Articles:
A, an : Names, adjective, singular countable
An : consonant
- I am reading a book
- I bought a car yesterday
An : Vowels ( a e I o u )
- I ate an apple an hour ago
- I am reading an interesting book
The : to define
- consonant : the book ↗ voice high
- vowels : the egg ↘ voice low
This, that, these, those:
This: singular close
- This pen is good
- Hello this is Ahmed
That: singular far
- That pen in good
- That’s a great idea
These: plural close
- These pens are good
Those: plural far
- Those pens are good
- Those were the days
Auxiliary verbs:
Be:
Adjective: I am happy
Noun: he is an engineer
Location: I am at home
Continuous form: I am recording a video
Do:
Question: what did you eat yesterday?
Verbs: I do my homework tomorrow
Have:
Verbs: I had a cup of tea
Perfect form: after I had had dinner
Yes or no question:
Be (am, is, are, was, were)
Do (do, does, did)
Have (have, has, had)
Question:
- Are you happy?
- yes , I am hapyy
- Did you sleep well ?
- yes , i do
- Have you met ahmed before ?
- no, I haven’t
IF:
IF 0 truth science: if you heat water , it boils (if + present simple, present
simple)
IF 1 thing sure: if you study hard , you will pass the exam (if + present
simple, future simple)
IF 2 thing dream: if I won a million dollars, I would travel around the world
(if + past simple , would + V infinitive)
IF 3 regret: if I had had more money , I would have bought Galaxy S6 (if
+ past perfect , would + have +V past participle)
Unless = if not:
If we don’t leave now, we will be late unless we leave now, we will be late.
Have & have got:
Have = have got I have to go =I have got to go.
Had ≠ had got Will have ≠ will have got.
Has = has got he has a car = he has got a car,
Question
- Does he has a car? Has he got a car?
- Do you have a car? Have you got a car?
Negative
- I don’t have a car I haven’t got a car.
- I have got to wake up early I gotta wake up early.
Have been, has been, had been:
- I have been studying since morning Present perfect continuous
- I have been to Tokyo twice
- After I had been to Paris, I went to London
Should have, would have, could have:
Would have + past participle
IF 3: if I had studied more, I would have passed the exam
Intention: I would have helped you, but I had no money
1. Should have Regret in the past:
You should have studied more
2. Could have ability in the past:
I could have studied more, but I spent all my time playing
3. Would have Advice in the past:
I would have studied more , if I hadn’t spent all my time playing
Comparative adjectives:
1. Ahmed is as smart as ali
2. Ahmed is smarter than khaled
3. Ahmed is the smartest student in the class
One syllable adjective: er , est old , older , oldest
1. when the adjective finish with E just add R or ST
EX: wise, wiser, wisest
2. the adjective ends with single consonant with a vowel before double
the consonant and add ER or EST
EX: fat, fatter, fattest
Two syllable adjective: more, most careful, more careful, most careful
1. the adjective end with Y change Y to I and add ER or EST
EX: busy, busier, busiest
2. the adjective end with ER , LE , OR , OW, just add ER or EST
EX: narrow, narrower, narrowest
Three or more syllables adjective: more, most important, more important,
most important
Exception:
- Good better best
- Bad worse worst
- For farther farthest
- Many more most
- Little less least
If it hadn’t been for:
1. If it hadn’t been for your support , I wouldn’t have continued making
video
2. If it hadn’t been for my mother , I wouldn’t have been able to make
youtube video
3. If it hadn’t been for your help , I would have failed
Adjectives pronouns possessive
- this is my book this book is mine
- this is Ahmed’s book this book is his
- this is her car this car is her
Either .. or , neither .. nor
- I will either do the dishes or make you some tea
- Neither Ali nor Ahmed will come with us
Negative agreement
I can’t drive : me neither , I can’t either , neither can I
I don’t eat sushi : me neither , I don’t either , neither do I
I haven’t eaten sushi before : me neither , I haven’t either , neither have I
Used to: past habit
- I used to smoke when I was young
- I didn’t use to go swimming but now I go swimming
Be used to: Habit right now
- I am used to reading a book every week
- I am used to living alone
Get used to: try to habit
- Work can sometimes be tough , but you will get used to it
- Drive a lot and eventually you will get used to driving without fears
- I am getting used to waking up early
Of, from:
OF:
Possession: the title of the book is great
All of: the student in this class study hard
Both of: both of Egypt and Saudi Arabia speak Arabic
One of the most …: one of the most beautiful things in the picture is your smile
A lot of: I have a lot of markers
It’s nice of you … it’s generous of you: it’s very generous of you to give me all
that money
Adjectives:
- I’m afraid of darkness
- I’m proud of my father
- I’m fond of English
FROM
Original:
- I am from Algiers
- This quote is from a book I read yesterday
Verbs : I will prevent you from destroying your future
Prepositions:
I will meet you at 6.00 a.m on the third Monday in October by this building
Time, transportation, place
In time:
- month : In December
- years : In 2018
- season : In summer
- within : I will be home in one hour
In places:
- in this room
- in this country
- in this book
- in that box
In transportation:
- taxi , car : I usually travel in my car
On time:
- days : I will meet you on Monday
On places:
- on the floor
- on the table
- on the fround
On transportation:
- on the bus
- on the ship
- on the plane
At time:
- specific: I wiil meet you at 6.00 p.m tomorrow
- at night
- at weekend
At places:
- at school
- at the party
- at the cinema
- at work
By time:
- I will get back home by 6.00 p.m.
By places:
- I’m standing by the car
By transportation:
- I came here by train
Other important Prepositions:
English Usage Example
below lower than something else but above ground the fish are below the surface
over covered by something else put a jacket over your shirt
meaning more than over 16 years of age
getting to the other side (also across) walk over the bridge
overcoming an obstacle climb over the wall
above higher than something else, but not directly over it a path above the lake
across getting to the other side (also over) walk across the bridge
getting to the other side swim across the lake
through something with limits on top, bottom and the sides drive through the tunnel
to movement to person or building go to the cinema
movement to a place or country go to London / Ireland
for bed go to bed
into enter a room / a building go into the kitchen / the house
towards movement in the direction of something (but not directly to go 5 steps towards the house
it)
onto movement to the top of something jump onto the table
from in the sense of where from a flower from the garden
from who gave it a present from Jane
off leaving a public transport vehicle get off the train
out of leaving a car / Taxi get out of the taxi
In: the pen is in the notebook
On: the pen is on the notebook
Under: the pen is under the notebook
In front of: the pen is in front of the notebook
Behind: the pen is behind the notebook
Next to: the pen is next to the notebook
Between: the pen is between notebook and glasses
For: I am so happy for you
- Duration: I have studied for 3 hours ,
With:
- I am with you
- does it come with an extra battery
- I’m shooting this video with a camera like this
- About: we were just talking about you , what about him
Quantity:
Many: countable I have many reasons to be happy
Few: countable I have few ideas about that subject
Much: uncountable we don’t have much time
Little: uncountable I speak very little German
A lot of: uncountable, countable there is a lot of water in the river
Some: uncountable, countable could you lend me some money please
- Uncountable: Information , advice , news , work , money
Too:
1. Too: very it’s too late or it’s very late
2. Too: same I love you , me too
3. Too: much ,many
4. Too: subj it’s very cold outside we can’t go swimming or
it’s too cold to go swimming (Too + subj + To + verbs )
I am very tired I can’t do my homework or I am too tired to do my homework
The tea is very hot I can’t drink it or the tea is too hot to drink
I wish:
Present _ past : I wish you were here with us
Future _ present : I wish I could join you next time
Past _ past perfect : I wish I had traveled with you
Coordination:
Although he is young, he is wise
Even though he is very old, he is strong
Although, tough, even though + phrase: Though he is rich, he is not happy
Despite, in spite of + noun or verb+ing: Despite his riches, he is not happy
In spite of being rich, he is not happy
Phrasal verbs:
Verbs + preposition _ break down
1. Look forward: I’m looking forward to meeting you soon
2. Look up: I didn’t know the meaning of that word , so I had to look it up in
the dictionary
3. Run away: at some countries teenage boys and girls run away form
home at a very young age
4. Find out: I found out that talking to yourself doesn’t make you crazy
actually it makes you even smarter
5. Give up: never give up on your dreams
6. Count on: you can count on me
7. Break down: the car broke down and we had to walk home yesterday
8. Break out: at the end of prison break , Michael scofield finally broke out
from prison
9. Hang up: I can’t believe that he hung up on me
10. Take off: at the airport they forced me to take off all my clothes because
they thought that I had something illegal with me and because of that
the plane took off and I was not on it
Passive:
Be + past participle
1. Delete a subject
2. Put the BE + PAST PARTICIPLE in the end of the phrase
3. BE in same tense of the main verbs
Present simple: Mohamed hit Ahmed Ahmed is hit
Present continues: Mohamed is hitting Ahmed –> Ahmed is being hit
Present perfect: Mohamed has hit Ahmed Ahmed has been hit
Past simple: Mohamed hit Ahmed Ahmed was hit
Past continues: Mohamed was hitting Ahmed Ahmed was being hit
Past perfect: Mohamed had hit Ahmed Ahmed had been hit
Future simple: Mohamed will hit Ahmed Ahmed will be hit ,
Mohamed is going to hit Ahmed _ Ahmed is going to be hit
Future continues: Mohamed will be hitting Ahmed Ahmed will be
being hit
Future perfect: Mohamed will have hit Ahmed Ahmed will have been
hit
Reported speech: direct & indirect:
1. Step to back in tense :
Present simple past simple
Present continues past continues
Present perfect , past simple, past perfect past perfect
Will would
be going to was ,were going to
2. Change the subject, places and tense
Present simple: Sara said: “ I always drink coffee “ Sara said that
she always drank coffee .
Past simple: He said: “ sally arrived yesterday “ he told me that
sally had arrived the day before .
Present perfect: Ali said: “ I have done my homework “ Ali told me
that he had done his homework .
Past perfect: She said: “ I had eaten dinner “ she said that she had
eaten dinner .
Future simple will: Ahmed said: “ I will study hard next week “
Ahmed said that he would study hard the following week .
Future simple going to: Ahmed said: “ I am going to study hard next
week “ Ahmed said that he was going to study hard the following
week
Relative pronouns:
1. Link two suntans in the same ideas Ahmed who used to be an
engineer, is now a You Tuber
2. Customize a specific category I love books that have drawings in them
Who: person
- This is the man who visited us last week
Which: thing
- The book, which I bought yesterday, cost me 5 dollars
That: person and thing
- This is the package that came yesterday
- Togs that like cats are very unusual
Whose: Someone's property
- This is the man whose phone was last
- People whose salaries are below the minimum wage will get an extra
raise
- This is the woman whose dog went missing
- This film is about a man whose wife betrays him
Whom:
- This is the man who met me yesterday This is the man whom I met
yesterday
- This is the man who bought our car This is the man whom we bought
our car from
Relative adverbs:
Where: place
- That is where I sleep.
When: time
- 9 PM is when I go to sleep.
