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 In filter design the size of the R, L and C elements of a

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 Impedance scaling is used to change the element
values of the circuit to make the circuit practically
realizable
 In this type of scaling, the impedances of a network
are altered in some prescribed way, V2 leaving
Z2 the TF 1
T ( s )  unaltered.
and hence the frequency response  
V1 Z1  Z 2 Z1
1
Z1 Z2
I2 = 0
+
+
v1 I Z v2
- 2
-
Fig. 1
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 If each impedance is multiplied by the same factor km<
1, then the magnitude of the impedance is scaled down
by a factor of km
 Similarly if km > 1 then the impedance is scaled up by a
factor of km
 To change the impedance magnitude by km, the
impedance of every element in the circuit is changed as
follows:

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 km Z R  km R; km Z L  km L
km
and km zC   1
C 
C
km
 Therefore after scaling Rnew=kmRold Lnew=kmLold and
Cnew=Cold/km
 Since T(j) is not changed by magnitude scaling then
neither are the magnitude and phase functions.

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 The figure below shows a low-pass filter with a resistor
value of 1 . Apply impedance scaling to obtain an
equivalent filter with a resistor value of 50 .
1 4.5mH

+
v1 220nF
-

Rold= 1 Rnew= 50 km= 50

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 Frequency scaling is used to shift the frequency
response of a filter to a different part of the
frequency axis
 Frequency scaling leads to a new network or system,
whose frequency response is related to the original
in some prescribed way
 The magnitude remains unscaled.
 For the inductor |ZL| =L should remain constant.

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Thus |ZL| =L =(kf)L/kf =kfLnew
If the frequency is increased by a factor kf, the
inductance is reduced by the same factor so that the
impedance remains constant
Similarly for C
1 1 1
Zc   
C k f  C k f  C new
kf
Lold C old
 Lnew  C new 
kf kf
and Rnew  Rold
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 Both magnitude and frequency scaling can be achieved
using element scaling equations as follows:
Lnew = Lold km/kf ; Cnew =Cold/kmkf ; Rnew = km
Rold
 The function T(j), |T(j)| and (j) may be
frequency scaled by replacing  with kf.

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 Design an RC lowpass filter with a half-power frequency
of 1000rad/s.
1
R RC
+ T ( j ) 
+ 1  j
v1 C v2 RC
0  1000rad / s
-
-
 Let C = IF R=1/1000 impractical
Therefore resort to magnitude scaling
C = 1F
Cnew= Cold/km km =1/10-6 =106
Rnew= kmRold = 106 x 1/1000 =1k
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 R1  The TF for the circuit shown is
6s  3 6  s  z1 
+ T (s)  
v1 C1 R2 v2 s3 s  p1
1 1
-
z1  0.5  p1  3  z1 
R1C1 R2C1
•The desired break frequencies are 500rad/s and 3000rad/s. Obtain
the design values of R1, R2 and C.
Let C1 =1F  R1= 1/0.5 =2
(P1 – Z1)= 1/R2C1  R2= 1/C1(P1 – Z1)
R2 =1/3 – 0.5 =2/5
Scale both frequency and magnitude so that Cnew =1/Kfkm Cold
and Rnew =km Rold
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new =old x kf  kf= 500/0.5=1000
If C1 =1F  km= Cold/Cnewkf =1/10-6 x 1000
km=1000
R1=2 x 1000 =2k
R2=2/5 x 1000 =400

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 Consider two sinusoids one of frequency 4 times the
other i.e. 1=0 (v1=A1sin0t) and 2= 40 rad/s
(v2=A1 sin 40t) where
0=2f0 =2/T0
Let 1/2f0=T0/2 =t0 =1/0
Then v1=A1sin 0t =A1sin t/1/0 =A1sin (t/t0)
 The inverse relationship between time and frequency
suggests that when frequency is expanded, time is
compressed, and vice versa.

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 Let kt =time response required
normalized time
So that kt< 1  time compression and
kt>1 time expansion
kt=1/kf
kf= frequency response required
normalized frequency
• The element scaling equation in terms of kt
are given by
Lnew=kmkt Lold; Cnew=kt/km Cold
Rnew=kmRold

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