voltage by a large angle &Pc.
As the fault moves from the forward to the reverse direction, the current undergoes, a large
change in its phase whereas the phase of the voltage does not change substantially.
Thus, voltage signal is the reference against which the phase angle of the current is
measured.
now in a relay based on induction principle, the two fluxes responsible for torque
production, @pc and @cc should be shifted in phase by 90”, for them to produce
maximum torque.
The torque becomes zero when the current phasor is -+90 away from the MTA.

Application of Directional Relay to a Three-phase feeder:

 The relay must operate for forward faults
 The relay must restrain during reverse faults.
 The relay must not operate during faults other than for which it has been provided,
i.e. the relay must not maloperate.

19
 2.7 Over and under frequency protection.

Frequency instability usually results from variations of circuit elements or parameters

caused by corrosion and changing environmental conditions, such as temperature,
humidity, atmospheric pressure, and vibration, if there's more demand for electricity
than supply then frequency will fall, but if supply is higher than demand, frequency
will rise.

 Under-frequency:
Under-frequency is generally caused by a system event rather than in the generator itself.
The effect on the generator, however, is almost always an attempt by the system to
extract excessive current from the stator and to drag the rotor speed down. This also
has the effect of depressing the stator terminal voltage.

 over-frequency:
generator is an energy conversion device that converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy, with the mechanical energy provided by a steam turbine, diesel engine, or gas
turbine. The frequency is stable around 50Hz or 60Hz under normal conditions. Under
normal conditions, the turbo-generator rotates at its rated speed. Increasing the speed of
the turbine during an abnormal condition causes an increase in frequency in the
generator.
Over-frequency is the result of an instantaneous load reduction when the generator is
synchronized to the system, or from excessive turbine torque when the generator is in
the open-circuit condition before synchronization with the grid Over frequency
protection is used to protect the generator from over speeding of generator’s rotor,
reduce the eddy current losses as the frequency increases.
The abnormal over frequency on the machine could be caused by improper speed control
adjustment or speed controller disoperation, a severe grid disturbance, or a sudden load
through off.
The frequency relay is used for the protection of power generators and other AC equipment
against over frequency and under frequency. The operation of the relay depends on the
definite time principle, on the rate of frequency change principle, or on a combination
of these two principles.

FREQUENCY RELAYING:
The relay which operates based on the frequency and produces a tripping
signal when the magnitude of frequency drops below a predetermined value is
known as under frequency relay. Under frequency relays are either
electromagnetic type or static type.

20
 Under frequency relays are usually installed at distribution substations where
selected loads can be disconnected which will balance load and generation.
The first line of these relays is set just below normal operating frequency
range (59.4-59.7Hz).

2.8 Relay Testing.

Relay reliability in its dual aspects of reliability and security is most important quality of
protective relay and relay systems.
Therefore, it is not surprising that there is an ongoing concern about the possibility that the
relay will not be ready to perform its function at the required moment and with
required speed.
As a result, it is generally accepted that protection relays should be they are tested and
maintained regularly.
Currently in service, such as testing, calibration and other maintenance only prove that the
relay It was going to do its job until the time it was tested.
Whatever tests are performed; they must be clearly limited to what is necessary to be
checked.
Periodic Tests:
Periodic tests are made to check calibration, overall mechanical and electrical conditions,
and circuit continuity of the trip circuit.
:Production Relays
For a proven relay design, there are two general types of test that are periodically
:performed
 Acceptance or Commissioning Tests During Initial Installation:
Initial commissioning tests should include a thorough visual inspection to be sure that the
.relay was not physically damaged in shipping
 Periodic Tests:
Periodic tests are made to check calibration, overall mechanical and electrical
conditions, and circuit continuity of the trip circuit. Historically, periodic relay
.testing has been the result of experience with electromechanical relays

21
.Load Effect 2.9
The ability to detect low-grade faults is limited by the necessity of not tripping during
emergency load conditions. On distribution and sub transmission systems, overcurrent
relays must be set sufficiently above load and below fault currents to allow for both
dependability and security. On higher voltage systems, distance relays must not encompass
.the load impedance (Figure 2.6)

Figure 2.12: Load encroachment on the tripping characteristic of a mho relay.

22
 CHAPTER THREE: HARDWAER.

3.1 Overview Esp32.

Overvoltage occurs when the voltage in a system exceeds the maximum voltage that the
device can handle. This may result in equipment damage and power outages.
The ESP32 monitors the voltage if any of the phases is higher than a pre-set maximum
voltage, preventing damage from overvoltage, it also monitors the voltage if any of the
phases are below the pre-set minimum voltage, preventing damage from under voltage.
An under voltage condition can occur when the voltage in the system drops below the
level required to operate the device, then the relay will be released.
ESP32-WROOM-32 is a powerful, generic Wi-Fi+BT+BLE MCU module that targets a
wide variety of applications, ranging from low-power sensor networks to the most
demanding tasks, At the core of this module is the ESP32-D0WDQ6 chip*. The chip
embedded is designed to be scalable and adaptive. There are two CPU cores that can be
individually controlled, and the CPU clock frequency is adjustable from 80 MHz to
240 MHz also power off the CPU and make use of the low-power co-processor to
constantly monitor the peripherals for changes or crossing of thresholds. ESP32
integrates a rich set of peripherals, ranging from capacitive touch sensors, Hall sensors,
SD card interface, Ethernet, high-speed SPI, UART, I²S andI²C.
The integration of Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE and Wi-Fi ensures that a wide range of
applications can be targeted, and that the module is all-around: using Wi-Fi allows a
large physical range and direct connection to the Internet through a Wi-Fi router, while
using Bluetooth allows the user to conveniently connect to the phone or broadcast low
energy beacons for its detection. The sleep current of the ESP32 chip is less than 5 µA,
making it suitable for battery powered and wearable electronics applications. The
module supports a data rate of up to 150 Mbps, and 20 dBm output power at the
antenna to ensure the widest physical range.
The module does offer industry-leading specifications and the best performance for
electronic integration, range, power consumption, and connectivity.

Categories Items Specifications

RF certification FCC/CE-RED/IC/TELEC/KCC/SRRC/NCC

23
 Wi-Fi certification Wi-Fi Alliance

Certification Bluetooth certification BQB

Green certification RoHS/REACH

Test Reliability HTOL/HTSL/uHAST/TCT/ESD

802.11 b/g/n (802.11n up to 150 Mbps)

Protocols A-MPDU and A-MSDU aggregation and 0.4 µs

guard interval
Wi-Fi
support

Frequency range 2.4 GHz ~ 2.5 GHz

Protocols Bluetooth v4.2 BR/EDR and BLE specification

NZIF receiver with –97 dBm sensitivity

Bluetooth Radio Class-1, class-2 and class-3 transmitter

AFH

Audio CVSD and SBC

Module interfaces SD card, UART, SPI, SDIO, I2C, LED PWM,

Motor PWM, I2S,

IR, pulse counter, GPIO, capacitive touch sensor,

ADC, DAC

On-chip sensor Hall sensor

Integrated crystal 40 MHz crystal

Integrated SPI flash 4 MB

Hardware
Operating voltage/Power 3.0 V ~ 3.6 V
supply

Operating current Average: 80 mA

Minimum current delivered by 500 mA

power supply

Recommended operating tem- –40 °C ~ +85 °C

perature range

Package size (18.00±0.10) mm × (25.50±0.10) mm × (3.10±0.10)

mm

Moisture sensitivity level Level 3

(MSL)

24
 Table 3.1: ESP32-WROOM-32 Specifications

Figure3.1: Reflow
Profile

Ramp-up zone — Temp.: <150℃ Time: 60 ~ 90s Ramp-up rate: 1 ~ 3℃/s

Preheating zone — Temp.: 150 ~ 200℃ Time: 60 ~ 120s Ramp-up rate: 0.3 ~ 0.8℃/s
Reflow zone — Temp.: >217℃ 7iPH: 60 ~ 90s; Peak Temp.: 235 ~ 250℃ (<245℃
recommended) Time: 30 ~ 70s
Cooling zone — Peak Temp. ~ 180℃ Ramp-down rate: -1 ~ -5℃/s
Solder — Sn&Ag&Cu Lead-free solder (SAC305)

25
3.2Pin Layout.

Figure 3.2: ESP32-

WROOM-32 Pin
Layout (Top View)

26
3.3Pin Description.
ESP32-WROOM-32 has 38 pins. See pin definitions in Table 2.
Table 3.2: Pin Definitions

Name No. Type Function

GND 1 P Ground
3V3 2 P Power supply
EN 3 I Module-enable signal. Active high.
SENSOR 4 I GPIO36, ADC1_CH0, RTC_GPIO0
_VP
SENSOR 5 I GPIO39, ADC1_CH3, RTC_GPIO3
_VN
IO34 6 I GPIO34, ADC1_CH6, RTC_GPIO4
IO35 7 I GPIO35, ADC1_CH7, RTC_GPIO5
GPIO32, XTAL_32K_P (32.768 kHz crystal oscillator input),
IO32 8 I/O
ADC1_CH4,
TOUCH9, RTC_GPIO9
GPIO33, XTAL_32K_N (32.768 kHz crystal oscillator output),
IO33 9 I/O
ADC1_CH5,
TOUCH8, RTC_GPIO8

27
Name No. Type Function
IO25 10 I/O GPIO25, DAC_1, ADC2_CH8, RTC_GPIO6, EMAC_RXD0
IO26 11 I/O GPIO26, DAC_2, ADC2_CH9, RTC_GPIO7, EMAC_RXD1
IO27 12 I/O GPIO27, ADC2_CH7, TOUCH7, RTC_GPIO17, EMAC_RX_DV
GPIO14, ADC2_CH6, TOUCH6, RTC_GPIO16, MTMS, HSPICLK,
IO14 13 I/O
HS2_CLK,
SD_CLK, EMAC_TXD2
GPIO12, ADC2_CH5, TOUCH5, RTC_GPIO15, MTDI, HSPIQ,
IO12 14 I/O
HS2_DATA2,
SD_DATA2, EMAC_TXD3
GND 15 P Ground
GPIO13, ADC2_CH4, TOUCH4, RTC_GPIO14, MTCK, HSPID,
IO13 16 I/O
HS2_DATA3,
SD_DATA3, EMAC_RX_ER
SHD/SD2* 17 I/O GPIO9, SD_DATA2, SPIHD, HS1_DATA2, U1RXD
SWP/SD3* 18 I/O GPIO10, SD_DATA3, SPIWP, HS1_DATA3, U1TXD
SCS/CMD* 19 I/O GPIO11, SD_CMD, SPICS0, HS1_CMD, U1RTS
SCK/CLK* 20 I/O GPIO6, SD_CLK, SPICLK, HS1_CLK, U1CTS
SDO/SD0* 21 I/O GPIO7, SD_DATA0, SPIQ, HS1_DATA0, U2RTS
SDI/SD1* 22 I/O GPIO8, SD_DATA1, SPID, HS1_DATA1, U2CTS
GPIO15, ADC2_CH3, TOUCH3, MTDO, HSPICS0, RTC_GPIO13,
IO15 23 I/O
HS2_CMD,
SD_CMD, EMAC_RXD3
GPIO2, ADC2_CH2, TOUCH2, RTC_GPIO12, HSPIWP,
IO2 24 I/O
HS2_DATA0,
SD_DATA0
IO0 25 I/O GPIO0, ADC2_CH1, TOUCH1, RTC_GPIO11, CLK_OUT1,
EMAC_TX_CLK
GPIO4, ADC2_CH0, TOUCH0, RTC_GPIO10, HSPIHD,
IO4 26 I/O
HS2_DATA1,
SD_DATA1, EMAC_TX_ER
IO16 27 I/O GPIO16, HS1_DATA4, U2RXD, EMAC_CLK_OUT
IO17 28 I/O GPIO17, HS1_DATA5, U2TXD, EMAC_CLK_OUT_180
IO5 29 I/O GPIO5, VSPICS0, HS1_DATA6, EMAC_RX_CLK
IO18 30 I/O GPIO18, VSPICLK, HS1_DATA7
IO19 31 I/O GPIO19, VSPIQ, U0CTS, EMAC_TXD0
NC 32 - -
IO21 33 I/O GPIO21, VSPIHD, EMAC_TX_EN
RXD0 34 I/O GPIO3, U0RXD, CLK_OUT2

28
 TXD0 35 I/O GPIO1, U0TXD, CLK_OUT3, EMAC_RXD2
IO22 36 I/O GPIO22, VSPIWP, U0RTS, EMAC_TXD1
IO23 37 I/O GPIO23, VSPID, HS1_STROBE
GND 38 P Ground

Notice:
Pins SCK/CLK, SDO/SD0, SDI/SD1, SHD/SD2, SWP/SD3 and SCS/CMD, namely, GPIO6
to GPIO11 are connected to the integrated SPI flash integrated on the module and are not
recommended for other uses.

3.4 characteristic ESP32.

 Robust Design

ESP32 is capable of functioning reliably in industrial environments, with an operating

temperature ranging from –40°C to +125°C. Powered by advanced calibration circuitries,
ESP32 can dynamically remove external circuit imperfections and adapt to changes in
external conditions

 Ultra-Low Power Consumption

Engineered for mobile devices, wearable electronics and IoT applications, ESP32 achieves
ultra-low power consumption with a combination of several types of proprietary software.
ESP32 also includes state-of-the-art features, such as fine-grained clock gating, various
power modes and dynamic power scaling.

29
  High Level of Integration

ESP32 is highly-integrated with in-built antenna switches, RF balun, power amplifier, low-
noise receive amplifier, filters, and power management modules. ESP32 adds priceless
functionality and versatility to your applications with minimal Printed Circuit Board
(PCB) requirements.

 Hybrid Wi-Fi & Bluetooth Chip

ESP32 can perform as a complete standalone system or as a slave device to a host MCU,
reducing communication stack overhead on the main application processor. ESP32 can
interface with other systems to provide Wi-Fi and Bluetooth functionality through its SPI /
SDIO or I2C / UART interfaces

3.5 Wi-Fi & Bluetooth Dual Mode.

The integration of Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and Bluetooth LE ensures that a wide range of
applications can be targeted, and that our modules are truly versatile. Using Wi-Fi ensures
connectivity within a large radius, while using Bluetooth allows the user to easily detect a
module (with low-energy beacons), and connect it to a smartphone.

3.6 disadvantages of ESP32.

ESP32-S2 Bugs & Limitations

 I2C at 100 kHz bus frequency runs slowly. The default I2C bus clock speed is 100 kHz
(100000). ...
 No DAC-based audio output. Current versions of the ESP-IDF SDK do not have the
required APIs for DAC-based audio output. ...
 Deep Sleep & Wake-up sources

30
 CHAPTER FOUR: SOFTWARE

4.1 MATLAB
MATLAB is an advanced programming language. It is also an interactive environment for
developing algorithms and performing data analysis. It is also used in the development of
applications and models. It provides the user with a set of mathematical tools and functions
that aid in the discovery of very fast solutions based on spreadsheets or even traditional
programming languages; the most prominent of which is Java (JAVA, C ++, C), and its
popularity among control system, computational biology, and other programmers is growing.

4.1.1 Matlab properties:

The MATLAB programming language was dominated by a set of characteristics that set it
apart from other programming languages, the most prominent of which are:
1 - Ease of use, as it allows its users to reach solutions in familiar mathematical ways.
2 - Providing tools and means to solve problems encountered by applications and their
development.
3 - An effective and widely used educational tool for a variety of subjects, including
engineering, mathematics, science, and others.
4 - A real model for achieving software development and progress.
5 - The best choice for writing programs that require a moderate range of commands and
editing for problem solving.
6- Reducing overall language performance to controlling and changing numbers.

4.1.2 Matlab software

The MATLAB system is divided into several basic elements, which are as follows:

 MATLAB Programming Language.

A high-level array that is naturally suited to controlling data flow and structuring data,
but is overshadowed by the benefits of object-oriented programming.
 The working environment of MATLAB.
It is the environment in which the MATLAB language tools are used, and on which the
programmer relies when writing his program to change or create the task entrusted to

31
 him; this environment includes the processes of importing and exporting data, as well
as controlling data and files based on language.
 Charts
It is a specialized graphical system based on a set of special commands for creating
data visualizations with two and three dimensions.
 The mathematical function library MATLAB.
The MATLAB language is built on a vast array of algorithms and mathematical
functions, ranging from the most basic to the most complex. Its dimensions include
addition, square and cubic roots, tangent, cosine, and other functions, as well as finding
quick solutions without delay.

 Application Programming Interface (API).

This interface allows the programmer to write commands in languages that are
naturally compatible with the MATLAB language, such as FORTRAN and C, and
creates a familiar atmosphere between them for the purposes of moving forward with
operation, modification, and reading files with ease, and the information indicates that
the three mentioned languages have a dynamic relationship. To encourage her to do her
job to the best of her ability.

4.2 NETWORK IN MATLAB

Figure4.1: Network in MATLAB.

32
4.3 COMPONENTS OF GRID

1) Generator1.

Figure4.2: Generator1 in grid.

A three-phase zero-impedance voltage supply is carried out by this block. Entry 1 (N) of the
block provides access to the common neutral (neutral) node of the three sources. It is possible
to pre-program temporal changes in the amplitude, phase, and frequency of the primary, but
we chose not to specify (none). Two harmonics are also added above the fundamental.

Types of Nominal power V(V) F(HZ) Phase(deg)

generator
Swing MVA 10 25KV 50HZ 0

Table 4.1: Values of generator1 in grid.

33
2) Generator2:

Figure4.3: Generator2 in grid.

Implements a 3-phase synchronous machine modelled in the dq rotor reference
frame. Stator windings are connected in wye to an internal neutral point.

Rotor type Types of Nominal V(V) F(HZ) Stator

generator power resistance(pu)
Round PV 2MVA 400V 49.5HZ 0.0025

Table 4.2: Values of generator2 in grid.

3) Transmission lines1&2:

34
 Figure4.4: Transmission lines in grid
This block models a three-phase transmission line with a single PI section. The
model consists of one set of RL series elements connected between input and
output terminals and two sets of shunt capacitances lumped at both ends of the
line.
RLC elements are computed using hyperbolic corrections yielding an exact
representation in positive- and zero-sequence at specified frequency only.

Line length (km) F(HZ)

Transmission lines1 25 49.5
Transmission lines2 25 50

Table 4.3: Values of Transmission lines in grid.

4) FrequencyCB1&2:

Figure4.5: FrequencyCB1&2 in grid.

35
  FrequencyCB1:
CB 1 disconnects the first generator if the value of the frequency set by the first
frequency relay changes. At the specified time from frequency relay.
 FrequencyCB2:
CB 2 disconnects the second generator if the value of the frequency set by the second
frequency relay changes. At the specified time from frequency relay1.

Initial status CB1 Initial status CB2

Closed Closed

Table 4.4: Initial status CB in grid.

5) Frequency Relay:

Figure4.6: Frequency Relay Connecting in grid.

The frequency relay (ANSI/IEEE C37.2 Device No. 81) operates when the system frequency
is below or above a set value.

 Frequency relay connection with bus1, give signal to cb1.

 Frequency relay1 connection with bus5, give signal to cb2

Frequency Relay Block:

36
 Figure4.7: Frequency Relay Block.

System Under Over Frequency Ride Through

Frequency (Hz) Frequency Setting (1-20%) Time Delay (0.1-
Setting (1-20%) 30s)
Frequency 50 5 5 0.2
Relay
Frequency 50 5 5 0.2
Relay1
Table 4.5: Values of Frequency Relay in grid.

6) Buss:

Figure4.8: Bus in grid.

Ideal three-phase voltage and current measurements.

The block can output the voltages and currents in per unit values or in volts and amperes.

37
 After )phase-to-ground(

Simulink
V v measurement I measurement
Bus1 25kv
Bus2 230kv
Bus3 33kv
Bus4 400v
Bus5 400v
Bus6 (load) 400v

Table 4.6: Values of voltage and current in grid.

7) three-phase transformer:

Figure4.9: Three-phase transformer in grid.

38
 This block implements a three-phase transformer using three single-phase
transformers. We set the winding contact to "Yg" when you want to reach the
ground point of the Wye.

Types of transformer:

 Step Down transformer.

 Step Up transformer.

Types Primary Secondary Nominal Frequency(HZ)

power(VA)
Transformer1 Step up 25KV 230KV 10M 50
Transformer2 Step down 230KV 33KV 10M 50
Transformer3 Step down 33KV 400V 4M 50

Table 4.7: Types and values of transformer in grid.

8) Load:

Figure4.10: Load in grid.

Constant impedance load model (constant Z): A static load model in which the power varies
with the square of the voltage magnitude. It's also known as the constant admittance load
model.

39
 Configuration phase-to- Frequency(HZ) Active Reactive power
phase power(w) QL (VAR)
voltage
Y(grounded) 400v 50 1M 100K

Table 4.8: Types and values of load in grid.

9) ESP 32:

Figure4.11: ESP32 connection in grid.

 ESP32 receiving value: display input values.

 Serial receive: Receive binary data via the serial port, which is the data coming from
Esp32.
 ESP32: Send signals to from the blocks that have the specified tag. Because tag
visibility is "scope bound", the Goto tag visibility block was used to specify tag
visibility.
10) CB:
a) Over voltage CB:

40
 Figure4.12: Over voltage CB in grid.

CB over voltage disconnects the grid if the value of the voltage set by the over voltage relay or
take an order from ESP32 changes. At the specified time from over voltage relay.
The ESP32 is connected with the over voltage relay through an OR gate to control the over
CB.

b) Under voltage CB:

Figure4.13: Under voltage CB in grid.

CB under voltage disconnects the grid if the value of the voltage set by the under voltage relay
or take an order from ESP32 changes. At the specified time from under voltage relay.
The ESP32 is connected with the under voltage relay through an OR1 gate to control the over
CB.

c) Over Current CB:

41
 Figure4.14: Over current CB in grid.

CB over Current disconnects the grid if the value of the current set by the over current relay or
take an order from ESP32 changes. At the specified time from over current relay.
The ESP32 is connected with the over current relay through an OR2 gate to control the over
current CB.

ESP32 Relay Output (com CB) Status CB

0 0 0 Closed
1 0 1 Open
0 1 1 Open
1 1 1 Open

Table 4.9: Output from OR

CB over voltage CB under voltage CB over current

closed closed closed

Table 4.10: status of circuit breaker in grid.

42
  Over voltage CB is connected to the bus load and in series with under voltage and over
current CB, which are also connected to the load.

11) Overvoltage relay:

Figure4.15: Over voltage relay in grid.

Overvoltage Relay (ANSI/IEEE C37.2 devices number 59) that operates when the
voltage exceeds the predetermined value.

Overvoltage Overvoltage Nominal frequency (Hz)

Setting Ride Through voltage(Vrms)
Time Delay
20 0.2 230 50

Table 4.11: values setting overvoltage relay in grid.

43
 Figure4.16: Overvoltage relay block.

12) Under voltage relay:

Figure4.17: Under voltage relay in grid.

Undervoltage Relay (ANSI/IEEE C37.2 devices number 27) that operates when the voltage is
less than the predetermined value.

44
 Undervoltage Under voltage Nominal frequency (Hz)
Setting Ride Through voltage(Vrms)
Time Delay
20 0.2 230 50

Table 4.12: values setting under voltage relay in grid.

Figure4.18: Undervoltage relay block.

13) Instantaneous overcurrent relay:

Figure4.19: Overcurrent relay in grid.

45
 Instantaneous Overcurrent Relay (ANSI/IEEE C37.2 devices number 50) that operates
when the current exceeds a predetermined value.
High-set (I Current Current frequency (Hz) Initial RMS
>>) Transformer Transformer value
Primary (A) Secondary (A)
x2 2500 5 50 0

Table 4.13: values setting instantaneous overcurrent relay in grid.

Figure4.20: Instantaneous overcurrent relay relay block.

14) Three phase fault:

Figure4.21: Three phase fault in grid.

46
Implements a fault (short-circuit) between any phase and the ground. When the external
switching time mode is selected, a Simulink logical signal is used to control the fault
operation.
Fault resistance Ron Ground resistance Rg Snubber resistance Rs
(Ohm) (Ohm) (Ohm)
0.001 0.01 1M

Table 4.14: values setting three phase fault in grid.

4.4 Result from scope in grid.

 The signal is normal.

Figure4.22: The voltage signal is in the normal position.

47
Figure4.23: The load signal is in the normal position.

Figure4.24: The relay signal is in the normal position.

48
 signal over frequency

Figure4.25: signal frequency1

Figure4.26: signal relay over frequency.

49
Figure4.27: Buss voltage in case over frequency.

Figure4.28: Load in case over frequency.

50
 signal under frequency

Figure4.29: signal frequency G1.

Figure4.30: signal relay under frequency.

51
Figure4.31: Buss voltage in case under frequency.

Figure4.32: Load in case under frequency.

52
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