Crystal Structure - I
Evaluation Policy
Evaluation Type Percentage Description
Quiz - 1 20 % As per the institute norms
Quiz - 2 20 % As per the institute norms
End Semester
60 % As per the institute norms
Examination
TEXTBOOK:
1. William D. Callister Jr., David G. Rethwisch, “Materials Science and Engineering:
An Introduction”, 10th Edition, Wiley, 2018.
2. Michael Ashby, Hugh Shercliff, David Cebon, “Materials – Engineering, Science,
Processing and Design”, 4th Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2018.
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Design requirements – Example
• Select a material for the teeth of the
scoop of a digger truck.
• To do so, you need to prioritize the
material properties that matter.
• What are they?
• The teeth will be used in a brutal way to cut earth, scoop stones, crunch rock, often
in unpleasant environments (ditches, sewers, fresh and salt water and worse), and
their maintenance will be neglected.
• These translate into a need for high hardness, H, to resist wear, and high fracture
toughness, K1c, so they don’t snap off.
• Does the cost of the material matter?
• It is worth paying for good teeth to avoid expensive downtime.
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Design requirements – Example
• Select a material for energy-efficient
cookware.
• What thermal property are you looking
for?
• And, apart from the mechanical
properties discussed earlier, what other
material behaviour will be important?
• To be energy-efficient, the pan must have a high thermal conductivity, k, to transmit
and spread the heat well.
• Also, it mustn’t contaminate the food - that is, it must resist corrosion by anything
that might be cooked in it - including hot, salty water, dilute acids (acetic acid e
vinegar, for example) and mild alkalis (baking soda).
• Resist chemical reaction with alkali or acidic medium
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Atom
An atom is the smallest constituent unit of ordinary
matter that constitutes a chemical element.
• Atomic Number
• Atomic Mass
• Isotopes - some elements have two or
more different atomic masses
• Atomic Weight
• Weight of Proton? Neutron? Electron?
Proton and Neutron = 1.67x10-27 kg
Electron = 9.11x10-31 kg
How many grams are there in one amu of a material?
1 amu = 1.6605x10-24 g 1 amu = (1/Avogadro’s No) g Avogadro’s No = 6.022x1023
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Periodic Table
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Crystal Structure
• When we look around much of what we see is non-crystalline
(organic things like wood, paper, sand; concrete walls, etc. *
some of the things may have some crystalline parts!).
• But, many of the common ‘inorganic’ materials are ‘usually’
crystalline:
Metals: Cu, Zn, Fe, Cu-Zn alloys
Semiconductors: Si, Ge, GaAs
Ceramics: Alumina (Al2O3), Zirconia (Zr2O3), SiC, SrTiO3.
• Also, the usual form of crystalline materials (say a Cu wire or
a piece of alumina) is polycrystalline and special care has to
be taken to produce single crystals
• Polycrystal Vs Monocrystal
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Atomic bonding in Solids
Forces are of two types,
• attractive (FA)
• repulsive (FR),
Magnitude depends on the separation or
interatomic distance (r);
FA depends on the particular type of bonding
Ionic
Covalent
Metallic
FR arise from interactions between the negatively
charged electron clouds for the two atoms 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜 = 0.3 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛
Equilibrium condition
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Atomic bonding in Solids
Bonding Energy (Eo) the energy required to
separate the two atoms to an infinite separation
magnitude of bonding energy
& type of atomic
shape of the E Vs r curve bonding
vary from material to material
number of material properties depend on E0, the curve
shape & bonding type
Eg: materials having large bonding energies
typically also have high melting temperatures
mechanical stiffness (or modulus of elasticity) of a material
is dependent on the shape steeper - Stiffer
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Atomic bonding in Solids - Ionic
Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence
electron(s) between atoms.
-generates two oppositely charged ions
It is always found in compounds that are composed of
both metallic and nonmetallic elements, elements that
are situated at the horizontal extremities of the periodic
table.
Ionic bonding is termed nondirectional; that is, the
magnitude of the bond is equal in all directions around
an ion.
It follows that for ionic materials to be stable, all positive
ions must have as nearest neighbors negatively charged
ions in a 3D scheme, and vice versa.
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Atomic bonding in Solids - Covalent
A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical
bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
Covalent bonds may be very strong, as in diamond, which
melts at (3550 0C or 6400 0F), or
they may be very weak, as with bismuth, which melts at
about 270 0C (518 0F).
The wider the separation from the lower left to the upper
right-hand corner (i.e., the greater the difference in
electronegativity), the more ionic the bond.
Conversely, the closer the atoms are together (i.e., the
smaller the difference in electronegativity), the greater the
degree of covalency.
Diamond is simply the 3D interconnecting
structure wherein each C atom covalently
bonds with four other C atoms.
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Atomic bonding in Solids - Metallic
Metallic bonding – electrostatic attractive force
between conduction electrons and positively
charged metal ions.
Found in metals and their alloys.
Some general behaviors of the various material
types (i.e., metals, ceramics, polymers) may be
explained by bonding type.
For example, metals are good conductors of
both electricity and heat, as a consequence
of their free electrons
By way of contrast, ionically and covalently
bonded materials are typically electrical and
thermal insulators because of the absence of large
numbers of free electrons.
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Atomic bonding in Solids – Bonding Energy
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