There are tew phenomenon whith classical mechanits tailed to explain. i. Stabiltty of atom. 2. Spetrdt gertes of Hydrogen atom. 3. Black body vadtatHon. Max Planck in 1990 at ameeting of German | Physical Society read hts paper ** On theory 0 Energy Distébutton law of Normal spechrum.” winith ts stot of Quantum Mechaniu. Quantum Mechant&y was able to explat :- i. Photo-electrte ef feut ttt ttt t 2. Black body xradiaton 8. compton ep pak 4. Emisston of Line Gpetra. klave -Paxtide Dualtty :- Light can exhtbtt bot kinol of nature of niaves gf’ poxticles_C photons). klaves iG rhea ef Poe S Tnterperence G wompton effer L vifprauton b G polarixaku w.x | De- Broglie Waves : - ee ee renee Teka ct ny Hypotheses = * Alot only Ugh but every porte Ce", pt orvany Yond octal wave -paxctde dural natire. De ~Brogite proposed that moving poxttle hax waves assoctakeal with tk Kndkin a Matter hlaves. Energy of a photon t E=hy For a paxttele , ao photon of mass, ™ E= = = hv ane = he a Ie Y=e=0, > A=, that Means Waves are associated wltth ase povettues only. i) Mattex waves are not elechrv magnette in Nature.| Find energy of photon of waveleng A= 6000A ~ = 6000x107!" an E=he = 6.626 x10-34 x axto?® A 6000x 10719 E = 3.91x10°'97T [2 ev= 76K %7| E= g.alxiw-Y =>) [E=2.069ev| 1.6 xl07'9 gue2y Find wavelength of photon wi U th 10.2eVv ee: Sol} E = 10.2eV = 10.2 X(-6 X09 A= he = 6.626x(0-34 xaxio® EB 10.2 x1.6Xl07'9 Az 4.24% x10-7M | Ques> Find energy of photon of mavelength 450 nm. solv} E= he = 6.626xw S*xaxio® _ a 450 x 1074 = 4.4texi0i gs E = 2.458 ev |——S—. — _ ; ai : Az h = h . Ex Kinette Energy ~ 1 P Yame_ ? AS h = h v= potenttat P vomeVv | e= chayye J A= h = h P YomkT *_Tusttpiatton of De-Broglie's Hypothesis wstng Bohr's Postulate - | According to Bohr's postulate, angular LamomenFum ‘1’ of elethon revolving io stattonary orbte is quantizedl. | L=mvr=nh =nb 2x huthere , fiz reolutted plank’s constant only | U gat=nd=nh . mv those orbtls nitll be selecteol for wthuh waft thee . [mvr = mh =Mh | onery ehermine de- Broglie wiavelength for on eleuhron wy th KE of Ui) d-2ev ciij 12 ev Ciitd 120eVv. BOI" p= seme = J 2 (5.0 x10-31) (1.2)(1-6x10-9) | t= 94 5 x 10-8 Kamls A= h = 6.625%10-34 = |.12x10-'9m P 5915 X (0-25 _— AzNM2A Pin 2mE = Aoxg.uxi0-8!/x12 x 16x10! = 4.89 x1024 amis Az h = 6.625x109¢ = g.54x10- 9M Po. BF04 KX (0-24 [az3.s44 p=2ame = Joxg.1xio-3! xizoxl. 6X10 9 = §.915 x10724 bamis Az h = 6. 625x134 = 1.12xK107'° M P $945 x 10°24 [A= 2a Now), we vonstder aN eleuhron of ‘mass 6M? and charge §-e” accelerated through potential difference of ¥ volts. tomy = eV 2 ae VE [zev jaw pemv = s/2eVm 22h = h y= 12:28 | P_ Jeevm “ vv 4ae An eleu-ron has KE “of s2mev. Deter Mine “ole- = le Brot wlavuleng Hh Cin A withh Mass 1, Oa : 22x (0-84 | as de Brog|te niaveleng th of 442A. Detbimine momentum q KE=C go" |@ ps Jame _ tL 3 oy b= Jag. x10-87x 1B x10 8X I x10"! P= 5-915 xi0-26 kamls _ h_ = 6.625 x10" PP §.915 xX 10-26 [aa s24 | ® p= h = 6.625x107-%4 1 | a 12 x19 ~10 pa 5-915 10-76 kgmils uv E-4 1 (5-G1SX 10728)* | 2m z 2:2 1073! 4-952 X1072!1 4+gs2 x(o-2! 166 xIO~9 "Wyly [E=4-97x10-%evPhase velocity and Gmup veloctty - Ys= SiN gx( x - vt) Z + 5 Ya = Sin 2x (Kx- wt) oN LZ K=2% d w= 2aP KY 7 1 1a } i 4 wave numbee _angulax velocity. + Kx-wt = constant cifferenttate Wrst. time Kdz —~w-0 p= velactty of wave at (phase veloctty) oe KNp=w os | Vp =w | [with uthtch wave ts kK F propagating. FH For non-relativistte partide Vp= WwW = 2AY = yA i ou a Kz 2%p gq WE2AP =27E h h k= P q¢ WHE 4 h Vp= w K = F/R = Yemve : P/M mv m rz ayPage No. Dato | v For crelativistte parttde —_ E=met=hp YEE =amct h h Vp =PA ee PB. — Sat h = met, | Vp= c* _ hh Pmv Vv. — Sine, C2/v 18 very high speed (not possible) “| 80 wie WLU constdex tra mattee waves. va = Sin Ckx-wt 4 Yo = Sin El ktak)x- (wiaw) td yeryat Ye - y= Sin Ckx-we) +8in Lk ta ka~ CW +o) tT] Tt Y= 2S8iN/ Kaw +kxe+ake-wt -dwt y & + 008 (Kx-wt-Kx -dkx twt +dwt ) x 2 ~ T = 2810 (Kx-we + akx-dlwt ). cos (wt - kx) | 2 z [ ya 2sin[ pKtdk yz= (witdur) #7, cos [dle + owt] | c 2 a 7D p= ap 2? hase veloc velo f uy iy Fete—oke + dwt = constant Differentiating eq) went. time -dkdx ~+dw=- 0 - ole “a Be ie dw = AE/h = dE = dpt/em VP aK dpe/h op olp q = 4. op = mv pave ppucer am” v ~enveldpe Hi, Tvyev] — %*| HEISENBERG UNCERTAINITY PRINCIPLE :- - "| Formutatesl by the German physictst ¢ Nobel laureate kle¥ner Heisenberg in 1927, the _ uncextaintty princaple ctat&s that we cannot know bot position ¢ speed of particle , such as photon or electron with perfect accuraw. unwntarndy 1 finding AAK 1 azh partide “in posttion 42 4a Ax ” p Ax high low Ax x 4 : w AP A E=hy=h AE=h HAS vou high t 4t LVL N Some results of Hetsenbucg eerste prince. D, AxAp Yh [VY up AE. at > h heh ip AL.aorh aaPage No. Dato | Applicatton ot naan uneartatniey relatto +| Maximum uneextatni positton of ev witll b ie diameree of nudeus. Oe w AM= oY Ax=2xi0 tm G r=10 tm ¢. | Minimum unceetatn in momentum of e-- Ap= fh = h Ax Lx xto7't = 6.62x10°94 4X 81K X 10-4 = 0.52407 x10-7? Ap = 5:24 xto-#4 Kamis Minimum Energy of en insioe nuceus & E= ame* Emin = pe = S.24#x10~2! x 8x ws = 15-81x 10-!3 Toutes = 9.88125 xl0% ev Emin. = 9-88 Mev Bue Maximum enevyy requtred by P- paxtteles to stay inside nudeus ts 4 Mev Cexperimental}y ). e ultth GeV enezoy , e~ cannot stay inside Nucleus + wu U4 26) Considet photon with niavelength of 4pm. hihak i Ee in_photon's momentum. boIN=)) Az=sxso0® ~ Ax. Ap Y 4 Ap= 6+626X10°34 < 2x 3-14 xl07% Ap = 1-055 x07? kgmis guet>| An automobue has mass 450049 « blots uncextatn ty ~ in_veloctby , nthen it's centre of Mass is Locokecl wt uncectatn no greater than tem. g0l"=) Ax=10m= 402m Ax-Ap Yh AP= 6.626 xv? 2X 8-14 x 1072 AP = 1.055 x 10-3? kamis G Ap= Am. Av AV = 1055 % (0-32 1500 = 4.033 x10-* x19 7-3 AV= #x0.93x a 033 x10736 misgues |The eneray tg measureol with unwstain nw greater Ehan 0.8ev. Determine at uncertain tty in time over uthich measuremenp is made? $0" AE=0.8ev — = 4-98x 49049 T AE. At Yh At= 6.626 xl0-34 2X 8.1% X 1, 28X 107 '9 At = 0.824x 10'S g Queg>| Uncertainty in posttton of e is N0 preater than 1.6A “Determtne minimum Gada in tts momentum. gol!> Ap= 4 AX = 4h 2x Ax = 6.626x10-94 2X 3-19 X |S XO [4ap= 0.703X 10-24 gm ls |# | WAVE- FUNCTIOAI (W) :- * | In quantum physi, a hiave functton ts mathematte— -al_olesertpttoy of quantum state of isolated quantum system + + |The wave functton is complex - valuedl poe amplituce, ¢ probabilities por posstble results o measurements made on system can be derived fmm i. Y - complex |Y]*> Probabltty of f finding electron. 1p[2z= pyr? o sipey P=AtiB (pe = A-tB--- Ccomplex canyjygate) YPR= Peps A+ B® +{ Properties of wel behavead wave functton :- [E] Finite -... (vip P00, then 1Y/t>@ and probabltty can't be o, it can be bet O tet [2] continuous [3]]| Poxtial Derivative of Y shoutol be continuous and single valued. Oo | 4] Notmatised. Cie Shoutel Sakishy Normaltgatten cwonadtttan) [lehatest R_. volume| aol | Paga tio | oe _ er x| Schrodingey’s Time Dependent Wave Equatton ; lebus consider a niave fundoo p= Ae Yh C= pe) —® partial differentiating Y wert. % : ap - Ae” CERF P*), ¢ \(-p) Ox | x=t (Et-px) ap = Ae * (tp) A ox -t h av _ ip (py) —@ ox. Again partially olifferentiattng OY wer.t. 2 v , a? . ax =L(Et-px) Orv ant” t ory =-(r)\iy -@ ont h trom © 4 @ py = h ay | pep = 92D i oz ax? la Momentum + Momentum square ~ Operator Operator.Now “ferent, Ow. werkt ey oy . UR CEt—px) SEs ab ov = -iE Cy) gt h n Ev- -h 0 |< Eney | cat | perfor: For Non-relativistte poxttue T.E.= KE. + PE E=mv?+iv 2 E = pe +V 2m Multiply ing nave funteton on both Stoles EW= p?? +vVY 2m ~ hay ht a2) +v¥ --- (410m operators ) i Ot ~ 2m Ox* " Rahon are the denominator ihov_ -h* ory +vy | dt 2m dx* Thu w Known as Schrvdinger?s Time olependent niave Equation C&TDWE’).* | Schrondinger = pe WRU Et-px) Time Inclepenclent have Equadto, Again tonsidertng same wave -fpunctton ~iEt + tpx peae f A iEE px pene Fie h _ 4 let ipa oT ae h =P. tet oT P= Pe h Substituting thu value {0 STDWE Lh OD Pb peVh)=-ht ae (TY 4 ot 20 Ox* ~_iek vpe * ~iFt/h -iEt th Pe (te) =~" e = ah type? b 20 Ox* ~iEt et a2 +VvPo h am Be? We =-h* ath +vy 2m Ox* hi ath + PE-¥ Y=0 2 Ox*ate + 2m CE-v) = o| Ox a This % caUleol SeheMellagers Time IndependerE wave equation in 4-D- VEY + 2M w, (E-v) =0 a viz as + d* + OF ) Ox* dy* OZ* Thu t cowed schrddinger’s Ttme Thelepenclerte hiave equatton in 3-D- 4 *| Applicatton of Schrodinger's Wave Equatton :- # Partide in infintte poténtial rave. | Consider a particle of rest veP NE? mass ™m deste in 4-D infiotre j wel. | Bowrdag Bidllen for potential vr0 | vex) | = fo, ocx B=0 b=ASinKx @x=l , ~F0 ¥U0) = ABINKL A#O a Sinkt=0, KL=na | | K=nx K*= 2mME : YOO= ASIN NK w fe t 1 oNtA* = QME (a ht E= t*n*x? 2™mL* E = hire [= hen apm 42 [emitht {6 knonin a5 Zero-Point Energy / Ground state. | &mL* oY th) = ASIN NA L Normattsing the nave function | Gg > PE ate ef | —+— 1 oe passion ae dx =4 L L Ae t-wsannx | ‘da=4 J u. fe L u “ Ate tdx -f cosonnx) Axj=4 z J cf - ° b- + ( Sinonn~, OL yo s4 2 2% Lc" ank 4 AY La. ( Singnay bt \ = 4 2.2 * we onK a "eb = Lb 8intenn) = 4 2 40K AS Load 2 Ae . A= =z Je | We [2 sin nxx ts Normatltseol hlave Equatton. TU LEigen valu es 4 Exgen functton ; _ Schrodinger’s equation canbe Solved for.some Spectfle enerpy values Cire. Enemy ts Quantized), Enews values for which surrounding equation ean be Solved are catleal Eigen valu es 4 SOFC ponding wiave functton ts called” Figen function. “A & een value AV=ay —_ eigen funtoun 1 + Queso, An electron is bouncl tn 1D infinite potental we mith witdHy #5, oletermine eney levels 17 ev g for n=i,2 48. Bsn h* 80] =} 8mL* n=4, Ey = (6.626 x10-34)* 8X 9-1X10 91x S625 X O20 = 1.042133 424 xI0-24 J = 0. 6400835745 1072 ev nae Eo = 4x Ex ; = 2-68033843! x07 ev j n=3 Ess 9XE+ = 6:030752198 xlo*evPago No. Dato queidy AN elechon vu bound in 1-D infintte potential — NeW wth JoA width .calulate ttrst three enevgy levels that elecron May occupy . It * elethron drops from 37% to 21% eneray lever Wthak tw wavelenath of photon emitted ? 8o0l"=$ F= nth* v &mv* nei, Ey = (6.626x10°94)* OXIAXIO™IX [OOKLO-29 = 6.030475 x10 70 T = 3.44¥xlo tev Li! Es =9xE4 = 8-893 ev e> otrops from 87 > ond enemy Levee “ AE= Eg-G2 = '88SeV A= he é A= 6626x1084 x3axWF 1885 XL EXO LLL A= 6-S90xXI0O-F \Operator :- Mathematteal rule by means of whth transforms any funtton to othe functton. paar Az=ad az SS AW= dat = 2% Ax Pemomentum operator = -tha Ox p’= momentum square operaton =-h* d* 2m axe E = eneva operator = ibd od at thay. -h* ap +vy at 2m ar* EW = HW t Hamtltontan.