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JAMB/WAEC PHYSICS FORMULA SHEET

Tables 1: Quantities, Formulae and Units

S.I
QUANTITY DEFINITION FORMULA UNIT SYMBOL DIMENSION
v= s metre
Speed distance t per m/s LT-1
time second
v= s metre
Velocity displacement t per m/s LT-1
time second
Acceleration a = v-u metre
change in velocity t per m/s2 LT-2
time second
squared
Equations of motion, rectilinear acceleration:
V = u + at, s = ut + 1/2at2, v2 = u2 + 2as
Equations of motion, gravitational acceleration:
V = u ± gt, h = ut ± 1/2at2, v2 = u2 ± 2gh
Force mass × acceleration F = ma newton N MLT-2

Friction frictional force μ=F

coefficient normal reaction R
μ = tanϴ
F F newton
Tensile force R or 𝜋r2 per N/m2 ML-1T-2
stress area metre
squared
e
Tensile change in length I
Stress original length
Elastic force force constant × extension F = ke newton N MLT-2
stress newton
Young strain 𝛾= F/A per N/m2 ML-1T-2
modulus e/l metre
squared
W = ½ Fe
Work done average force × extension joule J ML2T-2
2
in elastic = ½ ke

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spring/string
Per
Linear increase in length 𝛼= l2 - l1 Kelvin K-1
expansivity original length × temperature rise l1 (𝜃2-𝜃1) or or
Per °C-1
celsius
Per
Area increase in area Kelvin K-1
expansivity original area × temperature rise 𝛽=A2 - A1 or or
A1 (𝜃2 – 𝜃1) Per °C-1
celsius
=2𝛼
Per
Cubic increase in volume 𝛾= V2 – v1 Kelvin K-1
expansivity original volume × temperature rise V1(𝜃2 – 𝜃1) or or
Per °C-1
=3𝛼 celsius
Per
Apparent Mass(volume) of liquid expelled Kelvin K-1
volume 𝛾a = mass(volume) of liq remaining × temp rise or or
expansivity Per °C-1
Apparent increase in volume celsius
= Original volume × temperature rise
Actual increase in volume per unit Per
volume per degree rise in Kelvin K-1
Real cubic temperature, when vessel 𝛾r = 𝛾a + 𝛾 or or
expansivity expansion is considered Per °C-1
celsius

J
W=F×s Joule or or
Work force × distance = mg × s newton NM ML2T-2
meter

Joule or J
Fcos𝜃 × s newton or ML2T-2
Work done force × cosine of angle × distance mgcos𝜃 × s meter NM
(horizontal)
Joule or J
Work done force× sine of angle × distance Fsin𝜃 × s newton or ML2T-2
(vertical) mgsin𝜃 × s meter NM

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Joule or J
newton or ML2T-2
Kinetic energy due to motion KE = ½ mv 3
meter NM
energy
Joule or J
newton or ML2T-2
Potential energy by virtue of position or PE = mgh meter NM
energy height
p=f×s Watt or W
Power Work done (energy expended) t joule Or ML2T-3
time mg × s per Js-1
= t second
=F×s
Efficiency Power output × 100 po × 100
(𝜖) Power input pi

QUANTITY DEFINITION FORMULA S.I. SYMBOL DIMENSION

UNIT

Electric quantity of charge I= Q ampere A

current time t

Potential current × resistance V = IR volt V

difference

potential difference
Resistance current R=V ohm ∩
I
Resistance
in parallel 1=1+1 ohm ∩
R R 1 R2

R1R2
R= R1 + R2 ohm ∩

Resistance
in series R= R1 + R2 ohm ∩

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E.m.f.(cell)
in series E = E 1 + E2 volt V

E.m.f.(cell)
in parellel E = E 1 + E2 volt V

Potential difference between E

E.m.f. cell terminals at open circuit = I(R + r) volt V
E=V+v

Efficiency p.d. across external resistor 𝜖 f = v × 100

(electric cell) e.m.f. of cell ×100 E
𝜖f
external resistance = R × 100
ext. resistance + int. resistance R+r

W = QV J
Electrical Charge quantity × pot. = IVt Joule
energy difference =I2Rt =v2t
R
P = W = QV
Electrical electrical energy transferred t t watt W
2 2
power time taken = I R =v
R

Electrical H = I2Rt
heat energy = Pt Joule J
= V2t =IVt
R

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S.I.
QUANTITY DEFINITION FORMULA UNIT SYMBOL DIMENSION

R = √F12 + F22
Resultant of
Two
perpendicular 𝜃 = tan-1
vectors

R
Resultant of
=
two non-
perpendicular
vectors

Resolved N
horizontal force × cosine of angle F cos 𝜃 newton MLT-2
component of given
force
Resolved N
vertical force × cosine of angle F cos 𝜃 newton MLT-2
component of given
force
Projectile time time taken to return to s T
of flight same projection level T =2U sin 𝜃 second
g
Projectile Highest vertical H = U2sin2𝜃 m
maximum distance from 2g meter L
height projection plane
m
2
Projectile horizontal distance R = U sin2𝜃 meter L
range from projection point to g
projection plane

Equations of motion under gravity: v = u ± gt, h = ut ± ½ gt2, v2 = u2 ± 2gh

Movement of force × perpendicular F×s newton Nm ML2T-2

force meter
mass 𝜌=m kilogram
Density volume v Per kg/m3 ML-3
Meter
cubed

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Relative mass of substance

density mass of equal vol H2O

Upthrust density of fluid × volume × UF = 𝜌 × v × g newton N MLT-2

g
meter LT-2
2 2
Centripetal a=V per m/s
acceleration r second
squared
Centripetal mass × centripetal F =mv2 = m𝜔2r newton N MLT-2
force acceleration r
Angular angle turned 𝜔 = 𝜃 or 2𝜋f radius
velocity time t per rads-1
second
Linear velocity angular speed × radius v = 𝜔r = 𝜔𝐴 metre
(amplitude) v = 𝜔√A2 – x2 per m/s LT-1
second
square of angular speed × a = 𝜔2r Metre
Linear radius; = 𝜔2A per
acceleration angular acceleration × a = ar second m/s2 LT-2
amplitude squared
time taken T = t = 2𝜋 = 1 second S
Period number of oscillations n 𝜔 f T
number of oscillations n = 𝜔 = 1 Per S-1 or
Frequency time taken f= t 2𝜋 T second Hertz T-1
or Hertz
T = 2𝜋√l
Period of Time for one complex g
simple cycle T1 = T1 √l1 second S T
pendulum l2

Energy of
simple T = 2𝜋√ 𝜔 , F = ke, T = 2𝜋√l , 𝜔 = √k , f = 1 √ k , 𝜔 = ½ kA2 , 𝜔 = ½ m𝜔2A2
harmonic k g 𝜔 2𝜋 𝜔
motion
Mass × velocity m×v Newton Ns or
Momentum second kgm/s MLT-1

Force × time or I=F×t Newton Ns or MLT-1

Impulse Mass × acceleration = ɱ × (v – u) second kgm/s
F = ma
Force Mass × acceleration M(v – u) newton N MLT-2
F= t

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Mechanical load = output force M.A. = L

advantage effort input force E
distance moved by effort V.R = e = 1
Velocity Ration distance moved by load l sin 𝜃
= 2𝜋r R
P r
work output × 100% E = M.A × 100%
Efficiency work input V.R
E = L/g × 100%
e/l

Celsius(℃) = 5(℉ -32) , Fahrenheit(℉)=9℃ +32, K = ℃ + 273

9 5
Absolute temperature measured T = 273 + ℃ kelvin K
temperature from absolute zero
𝜃
Resistance R – R0
thermometer = R100 – R0 × 100℃ celsius ℃
temperature

heat required to raise C = mc joules Jk-1

Heat capacity temperature of substance per Or
by 1℃ kelvin J℃-1
heat required to raise Q joule per Jkg-1 k -1
Specific heat temperature of unit mass C = m(𝜃2 – 𝜃1) Kilogram Or
capacity of substance by 1℃ Per Jkg-1 ℃-1
kelvin

QUANTITY DEFINITION FORMULA S.I. UNIT SYMBOL DIMENSION

Energy stored in W = ½ qv = ½ cv2 joule

capacitor

resistance per unit RA Ohm-

Resistivity length per unit 𝜌= l meter ∩m
cross sectional area R𝜋r2
= l
Electrical reciprocal of 𝜎=1 = l Per ohm- (∩m)-1
Conductivity resistivity 𝜌 RA meter
Lg × r ∩

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Shunt resistant R = l - lg ohm

Multiplier V -r ohm ∩
resistant R = lg
Electrochemical mass deposited per M = 𝜌Ad kilogram
equivalent coulomb during Z = lt lt Per kg/C
electrolysis coulomb
F = qVBSin𝜃
Magnetic force newton N MLT-2
F = BIlSin𝜃
Induced e.m.f. in
electromagnetic E = BlV volt V
field = NAB𝜔sin𝜃
Es = Ns
Transformer Ep Np
equations Es Ip
Es Ip
ls × Es × 100
Transformer ∈ = lp × EP
efficiency
ls × Ns × 100
lp × Ns
Alternating l = l0Sin2𝜋ft ampere A
current
Alternating V = V0 Sin2𝜋ft volt V
voltage
Root mean lr.m.s = l0 ampere A
square current √2
Root mean Vr.m.s = V0 volt V
square voltage √2
A.C. resistance R = Vr.m.s ohm ∩
lr.m.s
Inductance XL = 𝜔L = 2𝜋fL ohm ∩
reactance
Inductance L = VL VL henry H
2𝜋fl 𝜔l

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QUANTITY DEFINITION FORMULA S.I. UNIT SYMBOL DIMENSION

Voltage across VL = l × XL volt V
inductor
Voltage across VC = l × XC volt V
capacitor
XC = 1 ∩
Capacitive 𝜔C ohm
reactance 1
2𝜋fC
C= 1
Capacitance 2𝜋fVC farad F
= 1
𝜔Vc
L-R circuit ZLR = ohm ∩
impedence
L-R circuit ampere A
current
l0 =
L-R circuit total V= volt V
voltage
R-C circuit ZRC = ohm ∩
impedance
R-C circuit ampere A
current l0 =
R-C circuit V= volt V
total voltage
L-C circuit ohm ∩
impedance ZLC = XL - XC
L-C circuit V0 ampere A
current l0 = XL - XC
L-C circuit total V = VL - VC volt V
voltage
R-L-C circuit
impedance ohm ∩

R-L-C circuit ampere A

current
R-L-C circuit volt V
total voltage
Resonance 1
frequency f0 = 2𝜋 √LC hertz Hz

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Power in A.C P = IVcos𝜃 watt W

circuit

Power factor Cosine of resistance = R

phase angle cos𝜃= impedance z

QUANTITY DEFINITION FORMULA S.I. UNIT SYMBOL DIMENSION

Energy of photon E = hf
hc joule J
E= ‫ג‬
Electron volt/ eV = ½ m2v2
kinetic energy eV= hf
Energy of photon Work function + E = W0 + ½ m0v2
(Einstein kinetic energy hf = hf0 + ev joule J
equation) hc+ ev
hf = ‫ ג‬0
Stopping hf – W0 volt V
potential V0 = e
Wave-particle h
duality equation ‫=ג‬P
(De Broglie) h
‫ = ג‬mv
hv
‫ = ג‬2eV
h
‫√ = ג‬2eVm0

Heisenberg h
principle ∆x ≥ ∆P
h
∆P ≥ ∆x
h

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∆x ≥ ∆(m×v)
h
∆E. ∆t ≥ 2𝜋
∆E. ∆t ≥ h

Disintegration N1
ratio R = 2n = N2
(n = t/T)
Zhepwo half-life t
equation T = log2 R
t

=
t log2
= logR
Number of atoms Nd = N1 – N2
decayed

= N1

=N2 (R-1)
Fraction of atom N2
undecayed fr = N1
1
= R
Fraction of atoms Nd
decayed fd = N1
R–1
= R
Decay constant
= 0.693
T

= 2.303

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Q
Specific latent Heat required to change unit l= m joule per Jkg-1
heat of fusion mass of substance at boiling lvt kilogram
point to vapour without = m
temperature change
Q
Specific latent Heat required to change unit l= m joule per Jkg-1
heat of vapour mass of substance at boiling lvt kilogram
fission point to vapour without = m
temperature change
Relative m
humidity M × 100%
V.P
= S.V.P × 100%
S.V.P at dew point
= S.V.P at air temperature × 100%
newton ML-1T-2
Pressure force per unit area p = 𝜌gh per meter N/m2
squared
Work done by Pressure × change in volume W = P(V2 – V1) joules J ML2T-2
expanding gas
Boyle’s law: P1V1 = P2V2, Charles law: V1 = V2 , Pressure law: P1 = P2
T1 T2 T1 T2
General gas law: P1V1 = P2V2
T1 T2
V0 – V0 Per kelvin K-1
Cubic Change in pressure from 0℃ 𝛾 = V0 × 𝜃 or per Or
expansitivity vol at 0℃ × change in temp. l0 – l0 celsius ℃-1
𝛾 = l0 × 𝜃
Pϴ - P0 Per kelvin K-1
Pressure Change in pressure from 0℃ 𝛽 = P0 × 𝜃 or per Or
expansivity vol at 0℃ × change in temp. celsius ℃-1

F newton
Pressure force p=A, per N/m2 ML-1T-2
area meter
p = 𝜌gh squared
F1 = F2 , 𝜌1 = h2
Pascal principle A1 A2 Hare’sapparatus: 𝜌2 h1

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Frequency number of cycles

time taken f=1
T hertz Hz
number of wavelength T-1
time taken

Wavelength Distance between successive meter m M

crest or trough
Wave velocity Wavelength × freq λ meter
v = T = λf per m/s LT-1
Wavelength second
period
2𝜋x ,

Mathematical wave equation; Y = Asin λ Y = Asin2𝜋

Magnification Image distance
object distance , v
M= u
image height
object height
Angle of Angle through which d = 180 – (i + r)
deviation incident ray is deviated

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