Chapter PAKISTAN IN WORLD AFFAIRS Chapter . Ql we PARTI Four possible options are given for each statement. Mark (“) on the correct option. . The diplomatic relations established between Pakistan and Afghanistan: a) in 1947 b) in 1948 % c) in 1949 d) in 1950 . Which country sent its forces into Afghanistan in 1979? a) America b) Britain c) Russia“ d) France . The biggest organ of the United Nations is: a) General Assembly ¥ b) International Court of Justice c) Security Council d) Economic and Social Council . The people’s Republic of China was formed in: a) 1947 b) 19494 cc) 195) d) 1953 . The number of members of United Nations Economic and Social Council is: a) 34 b) 44 c) S4¥ d) 64 . The first meeting of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference was held in 1996 a) Rabat ¥ b) Jeddah c) Karachi d Tehran |. The organisation was established on 24th October, 1945.a) Organisation of Economic Cooperation b) Organisation of Islamic Conference c) United Nations ¥ d) Regional Cooperation Development 8 The Simla Pact was held between Pakistan and India in: a) 1971¥ —b) 1972 c):1967__—d):«(1965 9, The relations between Pakistan and European Union were established in: . a) 1966 b) 1976¥ .c) 1986 —d) 1997 10. In which country was the Second Islamic Heads Conference held in 1974,? a) Pakistan ¥ b) Morocco ¢) Saudi Arabia d) fran PART Ii Q.4, Write the short answers. 1. What is meant by “Durand Line”? Answer Durand Line is a borderline between Pakistan and Afghanistan. It was made in the year 1893. Afghanistan accepted-the Durand Line as its international border. 2. What are the responsibilities of United Nations General Assembly? Answer Its responsibilities include electing the non-pernianent members of the security council, giving membership to new state and terminating the membership of some state, approving the hudget of the United Nations and taking measures to established world peace etc... 3. What are the responsibilities of Economic and Social Council? Answer hs responsibilities intlude raising the standard for living man, trying for economic and social development, collaboration in the educational, scientific and cultural fields, taking measures to eradicate unemployment poverty and diseases etc..4. When was the border settlement made between Pakistan and Iran? Answer The border settlement was made between Pakistan and Iran in 1957, 5. Between which two countries was the Indus water Treaty signed? Answer Indus water Treaty was signed between Pakistan and India in 1960 It resolved the water dispute between the two countries. 6. When did the relations between Pakistan and people’s Republic of China begin? Answer Pakistan-China friendly relations started and in 1954-55, both countries were tied with each other. Their friendship was b..sed on the sincere emotions of the people. 7. Write the names of ten member countries of the OIC. Answer 1) Pakistan 2) Iran 3) Saudia Arabia 4) Egypt 5) Syrian 6) fraq 7) Turkey 8) Tajikistan 9) Azarbaijan 10) Turkmanistan 1 8. When was the Kashmir issue presenged in the UNO? Answer Kashmir issue was presented in the UNO in the year 1948. 9. When and where did the world Trade Centre tragedy take place? Answer The tragedy of world Trade Centre was took place in New York on 11th September 2001. 10. Write the introduction of Bhutan in three lines. Answer Bhutan is a Tountainous country. Its capital is Thimphu. The people of Bhutan belong to the Mongol Tribe. The religion of majority of the people is Bhddhism.PART Ill Ql. What are basic principles of foreign policy of Pakistan? Answer. Basic Principles of Foreign Policy of Pakistan A country frames its foreign policy in the light of its domestic policies. Foreign policy of a country does not remain static but it changes according to time and circumstances Pakistan's principles of foreign policy are its ideology and national integration. Pakistancame into being on I4thof August 1947 and it inherited the legacy of foreign policy from the British India. However it made some adjustments in accordance with its ideology and objectives of Pakistan movement. Its foreign policy was determined by three factors (i) Security (ii) Development (iii) Ideology. Its security has remained the core stones of its foreign policy, because of its geographical location and historical background. Its relationship with super powers and regional powers . have been fluctuating according to political weather, injectin; permanent feelings of uncertainty in their friendship. Thus Pakistan's” foreign policy underwent changes to exigencies of time and requirement of international situation, However Pakistan evolved some basic principles of foreign policy which are as under. 1. National Security: National Security occupies ‘first place in the foreign policy of Pakistan since its independence Pakistan's national security is being threatened by the India because British left the K ashmir issue unsolved and three wars have been fought by both countries: As for as the Kashmir issue is there Pakistan needs to maintain its national security or independence. It is why the main principle of its foreign policy is national security. 2. Economic Interest: Pakistan as a developing country is also needed to establish and maintain cordial relations with those states with whom it can + maximize its trade relations or from whom it can obtain maximum economic aid. 3. Islamic Solidarity: Pakistan would pursue its ideological objective and would like toachieve the objective of Islamic Solidarity by promoting its relations with Islamic world and by preserving its Islamic ideology. 4. Peaceful Co-existence: Pakistan would believe in peaceful co-existence and would respect the other countries territorial integrity and sovereignty and non- interference in other's internal affairs. 'S. Non Alignment: Pakistan had followed the policy of neutrality and had not aligned itself with any block. When non-aligned movement was formed it joined it and remained active member of it. 6. Bilateralism: Pakistan has tried to settle its differences with neighbouring countries including India through bilateral negotiations. 7. United Nations: Pakistan has faith in the United Nations and has extended full support to the United Nations actions by contributing military as well as personnel for implementing its decision. Q2. Explain the objectives of Pakistan’s foreign policy. Answer Foreign Policy Objectives In light of the guiding principles laid down by the founding fathers and the constitution as also aspirations of the people of Pakistan, the objectives of foreign policy can be summarized as under: . Promotion Pakistan as a dynamic, progressive, moderate, and democratic Islamic country. 2. Developing friendly relations with all countries of the world, especially major powers and immediate neighbours. 3. Safeguarding national security and geo-strategic interests, including Kashmir. 4. Consolidating our commercial and economic cooperation with international community. Safeguarding the interests of Pakistani Diaspora abroad. 6. Ensuring optimal utilization of national resources for regional and international cooperation. Q3. Analyse the relations between India and Pakistan.Answer Pak-India relations Relations between India and Pakistan have been strained by a number of historical and poljtical issues, and are defined by the violent partition of British India in 1947, the Kashmir dispute and the numerous military conflicts fought between the two nations. Consequently, even though the two South Asian nations share historic, cultural, geographic, and economic links, their relationship has been plagued by hestility and suspicion. After the dissolution of the British Raj in 1947, two new sovereign nations were formed—the Union of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The subsequent partition of the former British India displaced up to 12.5 million people, with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million. India emerged as asecular ation with —_a Hindu majority population and a large Muslim minority while Pakistan was established as an Islamic republic with an overwhelming Muslim majority population. Soon after their independence, India and Pakistan established diplomatic relations but the violent partition and numerous territorial disputes would overshadow their relationship. Since -their independence, the two countries have fought three major wars, one undeclared warand have been involved in numerous armed skirmishes and military standoffs. The Kashmir dispute is the main centre-point of all of these conflicts with the exception of the Indo- Pakistan War of 197], which resulted in the secession of East Pakistan. There have been numerous, attempts to improve the relationship-notably, the Shimla summit, the Agra summit and the Lahore summit. Since the early 1980s. relations between the two nations soured particularly after the Siachen conflict, the intensification of Kashmir insurgency in 1989, Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests in 1998 and the 1999 Kargil war. Certain confidence-building measures— such as the 2003 ceasefire agreement and the Delhi-Lahore Bus service — were successful in deescalating tensions. However, these efforts have been impeded by periodic terrorist attacks. The 2001 Indian Parliament attack almost brought the two natioris on the brink of a nuclgar war. The 2007 Samjhauta Express bombings, which killed 68 civilians, was also a crucial point in relations. Additionally, the 2008 Mumbaiattacks carried out by Pakistani militants sesulted in a severe blow to the ongoing India-Pakistan peace talks. . Q4. China is Pakistan’s neighbouring country which has always supported Pakistan in difficult times elaborate. Answer Pak-China Relationships A country’s existence can’t stay for much longer if the country doesn’t have good relations with some other countries. Relations are mostly built with those countries that are strong and powerful in every aspect such as U.S.A and China. Fortunately Pakistan has good relations with both of the super powers of the world U.S.A and Chira especially with China. Pakistan and China are close to each other since 1951. Pakistan has always stood as an ally with China and Pakistan was also the first country who supported China in gaining a recognized name in the world and today we can see the sesults of the Pakistan's support. Pakistan helped China in becoming -Vuat it has become now. Pak-China relations became stronger at the time of international isolation in 1960’s. China supported Pakistan in every way possible in return of all the favors Pakistan gave to China. China helped Pakistan by giving support of its own military, its economic assistance, its technical assistance, and arranged nuclear equipments for Pakistan and there many other uncountable ways in which China helped Pakistan just to return the favor and also to maintain Pak-China relationship. According to the analysis of experts it is believed that as the relation will get better between U.S.A and India then Pak-China relation will grow stronger as China is always there to provide security to its greatest ally Pakistan Pakistan has strong trust on Chine in every aspect and same is the case with China. Pakistan stood up with Chind and started supporting it mainly after the defeat of China in 1949. To improve the diplomatic relations with China Trans-Karakoram tract was ceded by Pakistan which was going to China. In this way not only Pak-China diplomatic relation got improved but also China’s border disputes came to an end with India. When it comes to supporting Pakistan through military then China is always there for Pakistan as China has extremely strong ties of defense with Pakistan and China is very satisfied with it. Thesedefense ties give assurance to Pakistan that China is there to provide counter to any bad influence from U.S.A and India. There are number of defense ‘projects that are ongoing between Pakistan and China in these recent years. There are also been some agreements regarding this due to which Pak-China relation has got strengthened in all these years. To the Army of Pakistan most of the military equipments are issued by China and this is being happening since 1962. China has also helped Pakistan in establishing ammynition factories with which it also provided technical assistance to Pakistan in order to modernize the existing facilities Pakistan has. The country that has invested the most in Gwadar Pakistan sea port is China. China is trying its best so Pakistan’s current situations can get better. It even provided its support in order to protect Pakistan from terrorism so the name of the country Pakistan can get cleared in the eyes of the people of the world. Citizens of both the countries strongly hope that Pak-China relation gets stronger and stays longer. QS. Explain the relations between Pakistan and Iran. Answer Pak-Iran Relationships We can know the Pak-Iran relations better if we go back to Indo- Iranian ancestry, but it is better to count the relationship after the establishment of Pakistan in 1947. The relation between two countries started when Iran became the first cquntry in the whole world to know Pakistan. Iran is considered as the most important neighbor of Pakistan because of its great help. And it is said that in the future these two countries will depend on each other for economic development. The relations between Iran and Pakistan are old and are known all over the world. In fact, some of the cultural things of Iran are adopted by Pakistan. In Pak-Iran relations, it must be said that the element that binds these two countries together is Islam. If we look at the time before the independence of Pakistan, Pakistani people were closer to Iranians than Indians living in the sub-continent. Pak-Iran relationships were that strong in the late 19th century that Persian was included in the languages spoken all over Pakistan. Even todaymany of the words of Urdu are taken from Persian language and Persian is taught now in many cducational institutes of Pakistan. Due to some conflicts with Arab countries, Iran became unsecured. but after the emergence of a Non-Arab Muslim country its security became strong. Iran supported Pakistan in every problem after its emergence as a country on the map of the world. First prime minister of Pakistan visited Iran first in 1949 and the head of Iran did the same in the year 1950. In the honor of head of Iran Pakistani national anthem was also played in’the year 1950. After this, the relationship between Iran and Pakistan became stronger than ever before. In this way a sense of brotherhood was created according to the Islamic rules and regulations that all the Muslims are brothers to each other. After the stability of Pakistan, Iran and Turkey along with Pakistan created an organization for social development of the countries that were the part of organization. It was named as Regional cooperation for development (RCD). It was established in 1964. Due to some issues its name was later changed and the organization was called as Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO). This organization bounded all the Muslim countries together. Pakistan was the first country which introduced Revolutionary government in Iran. Pakistan played a great role in the Pak-Iran relationship. When the war between Iran and Iraq was set, Pakistan tried to settle disputes between the two Muslim countries. The relationship between Pakistan and Iran is really powerful and these two countries share each sorrow and happiness with each other. These two countries considered the Islamic values and acted as brothers to each other. Q6. Analyze the relations between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Answer Pak-Afghan Relationship On accords the everlasting relation between Pakistan and Afghanistan started in August 1947 however the bondage of Pak- Afghan between its people goes beyond Indo-Pak partition due to common religious, cultural. traditional. linguistic and ethnic ties shared on both sides.The common border is 2240 km long and formally known as Durand Line. The fact is that Pakistan’s western border which encompasses Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Federally Administrated Tribal Areas (FATA) and some Northem Balauchistan is inhibited by people, clans and tribes of the same origin, race, religion, norms, culture and language as those who ‘are residing on the other side of the border e.g. Afghanistan. Majority of individuals from these Pashtun tribes have marital relationships with families across Pak-Afghan Border on both sides. . The existence predominant Pashtun tribes living in this strip can be dated back to thousands of years. It is the same ethnic clan through which many rulers and dynasties ruled in sub-continent. Ahmad Shah Abdali who ruled and liberated people of Punjab from Marhattas in the famous battle of Panipat (1761) is a well known historic figure in this regard. Many prominent individuals from Pashtun Tribes served in important military and political posts of both countries e.g: Ayub Khan, Ghulam Ishaaq Khan, Asfandyaar Wali Khan etc from Pakistam and renowned Zahir Shah family and Karzais from Afghanistan. Infact present Karzai Government has majority of Pashtuns serving as minister e.g. Abdul Rahim Wardak, Umer Zakhilwal, Anwar ul Haq Ahady etc. So the people of this clan (which form the majority in Afghanistan and Tribal Belts of Pakistan) are playing significant role for the development of respective nations. Nothing seems unusual for them while residing in any place of these countries. Majority of them consider other @ountry as their second home apart from the one in which they are living and serving nation. The terrain and life style of péople living along the remote areas of Pak-Afghan border are same. During soviet occupation of Afghanistan in 1980’s many leaders from Afghanistan ran their campaigns to liberate Afghanistan from foreign occupation inside Pashtun tribal belts of Pakistan. President Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan was the one amongst them. Pakistanis raised funds and militarily trained Afghans in these areas to fight against oppression which they were facing at that time. That era marked the best of relations between Afghanistan and Panistan as Afghan Muhaajirs were not only embraced but also accommodated by their Pakistani brothers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and adjacent areas. Analysts trom the west still account it as the best example of “Muslim Brotherhood” the world had ever witnessed. The fruit ripped and Afghans with the support of their Pakistani Muslimbrothers liberated their homeland when the aggressors withdrew in 1989. As Afghanistan is a landlocked so most of its trade is carried through Pakistan. Pakistani Governments always supported this phenomenon but gave it more shape after the end of Soviet occupation to leverage Afghanistan’s economy which was shattered due to war. Still Pakistani Government has not given up. The most recent and noteworthy occasion in this spectrum is the Afghan- Pakistan Transit Trade Agreement held in October 2010. It was signed by Commerce Ministers of both sides. A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was also established to give access to afghan containers to Wahgah (Indo-Pak Border), and renowned port cities of Karachi and Gawadar through Pakistani Transport Infrastructure. Infact both countries also agreed on the construction of railway tracks in Afghanistan and link them to the Pakistani ones. This will help Afghanistan to accelerate its trade activities and raise its economy. A joint chamber of commerce between two countries is also established in November 2016 to add more to the noble cause. Apparently the relationship between Pakistan and Afghanistan is of neighborhood and ethnicity for others. However for the people of both these countries it is not limited to blood but also of spirit. This is none other than the spirit of Humanity and Muslim Brotherhood. As long as the world will exist so does this spirit. Q7. Narrate the Pakistan’s role in the OIC. Answer Pakistan role in OIC Pakistan continues to enjoy a privileged status in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. In terms of population; it is the OIC's second largest member. Being the only Muslim country with nuclear weapons. having the seventh-largest sianding military force, through research at NESCOM and DESTO and a large labour workforce working in various Muslim countries, play a role in its prominence. It was under the pretext of the 2nd summit of OIC held in Lahore between 22-24 February 1974, that Pakistan recognised the former or ex-Eastern Pakistan as the People's Republic of Bangladesh. Pakistan had initially not invited Bangladesh to attend the summit. However as members of the OIC group gathered inLahore, several heads of the state from the Arab world put pressure on Pakistan's then Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, to invite Sheikh Mujibur Rehmanto attend. A seven member delegation from OIC in fact visited Dacca to invite Mujib to Participate in the summit. Asa result of the 2nd OIC summit, Pakistan formally recognised Bangladesh on 22 February 1974, and Mujib was flown by a special aircraft from Dacca to Lahore to attend the summit. Bhutto subsequently visited Dacca in July 1974. Established relations on 18 January 1976. In line with OIC strong stance against the occupation of Palestine by Israel, Pakistan has continuously adopted a stance against Israel, while maintaining moral solidarity with Palestine. Army collaboration Army Service. Corps School has trained up to 30 officers from Muslim cowhtries like Bangladesh, Bosnia, Maldives, Palestine, Turkey. Pakistan Army Military College of Signals has trained more than 500 officers from places such as Burma, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bosnia, Gambia, Ghana, Indonesia. Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kenya, Libya, Malaysia, Oman, Nepal, Nigeria, Oman, Palestine, Sudan, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE and Zambia, most of these countries are member of OIC. Naval collaboration More than 1900. officers from Muslim countries such as Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, Palestine, Turkmenistan, Lebanon, Iran, Ghana, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya and Oman have been trained in Pakistan Naval Academy. Pakistan SSGN has also trained officers from countries like Saudi Arabia, Egypt. Qatar and Iran. + Military technology collaboration Pakistan is thought to have developed its atomic bomb programme with millions of dollars of contributory aid from (mostly) Saudi Arabia and Libyan oil wealth. OIC on the Issue of Kashmir Pakistan has always used OIC as a platform to gather support on the Kashmir conflict against the Republic of India. In 1969 King Hassan , of Morocco invited the Government of India for the.1969 Summit in Rabat. But after Pakistan then ruler Gen. Yahya Khan threatened towalk out, King Hassan requested the Indian delegates not to attend the meeting. - During the OIC 1994 Conference in Tehren, Pakistan succeeded in persuading the member countries to create the “OIC Contact Group on Kashmir". Q8. Explain the genesis and development of Kashmir problem. Answer A brief history of the Kashmir conflict The Kashmir dispute dates from 1947. The partition of the Indian sub-continent along religious lines led to the formation of India and Pakistan. However, there remained the problem of over 650 states, tun by princes, existing within the two newly independent countries. In theory, these princely states had the option of deciding which country to join, or of remaining independent. In practice, the restive population of each province proved decisive. The people had been fighting for freedom from British rule, and with their struggle about to bear fruit they were not willing to let the princes fill the vacuum. The Kashmir conflictis territorial dispute between the Government of India, Kashmiri insurgent groups and the Government of Pakistan over control of the Kashmir region. While an inter-state dispute over Kashmir has existed between India and Pakistan since the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 an_ internal conflict between Kashmiri insurgents and the Government of India has constituted the main conflict and source of violence in the region since 2002 India and Pakistan have fought at least three wars over Kashmir. including the Indo-Pakistani Wars of 1947, 1965 and 1971 and since 1984 the two countries have also been involved in several skirmishes over control of the Siachen Glacier. India claims the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir and as of 2010, administers approximately 43% of the region, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen Glacier. India's claims are contested by Pakistan, which controls approximately 37% of Kashmir, namely Azad Kashmir and the northem areas of Gilgit BaltistanThe Indians were very insolent and rude towards Pakistan and everyone. The roots of the conflict between the Kashmiri insurgents and the Indian Government are tied to a_dispute over local autonomy. Democratic development was limited in Kashmir until the late 1970s and ‘by 1988 many of the democratic reforms provided by the Indian Government had been reversed and non-violent channels for expressing discontent were limited and caused a dramatic increase in support for insurgents advocating violent secession from India. In 1987, a disputed State election created a catalyst for the “insurgency when it resulted in some of the state's legislative assembly members forming armed insurgent groups. In July 1988 a series of demonstrations, strikes and attacks on the Indian Government began the Kashmir Insurgency which during the 1990s escalated into the most important internal security issue in India. The turmoil in Jammu and Kashmir has resulted in thousands of deaths, but has become less deadly in recent years. There have been protest movements in Indian Administered Kashmir since 1989. The movements were created to voice Kashmir's disputes and grievances with the Indian government, specifically the Indian Military. Elections held in 2008 were generally regarded as fair by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, had a high voter turnout in spite of calls by militants for a boycott. Q9. Comprehend Pakistan’s relations with the central Asian countries. . Answer Pakistan and the Central Asian States Introduction _ _The Central Asian States (CAS), i.e, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, ~Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, with a total population of Dver 60 millions spread over an area of about four million square kilometers, are located on historical Silk Route. The region has adjoining borders with South Asia, West Asia, China and Russia and is of great geo-strategic and politico-economic importance. Its potential is attracting the attention of extra regional powers. Pakistan-Central Asia relations are based on geographical proximity, common history, religion, culture, traditions, values and destiny. Pakistan and these states can work together in matters of security, stability and development oi the region. They can collaborate in numerous areas, such as scientific and technical__fields, banking, insurance, information _ technology,pharmaceutical industry, tourism and media. The economies of CAS and Pakistan are complementary to each other. There is cooperation in several spheres, notably, war against terrorism, combating religious extremism and drug trafficking. CURRENT SCENARIO OF RELATIONS BETWEEN PAKISTAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STATES 1, ECO, PAKISTAN and Central Asian States Pakistan and Central Asian States are also the members of Economic Cooperation Organization; it provides a good opportunity for the Heads of State and Government to meet. Bilateral meetings on the sidelines offer a closer focus on bilateral relations 2. Common Security Policy There is a desire in Pakistan that the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) of the Central Asian States, which is basically an economic grouping, should try to assume a political role and in due course of time also aspire to the possibility of geopolitical and geo-economic role. ECO may help in’ adopting a common security policy on similar grounds as pursued by EU in the European States combating religious extremism and Terrorism. - 3. Trade and Economic Cooperation Pakistan should concentrate on the economic and trade ties with Central Asian States. An important agreement has been.concluded with Germany for a rail-road from Hamburg to Shanghai, through Eastern Europe, Moscow, Tashkent, Kabul, Lahore, Delhi and Shanghai. This would open the rich mineral deposits of Uzbekistan and Kazhakistan for exploration and export by Pakistan and through the Arabian Sea again. with a new railway road from the Khyber Pass to the Russian land. 4. Investing in Untapped Natural Resources of Central Asian States Although Central Asian States are land-locked and dependent on other regional partners for export purposes but still all eyes are set on central Asian States. The Caspian Sea in Central Asia contains the world’s largest untapped oil and gas resources. All countries in the region are getting close to Central Asian States and they geared up their trade. Pakistan's loans of dollar 10 to 30 million to each of theCentra! Asian States and its commitment to cooperate in the building , of dollar 500 million hydel power station in Tajikstan are some of the many indicators of its keen wish to assist them in their economic development. 5. Direct Air Link The expansion of PIA’s air network to Tashkent in Uzbekistan and Alma Ata in Kazakstan is a major step forward in cementing ties with these two states. The PIA has finalized plans for air services to the capitals of the other three Central Asian States 6. Cooperation in Admission to OIC Pakistan cooperated with the Central Asian States in their admission to the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC). 7. Communication Network and Media exchanges Radio Pakistan, is working on projects to strengthen its service for the Central Asian region so that the people there can be informed and educated about Pakistan in their own native languages. An expansion of Pakistan Television’s transmission facilitics in Peshawar can enable it to beam its TV programmes to the entire Central Asian region, covering all of Afghanistan as well. Media exchanges between Pakistan and the Central Asian States afe at present skimpy and their canvas must be expanded rapidly. 8. Establishment of Joint Economic Commission Pakistan developed institutionalized arrangement to promote cooperation in the economic and commercial fields. For this purpose Joimt Economic Commissions (JECs) have been established with all the Central Asian States. 9, Technical Assistance Programme Under Technical Assistance Program initiated in 1992-3 Pakistan provided training facilities, which are fully funded. The Program includes courses ranging from English language. banking and accountancy to diplomacy. These have contributed to better understanding and closer cooperation. Pakistan wishes to keep up the momentum MEASURES TO IMPROVE THE RELATIONS WITH Central Asian STATESFollowing measures and implementations will improve the between Pakistan and Central Asian states. 1. Pakistan-An attraction of Shortest Land Route Pakistan would enjoy the role of middle man between the SAARC, ECO and EEC and the attraction of the shortest land route to the Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf and the Black Sea would clearly give . discomYort to Russia. 2. Encourage Mutual Trade The Government of Pakistan, despite its economic difficulties, should provided more credit facilities to the Central Asian States to encourage mutual trade and the setting up of stable banking channels. . ~ 3. ‘better Port Facilities for Handling the Transit Trade Despite their ethnic bonds with Turkey. Iran and Afghanistan, the Central Asian States can benefit more from Pakistan’s port facilities, trade and commerce with the countries in tire Southern Hemisphere. The ports of Abadan and Bander Abbas in Iran and the Karachi port in Pakistan can handle this transit trade by expanding their facilities rapidly. The Tajik capital of Dashanbe is about 3000 kilometers from Bander Abbas in Iran and about 2200 kilometers fromn Karachi while the Black Sea port of Odessa for access to the Mediterranean is about 4200 kilometers away . 4, Speedy Implementation of Projects. Bilaterally and through the ECO, many schemes and projects for intra-regional cooperation in trade and travel. industrial enterprises as joint ventures, banking and exchange of technology and technical know-how are rapidly emerging. whose speedy implementation would be to their mutual advantage 5. Expertise in banking system to be shared A. strong, modern banking system capable of operating internationally without dependence on or control by Moscow, is a dire need of all Central Asian States and Pakistan haythe experise and the infrastructure to assist them in this direction. . 6. Joint Shipping Company to be established The landlocked Central Asian states can even set up a joint shipping company with Pakistan under the aegis of the EC.O to handle a large part of their transit trade.7. Gwadar Port- An Asset for Pakistan and the Central Asian States if Pakistan speeds up the development of the Gawadar port on. the Baluchistan Coast into a large-size modern port, it can be an asset for this province as well as for the Central Asian States. 8. Trade via the Land Route Kazakstan’s ruling leaders, who are energetically improving their relation with Beijing, have shown interest in building rail and road links with Urumchi, capital of the Chinese province of Xinjiang, and thus using the Karakorum Highway between Pakistan and China for trade via the land route 9. Cheap Air Cargo Service A cheap and regular air cargo service between Pakistan and the Central Asian states is the need of the hour. 10. Dynamic Railway Network The Pakistan railway network. which runs Zahidan in Iran, should be linked via Iran with Turkmenistan, Pakistan and China are now working on the expansion of the Sino-Pakistan and Karakorum Highway in such a way that it will be extended to Tajikistan, Kyrgistan and Kazakstan will give a boost to intra-regional trade among these states. 11. Pakistan to invite senior editors of newspapers of Central Asian States Pakistan should invite senior editors of newspapers of the Central . Asian States to Pakistan and provide them with ample opportunities to Know facts for themselves and to study Pakistan's economic development. especially its industrialization, in the past 48 years’ of its independence 12. Business Encouragement backed by the Governments of Pakistan in Central Asian States With Governmental encouragements, Pakistani entrepreneurs can set up industrial units in Uzbekistan, Kazakstan and other Central Asian states, especially for footwear. textiles. building materials, agro- processing, cold storage. petro-chemicals. garments and pharmavcuticals. 13. Cooperation Between the Universities There is immense scope for cooperation between the Universities of Pakistan and those in the Central Asian States. Pakistan, which has alow literacy rate of 30 per cent. can learn a great deal from the Central Asian States which have made nearly 95 per cent of their population literate. It would have a salubrious effect on their relations with Pakistan for their mutual benefit. 14. Improved Regional Security is to be improved 1. Pakistan's relations with the Central Asian Republics have made good progress during the past few years. ry . With improved regional security after the fall of the Taliban, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Pakistan have decided to push ahead with plans for the ambitious |.500-kilometre-long gas Pipeline. The leaders of the three countries have signed a framework agreement. . The Trans-Afghanistan pipeline would export Turkmen gas via Afghanistan to Pakistan, from where it could reach world markets. Proponents of the project see it as a modern continuation of the Silk Road. 4. The Asian Development Bank is the leading coordinating financial and technical partner. Conclusion The stabilization and steady expansion of these relations may take time and would require deft, patient and wise handling on the part of the States concerned. A time may come, perhaps sooner than expected. when Turkey. Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan and the six West and Central Asian States, having a population of nearly 300 million and an area larger than that of the SAARC region, may form a Common Market. In the meantime. Central Asia and Pakistan must keep on vigorously pursuing the peace option in Afghanistan. Mutual Pakistan-Afghanistan trade is expected to reach Rs. One billion in this year. Q10. Describe Pakistan’s relations with Saudi Arabia. Answer . Pak Saudi relations The bilateral relations between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the fslamic Republic of Pakistan are historically and internationally close and extremely friendly, « ccasionally described as constituting a special relationship.