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Overview of Operating Systems Concepts

This document provides an overview of operating systems. It defines an operating system as an extended machine that provides abstraction and manages resources. The key points are: 1. An operating system presents a simple interface to users while hiding complex details, and provides services through system calls. It acts as a resource manager by allocating time and space for programs. 2. Core functions of an operating system include process creation, program execution, I/O access, resource control, error handling, and accounting. The kernel resides in memory and contains core functions. 3. Early operating systems evolved from serial processing to simple batch systems with scheduling monitors, and later included features like memory protection, timers, and privileged instructions.

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28 views12 pages

Overview of Operating Systems Concepts

This document provides an overview of operating systems. It defines an operating system as an extended machine that provides abstraction and manages resources. The key points are: 1. An operating system presents a simple interface to users while hiding complex details, and provides services through system calls. It acts as a resource manager by allocating time and space for programs. 2. Core functions of an operating system include process creation, program execution, I/O access, resource control, error handling, and accounting. The kernel resides in memory and contains core functions. 3. Early operating systems evolved from serial processing to simple batch systems with scheduling monitors, and later included features like memory protection, timers, and privileged instructions.

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Prabhu R
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CS8493-OPERATING SYSTEMS

UNIT-I

Lecture 3:
Operating System Overview

Staff Incharge
[Link] AP/CSE
Layers and Views
What is an Operating System
 It is an extended, or virtual, machine
◦ provides a simple, high-level abstraction, i.e., hides
the “messy details” which must be performed
◦ presents user with a virtual machine, easier to use
◦ provides services; programs obtain these by system
calls
 It is a resource manager
◦ provides orderly and controlled allocation for
programs in terms of time and space, multiplexing
Services Provided by the OS
 Process creation
 Program execution
 Access to I/O devices
 Controlled access to resources, e.g. files
 System access
 Error detection and response
 Accounting
Operating System
 Functions the same way as ordinary computer
software
◦ It is a program that is executed, but with extra
privileges
 Kernel: Portion of operating system that is in
main memory
◦ Contains most frequently used functions
◦ Also called the nucleus
Evolution of Operating Systems
 Serial processing
◦ No operating system
◦ Machines run from a console with display lights
(error messages), input device (punch card, tape)
and printer (for output)
◦ Setup included loading and compiling the program,
and loading and linking common functions – very
time consuming (errors!)
Simple Batch Systems
 Resident Monitor program: scheduling,
privileged operations
 Users submit jobs to operator
 Operator batches jobs
 Monitor controls sequence of events to
process batch
 When one job is finished, control returns to
Monitor which reads next job
 Monitor handles scheduling (e.g. FIFO, SJF)
OS Features
 Memory protection
◦ Do not allow the memory area containing the
monitor to be altered by user program
 Timer
◦ Prevents a job from monopolizing the system
(when allocated time is up, job is stopped)
 Privileged instructions
◦ Certain machine level instructions (e.g. I/O) can
only be executed by the monitor – kernel or
supervisor mode vs. user mode
System Utilization Example
Uniprogramming
 Processor must wait for I/O instruction to
complete before preceding
Multiprogramming
 Processor has more than one program to
execute
 The sequence in which the programs are
executed depends on their relative priority
and whether they are waiting for I/O
 After an interrupt handler completes, control
may not return to the program that was
executing at the time of the interrupt
Multiprogramming

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