A Piece of paper with ideas and knowledge

Personal Magazine by Arjun A L

 CONTENTS

UNIT-I
SOCIAL MEDIA
 Its impacts
 Pros and Cons
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Marketing
 Its history
 Questions?
UNIT-II
Written work
 Activities
UNIT-III
HISTORY OF CINEMAS
 History of films from 300 BC to 1930
Personal Magazine by Arjun A L
 About the author

"The author of this magazine is Arjun A L, a

student of VIII B1 at Loyola School. Arjun
enjoys playing cricket, reading books, and
ensuring everything is in order. He
consistently demonstrates full sincerity
when given a task, showing dedication to
his work. Arjun strives for perfection in all
that he does and encourages others to
contribute more. He scores average marks
in hi classes and make friendships within
each other.
What is a Magazine?

Magazine, a printed or digitally published collection of texts (essays, articles,

stories, poems), often illustrated, that is produced at regular intervals (excluding
newspapers). A brief treatment of magazines follows. For full
treatment, see publishing: Magazine publishing.
The modern magazine has its roots in early printed pamphlets, broadsides, chapbooks,
and almanacs, a few of which gradually began appearing at regular intervals. The
earliest magazines collected a variety of material designed to appeal to particular
interests. One of the earliest ones was a German publication, Erbauliche Monaths-
Unterredungen (“Edifying Monthly Discussions”), which was issued periodically from
1663 to 1668. Other learned journals soon appeared in France, England, and Italy, and
in the early 1670s lighter and more entertaining magazines began to appear, beginning
with Le Mercure Galant (1672; later renamed Mercure de France) in France. In the
early 18th century, Joseph Addison and Richard Steele brought out The Tatler (1709–
11; published three times weekly) and The Spectator (1711–12, 1714; published daily).
These influential periodicals contained essays on matters political and topical that
continue to be regarded as examples of some of the finest English prose written. Other
critical reviews treating literary and political issues also started up in the mid-1700s
throughout western Europe, and at the end of the century specialized periodicals began
appearing, devoted to particular fields of intellectual interest, such as archaeology,
botany, or philosophy.
 UNIT-I
SOCIAL MEDIA
Its effects
Its impacts
and so, on

So, lets dive more into the topic…………

Personal Magazine by Arjun A L

What is social media?
 Social media is a digital technology that allows the sharing of
ideas and information including in the form of text and visuals
through virtual networks and communities.
 This provides access to different user generated content that
makes engagement via “Like, Share, Comments” and
discussions in descriptions.
 This type of media that engage us is used by more than 4.8
billion people across the world.
 Social media is made for helping people build a better
society in network basis and for altering disinformation and
hate speech.
 It is also an increasingly important part of many companies or
marketing campaigns.
 Some of the famous social media platforms are Facebook,
Instagram, YouTube and WeChat
 Currently 94.8 percent of the users have accessed chat and
messaging apps and websites followed by social media
platforms with 94.6 percent of users.
 The First ever social media created was the
“[Link]” which as built on 1997 with an
appreciation over a million users.
Social Media platforms -

Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter are among the best known and most popular. In every case,
connecting with someone on social media requires mutual consent, and either side can choose
to break the connection.

Important note: if you are concerned about privacy, be sure to check out the privacy
settings on all the social media sites you use, since the default settings are not to everyone’s
taste.

Facebook
Facebook has 800 million users, making it a good place to promote your book to a potentially
huge audience.

 Allows you to find friends and colleagues and join their networks.
 Let’s you share text, links, images and video to all your friends.
 Encourages sharing of posts, so that friends of friends can see what you have
posted. If they like, they also share it further on their own networks.
 This multi-stage sharing across different social groups is one of the things that make
Facebook so appealing as a place to mention your book.
 There are a range of functions which you can explore, including
o set up events and invite friends to attend.
o set up a dedicated page (called a ’fan page’) for you or your book where
you can post news about the book or your other work.
o set up your own special interest group, to discuss topics related to your
research

LinkedIn
LinkedIn is a professional network, and profiles and posts are focused on work- related
topics.

 Contacts on LinkedIn are called Connections.

 You can connect with others in your area, join specialist groups and forums and
create a professional network with colleagues around the world.
 When you create a LinkedIn account, you will be guided through the process
for creating your professional profile, including experience, qualifications etc.
 As well as posting messages (text, links, photos, video an make and
 receiv profess onal endorsements.

How did the social media Originate and

Evolve

 As I told earlier, the first social media was the Six

[Link] which ended up in the year 2000.
 The Myspace was the first social network to beat six
degrees and took the lead in more than one million
active users in 2004.
 Social media started out as a way for people to interact with
friends and family but soon expanded to serve many
different purposes
 Social media participation exploded in the years that
followed with the entry of Facebook and Twitter (now X
platform). Businesses gravitated toward these platforms in
order to reach an audience instantly on a global scale.
 According to Global Web Index, 46% of internet users
worldwide get their news through social media. That
compares to 40% of users who view news on news
websites.
 Overall, like even before the [Link] there was a
system called the PLATO system that gave many features
with 1973-era innovations such as the notes, messages,
forums etc.
 In 1991, when Tim Berners-Lee integrated the hypertext
software with internet, he created the World Wide Web
(WWW) marking the beginning of a modern era of network
communication.
These were some of the evolvements of social media

What social media Is Used for today

  Social media plays a key role in many businesses'
marketing strategies, not surprising given the sheer
number of hours people spend each day on social
websites and apps. At the same time, social media is an
ever-changing field, with relatively recent apps such as
TikTok, Signal, and Clubhouse joining the ranks of
established social networks like Facebook, YouTube, X
platform, and Instagram.
 Mostly for today lifestyle the social media is divided
into six categories. They are social networking, social
bookmarking, social news, Media sharing, Microblogging
and Online forums
 These diverse platforms serve a vast range of purposes and
user interests. Some appeal to hobbyists, others to people in
their work lives. People use them to find others across the
globe who share their political or other views. Entertainers
use social media to engage with fans, politicians with
voters, charities with donors. Governments often turn to
social media to convey vital information during
emergencies.
 For businesses, social media has become a key marketing
tool. Companies use it to find and engage with customers,
drive sales through advertising and promotion, identify
fast-moving consumer trends, provide customer service or
support, and collect data on users

Arjun’s Perso al Magazine Page 2

Pros and Cons of social media

1. Interconnectivity: Social media platforms facilitate real-time

access to information, connection with others, and the formation
of niche communities, fostering a more interconnected world.

2. Disinformation and Polarization: Despite its benefits, social media

is also notorious for spreading disinformation, fostering
polarization, and potentially causing harmful psychological
effects.

3. Positive Effects on Relationships: Studies suggest that social

media use is correlated with having more friends and diverse
personal networks, particularly in emerging economies. Many
teenagers feel more connected to their peers through social
media.

4. Mixed Impact on Teens: While some teens report positive effects

from social media, such as feeling more connected, others
experience negative consequences such as distraction, disrupted
sleep, exposure to bullying, and peer pressure, raising concerns
about their physical and mental health.

5. Business Opportunities: Social media provides businesses with

an effective and relatively inexpensive platform to reach
consumers and build brand image. Platforms like Facebook are
widely used by small businesses and marketers for promotion.

6. Advertising Spending: In 2022, social media and search

advertising spending accounted for a significant portion of overall
ad spending globally, indicating its growing importance as an
advertising channel.

These points reflect the dual nature of social media, highlighting its
benefits and challenges across various aspects of society, from
personal relationships to business opportunities and advertising
trends.
The Top 10 Social Media Platforms Worldwide
These were the most widely used social media providers as of January
2024: -

1. Facebook (2.96 billion users)

2. YouTube (2.51 billion users)
3. WhatsApp (2 billion users)
4. Instagram (2 billion users)
5. WeChat (1.31 billion users)
6. TikTok (1.05 billion users)
7. Facebook Messenger (931 million users)
8. Doyin (715 million users)
9. Telegram (700 million users)
10. Snapchat (635 million users)

Interestingly, two that are especially well-known in the U.S.—X

platform and Pinterest—didn't make the top 10 list globally. X
platform was 14th, with 556 million users worldwide, while Pinterest
was 15th with 445 million

What Is the Most Popular social media?

As according to the list, you have seen that the Facebook (by meta) is the first social media
platform that is been listed according to the number of users using it. Currently it is 2.96 billion
users that means literally close to 3 billion. It does not mean that Facebook will stop at 3 billion
users it can exceed the limit in future.

How Much Time Do People Spend on

social media?
Internet users age 16 to 64 worldwide spent a daily average of 2 hours and 31
minutes on social media as of late 2022 which adds that "social media now
accounts for its greatest ever share of total online time, with almost four in every
10 minutes spent online now attributable to social media activities."

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What Is Social Media Marketing?

 Social media marketing (also known as digital marketing

and e-marketing) is the use of social media—the platforms
on which users build social networks and share information
—to build a company's brand, increase sales, and drive
website traffic. In addition to providing companies with a
way to engage with existing customers and reach new ones,
SMM has purpose- built data analytics that allows
marketers to track the success of their efforts and identify
even more ways to engage.
 With over 80% of consumers reporting that social
media—especially influencer content—significantly impacts
buying
decisions, marketers across industries are driving the
evolution of social media marketing (SMM) from a stand-
alone tool to a multipronged source of marketing
intelligence on an increasingly important—and growing—
audience.

 Social media marketing uses social media and

social networks—like Facebook, X platform
(formerly Twitter), and Instagram—to market
products and services, engage with existing
customers, and reach new ones.
 The power of social media marketing comes
from the unparalleled capacity of social media in
three core marketing areas: connection,
interaction, and customer data.
 Social media marketing has transformed the way
businesses are able to influence consumer behavior
— from promoting content that drives engagement to
Arjun’s Perso al Magazine Page 5
 extracting personal data that makes messaging
resonate with users.
 Because social media today is so ubiquitous,
marketing techniques using these platforms
are extremely important for businesses.
 Social media marketing is often more cost-
effective with great
exposure, though it requires ongoing maintenance and
might
have unintended negative feedback consequences.

Arjun’s Personal Magazine Page 6

Social media and its impacts

Top 6 Impacts of social media

1. The Impact of social media on Politics

 A new study from Pew Research claims that about one in five
U.S. adults gets their political news primarily through social
media. The study also finds that those who do get their
political news primarily through social media tend to be less
well-informed and more likely to be exposed to unproven
claims that people who get their news from traditional sources.
 In comparison to other media, the influence of social media in
political campaigns has increased tremendously. Social
networks play an increasingly important role in electoral
politics — first in the ultimately unsuccessful candidacy of
Howard Dean in 2003, then in the election of the first African-
American president in 2008, and again in the Twitter-driven
campaign of Donald Trump.
 The New York Times reports that “The election of Donald
J. Trump is perhaps the starkest illustration yet that across
the planet, social networks are helping to fundamentally
rewire human society.” Because social media allows people
to communicate more freely, they are helping to create
surprisingly influential social organizations among once-
marginalized groups.

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2. The Impact of social media on Society

 Almost a quarter of the world’s population is now on

Facebook. In the U.S., nearly 80% of all internet users are on
this platform. Because social networks feed off interactions
among people, they become more powerful as they grow
 Thanks to the internet, each person with marginal views can
see that he’s not alone. And when these people find one
another via social media, they can do things — create memes,
publications, and entire online worlds that bolster their
worldview, and then break into the whole.
 Without social media, social, ethical, environmental, and
political ills would have minimal visibility. Increased
visibility of issues has shifted the balance of power from the
hands of a few to the masses
 While social media activism brings an increased awareness
about societal issues, questions remain as to whether this
awareness is translating into real change. Some argue that
social sharing has encouraged people to use computers and
mobile phones to express their concerns on social issues
without actually having to engage actively with campaigns in
real life. Their support is limited to pressing the ‘Like’ button
or sharing content.

The flipside: social media is

slowly killing real activism and replacing it with ‘slacktivism’

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This passivity is a very human reaction when people are given
options that absolve them from the responsibility to act. A 2013 study
by the University of British Columbia’s Sauder School of Business
found that when people are presented with the option of ‘liking’ a
social cause, they usethis to opt-out of actually committing time and
money to a charitable cause. On the other hand, when people are
allowed to show support in private, they are more likely to offer
meaningful support by making a financial contribution.

2. The Impact of social media on Commerce

 The rise of social media means it’s unusual to find an

organization that does not reach its customers and
prospects through one social media platform or another.
Companies see the importance of using social media to
connect with customers and build revenue.
 Businesses have realized they can use social media to
generate insights, stimulate demand, and create targeted
product offerings. These functions are important in
traditional brick-and-motor businesses and, obviously, in
the world of e-commerce.

 Many studies suggest implementing social networks within the

workplace can strengthen knowledge sharing. The result is to
improve project management activities and enable the

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 spread of specialized knowledge. Fully implementing social
technologies in the workplace removes boundaries, eliminates
silos, and can raise interaction and help create more highly
skilled and knowledgeable workers.

 The flipside: A low number of social ‘shares can lead to negative

social proof and destroy business credibility

 Interestingly, although social sharing has become the norm

rather than the exception in business, some companies, after
experiencing first-hand some adverse effects of social media,
have decided to go against the grain and remove the social
sharing buttons from their websites.

 A case study of [Link], an e-commerce retailer from

Finland, found that conversions rose by 11.9% when they
removed share buttons from their product pages.

 These results highlight the double-edged nature of the impact of

social media. When products attract a lot of shares, it can
reinforce sales. But when the reverse is true, customers begin to
distrust the product and the company.
This effect is what Dr. Paul Marsden, psychologist and thor of
‘T Soci l Commerce andbook,’ d to as

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 The Impact of social media on the World of Work

 Social media has had a profound effect on recruitment and

hiring. Professional social networks such as LinkedIn are
important social media platforms for anyone looking to stand
out in their profession. They allow people to create and market
a personal brand.
 Nineteen percent of hiring managers make their hiring
decisions based on information found on social media.
According to CareerBuilder's 2018 social media recruitment
survey, 70 percent of employers use social
networking sites to research job candidates

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 3. The Impact of social media on Training and Development

 Job candidates who develop skills in the latest and most

advanced social media techniques are far more
employable.
 A 2020 survey by One Poll on behalf of Pearson and
Connections Academy asked 2,000 U.S. parents and their
high-school aged children about the “new normal” of high
school. Sixty-eight percent of students and 65% of their
parents believe that social media will be a useful tool and
part of the new high school normal.
 Blogs, wikis, LinkedIn, Twitter, Facebook,
and podcasts are now common tools for learning in
many educational institutions. Social media has
contributed to the increase in long-distance online
learning.
 Despite issues of lack of privacy and some instances of
cheating among long-distance learners, this has not deterred
social platforms from being used in education.

4. The Impact of social media on Relationships

 One of the effects of social media is encouraging people to form

and cherish "social media friendships" over actual friendships.
The term 'friend' as used on social media is a weak shadow of
traditional friendship. Real friends actually know each other,
frequently interact face to face, and have a personal bond.

Negative Impact of social media

Social Media is relatively a newer technology; hence, it is a little

difficult to establish its long-term good and bad consequences.
However, multiple researchers have concluded a strong relationship
between heavy use of social media platforms with an increase in risk of
depression, self-harm, anxiety, and loneliness.

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Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
Using social media for extended periods can lead to addiction, where
you constantly check what others are doing. FOMO, or the fear of
missing out, becomes worse when you feel like others are living better
lives or having more fun than you. This feeling drives you to check
notifications obsessively, seeking reassurance and trying to feel better
about yourself.

Cyberbullying
The Cyberbullying Institute's 2019 survey of U.S. middle and high
school students showed:

 Over a third (36%) reported being cyberbullied.

 30% were cyberbullied more than once.

 Nearly 15% admitted to cyberbullying others.

 About 11% confessed to doing it multiple times.

Cyberbullying involves using social media to spread rumors, share

damaging videos, or blackmail others. It's a serious problem that can harm
victims' mental health and reputation. We need to educate students and
take steps to prevent cyberbullying.

Lack of privacy
Social media users face threats like stalking, identity theft, and
personal attacks because they often share too much personal
information without understanding how privacy settings work.
Even if they delete private content later, the damage is already
done, causing problems in their personal and professional lives.
It's important to be cautious about what we share online and
understand privacy settings to stay safe

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  Social media is a crucial part of modern life,
especially for busy people who rely on it for
updates. It allows us to connect with friends,
family, and stay informed about what's
happening globally. In 2021, 82% of
Americanshad social media profiles, up from
80% the previous year, totaling around 223
million usersin the United States alone.
 Social media has exploded over the last
decade. In 2005, not many were into it.
Myspace as I already saidwas a big, focusing
on fancy profiles and music playlists. But the
roots of social media go back to blogging in
the 1980s. Then came free platforms and chat
rooms, opening up more social possibilities.
Facebook, Twitter, and others later changed the game completely.

Advantages of social media Connectivity

 Connectivity is among the most significant benefits of

social media. It can link countless users at any time, everywhere. Information
could be spread globally through social media and its connectedness, making
itsimple for people to interact with one another. It results in global relationships.

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 Education

 The use of social media in education is commendable. Learners

and educators can enroll in global collaborative platforms to
facilitate constructive learning. It also aids in skill improvement by
fostering knowledge and creativity.

Information and Updates

Social media helps us stay updated on global events and people's lives.
Unlike TV, radio, or newspapers, social media allows everyone to
share information accurately, showing the real picture. It's great for
showcasing real-world news worldwide.

Awareness

Social media makes people more aware by sharing

information and covering global events. It helps them learn
and grow, leading to innovation and success by developing
their knowledge and skills.

Share Anything with Others

Social media is a great place to express feelings and opinions through

songs, poems, art, desserts, or anything else creative. Anyone can
showcase their creativity and share it with millions of people.
Sharing artistic works on social media can lead to achievements and
milestones.

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 Helps in Building Communities

Social media brings people from diverse cultures and backgrounds

together on one platform, fostering unity and community. For
example, food lovers can connect with food bloggers, and gamers
can join gaming communities, creating bonds based on shared
interests.

Noble Cause

Social media is an invaluable tool for promoting noble deeds like

donating to cancer patients or supporting those in need of treatment
funds. It offers a simple and fast way for anyone to contribute and
spread awareness about important causes.
Whether it's sharing donation links, organizing fundraisers, or
simply raising awareness through posts and shares, social media
provides a powerful platform for advancing worthwhile causes and
making a positive impact on the lives of others

Mental Health

Social media acts as a great stress reliever by connecting people with

supportive communities that help combat stress, depression, and
loneliness. These groups create a sense of happiness and provide
opportunities to build healthy relationships, ultimately improving
mental well-being.

Brand Reputation

Social media boosts company relationships by building goodwill with

users, leading to increased sales and profitability.
Customer comments and feedback are invaluable for businesses,
driving popularity and revenue through user likes and engagement.

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Brand Awareness
Networking platforms contribute to greater brand recognition. Visually
appealing products and information capture users' attention, which
increases brand visibility and raises customer knowledge about
certain goods and services.

Customer Interaction

Social media enhances customer engagement by providing goods and

services and soliciting comments on them. Users from across
communities leave various feedback and suggestions, which can
assist in improving areas of focus and satisfy them.

Promotion

Social media is a great supporter of internet commerce and marketing.

Posts and promotions facilitate effective user connections and
contribute to the profitability of a business. It fosters user
relationships and endorses customer loyalty, which is crucial for any
company's expansion

In the next discussion, we will explore some of the drawbacks of social media.

Disadvantages of social media Affects

Social-Emotional Connection

Social media hampers emotional bonds. Everything is conveyed

through texts digitally, which can stunt expressions. Ingenuity is lost
when people who would ideally visit one another to convey
greetings only send text messages instead of hugs.

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 Decreases Quick-witted Skill

With the decrease in real face-to-face conversations and in- person

chats, quick-wittedness is rare. Sense of humor and sporty tête-à-
têtes have been compromised – the sense of love, friendship, fun,
and enjoyment have all disappeared due to the effects of social
media on human mental health.

Causing Distress to Someone's Feelings

People who use social media to communicate lack empathy and do not
wink an eyelid when they have to hurt someone. The latest trolls,
negative comments, and feedback are all witnesses to the hard-
heartedness that has evolved due to the invisible nature of social
media.

Present Physically Not Mentally

Spending time with each other is about being 'present' and in the
moment. As friends and family gather, create memories by
speaking to one another about times past, present and future.
Unfortunately, today with social media being made available on the
mobile phone, people spend time with each other 'scrolling' through
posts.

Lacking Understanding and Thoughtfulness

Feelings are conveyed through word and voice – but to do this, there
is a need to be physically present in front of the other person to
communicate feelings effectively. However, social media gives it
a different hue when anyone puts them into a text, thus masking
the real meaning.

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Lack of Quality Family Time
Social media has been the cause of many disrupted relationships
simply because families cannot spend quality time with each other.
Family time has taken a hit with 'me' and privacy taking precedence
(due to the quality of texts that appear on social media).

Cyberbullying

People, particularly children, have been victims of cyberbullying

where threats, cons, and other negative activities easily ensnare
them. Fake news and rumors spread effortlessly, leading to
depression and suicide.

Hacking

The vulnerability of social media has also thrown light on how easy it
is to gather a person's data. Privacy settings must be constantly
updated and profile locked to avoid such situations.

Distracted Mind

Social media is impulsive. New messages, notifications, and

updates are the impetus to constantly checking the phone,
resulting in distraction. The individual wastes time even ignoring
important work to only look at the menial update.

Facilitates Laziness
Spending hours on the couch glued to our smartphones results inseveral health
problems such as obesity, stress, and high blood pressure.
Technology and accompanying social media have led to a rise in
laziness among people due to no physicalactivity or exercise.

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 A serious issue among youth social media addiction has led to
disastrous consequences. While checking social media and using the
smartphone in moderation is not bad, productive time and energy
are wasted due to overuse.

Cheating and Relationship Issues

Individuals are now using social media as a platform for dating and
marriage. However, chances are that the information provided on
the profile is false, eventually leading to a toxic relationship or even
divorce.

Some question related to impacts

Q1. What is the main impact of social media on society?

Social media has changed the way we live our lives. It has redefined
the way we imagine our surroundings. Who could have imagined
that community networking sites would become a major platform
for brands to find potential customers! There are both positive and
negative impacts of social media on society as well as businesses.

Q2. What is the impact of social media in our daily lives?

Social media can impact you both positively and negatively. If you are a
brand manager, or small business owner, then social media is a great
platform for you to meet your customers.
However, for individuals, social media is more like an addiction which
may cause discomfort if not addressed properly.

Q3. What is the impact of social media in the modern world?

Social media in the modern world is used to connect with your friends
and see what they are up-to without even calling them. It provides
us a comfortable solution to connecting with our dear ones. For
brands and businesses, social media is more like an advertising
platform.
Arjun’s Perso al Magazine Page 22
 Q4. What are some main benefits of social media?

Social media is a great innovation that has changed the way we

communicate and interact with each other. Here are 5 main benefits
of social media -

 Stay updated with all the new things in the world

 Communicate anytime, anywhere from the comfort of your

home

 Advertising platforms for brands to find their right-set of

consumers

Try these questions: -

1. How many social media platforms can you name in English?
2. How many social media platforms do you use?
3. What social media platforms do you refuse to use? Why?
4. How much time do you spend using social media every day?
5. Why do you think that many people become addicted to social media?
6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using social media?
7. How can someone protect their privacy on social media?
8. Are you selective about what you share online? Why or why not?
9. What are some of your favorite social media memes?
10. Who are your top 3 social media personalities or influencers? Why?
11. Would you like to be a famous social media celebrity? Why or why not?
12. What are some of the advantages of being an influencer?
13. What are some of the downsides to being an influencer?
14. How has social media influenced your personal life?
15. How has social media impacted humanity?
16. Is the world a better place thanks to social media?
17. What are some of the best things social media has done for the world?
18. What are some of the worst things social media has done for the world?
19. Some countries have banned children from using social media. Do you agree with this? Why or why not?
20. Do you think that people act differently online versus how they act in person?
21. What are some of the unspoken rules of using social media?
22. Do you think that social media companies should be regulated? Why or why not?
23. Do you think that Facebook will still exist in 10 years?
24. Has social media impacted politics? If so, how?
25. Has social media influenced the music industry? How?
26. Do you think that the presence of social media has changed the way children grow up?
27. What is your best advice for social media usage?
28. Do you think that people spend too much time online?
29. What would the world look like without social media?
30. What would people do with their time if social media didn’t exist?

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SOME MORE GENERAL QUESTIONS

1. What is social media?

Social media is quite a broad term, covering quite a few different topics. However, a simple
explanation is that social media platforms are web-based tools that allow users to connect,
interact, and create, share and consume content. Through apps on smartphones, laptops,
tablets, and PCs, social media enables us to build online relationships and exchange media.

2. How long has social media been around?

There are various theories on this. In terms of pre-internet days, there is an argument that
social media has been around for around 40 years. Yet if we’re taking it purely as a medium
that exists online, then this number is more like 24 years. After all, the internet itself is only
just about 30 years old.

3. What was the first social media platform?

Again, this isn’t an easy one to answer. Some suggest that the Usenet, a precursor to internet
forums, kicked off social media in 1979. Others argue that the first true social media site as
we understand it today was Six Degrees. This 1997 website allowed users to create a profile,
make friends, and share messages. For current
platforms, LinkedIn and Facebook, two of the oldest sites still around, launched in 2002
and 2004, respectively.

4. How many people use social media?

This is one of the most popular social media FAQs, and for good reason. According to figures
from Statista, nearly 50% of the world’s population uses social media. Data from 2020 shows
that 3.81 billion people use some form of social network. When you consider that there are
just over 4.5 billion internet users, this is a staggeringly large proportion.

5. What are the top 10 social media apps?

As we explored in our post on the top 10 social media apps, this is a hard question to answer.
There are so many metrics we could use, particularly given the ways different countries
approach social media. However, based on the number of users
worldwide, Facebook, YouTube, and WhatsApp make up the top three sites.

6. What is social media used for?

Social media has gone beyond just connecting with friends. It’s now an industry in itself,
used for all kinds of purposes. Social platforms are a key part of digital marketing, as they
can be used to communicate brand news and messaging. People use social media for various
other aspects of business, and even fields
like healthcare are making use of social media.
Arjun’s Perso al Magazine Page 24
If you’re keen to learn more about marketing via social media, check out our Social media
marketing strategy course.

7. Which companies own social media platforms?

Many of the most popular platforms we use daily are actually owned by just a handful of
major companies. For instance, Facebook, a giant in the social media realm, holds ownership
over Instagram, WhatsApp, and even ventures into virtual reality with Oculus VR. Google,
another tech heavyweight, boasts ownership of YouTube and previously operated its own
social network, Google+. On the other side of the globe, Tencent, a prominent Chinese
corporation, dominates with platforms like QQ, Zone, and the widely-used WeChat. Despite
the diverse range of platforms available, it's clear that a select few companies wield
significant influence over our online interactions and experiences.

SPACE FOR ROUGH WORK

Arjun’s Perso al Magazine Page 25

 Now you are gonna see about one of my personal trips.

Arjun’s Perso al Magazine Page 26

1 |Travelogue of One of My Trips (Personal Magazine)

A Jou ey th ough ime anquility;

HERE I WOULD LIKE TO SHARE ONE OF MY TRAVEL EXPERIENCES WHICH I HAD IN THE PREVIOUS YEAR BEFORE THE SPREAD OF COVID-19
PANDEMIC. l

On the month of November had a chance to go for a Chennai and Pondicherry trip with my parents. This trip was planned suddenly. Our intention
was to stay and take a 4-day trip in Chennai.

I was accompanied by my father, mother, younger brother, grandfather and grandmother.

On one morning we departed from Thiruvananthapuram train in Ananthapuri Express. It was a fantastic journey Even though I had
previous experience travelling in train it was my younger brother first experience.
My brother also enjoyed a lot. As he is only 3 years old, he considered the train to be a moving house with bed. I was sitting near the
window seat and sightseeing. I saw hills, mountains, paddy fields, windmills etc. My father showed and explained everything. I could
correlate this with whatever I had studied in school. I thanked my parents for explaining everything to me. We reached Mambalam
station by late evening. From there we took an OLA taxi and reached the OYO apartment which we had booked earlier. The rooms
were neat and clean. We enjoyed the coziness from there. We took two rooms one for my family and another for my grandparents. I
slept with my grandparents. On the next day we booked another cab and went for our first sightseeing to Mahabalipuram.
My mother explained the historical importance of Mahabalipuram on the way and also about the historical remarks made by
our ancestors.
Before reaching Mahabalipuram she explained the details of all the places in Mahabalipuram which we are going to visit. On the way to
Mahabalipuram we visited Crocodile Park which lies ahead of Mahabalipuram. There we
2 |Travelogue of One of My Trips (Personal Magazine)

saw a huge variety of crocodiles and tortoises from all over India. After eating lunch from a hotel, we continued our journey to
Mahabalipuram. Then we moved on to Mahabalipuram. In there we saw many caves and the vibrant beauties of the pillars. It was
almost evening that time and we went to see the Arjuna’s penance. I was shocked to see the rock cut carvings of Mahabharata in
single giant rock and I wondered how our ancestors had done this remarkable work and how long they took to complete this work.
My mother explained history of all this work with the help of Google and the duration they took to complete the work. We took a lot
of photographs. After spending few minutes there, we went to see the Krishna’s Butterball. It was very near to Arjuna’s penance.
There I saw a huge rock about 210 tons positioned in a sloping hill. It was one of the wonders of the world. My father explained that
this was the place where our Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi and Chinese President Xi Jinping visited at 2018 and they took
photograph in front of this ball. It is said that many people together tried to push the rock ball down the hill but they failed somehow.
We also tried pushing that big ball. It was fun. After spending an hour, we went to see Sea Shore temple. This temple is situated in the
bank of a sea. It is an old temple of 7th century. Fully made of rock carvings. It was such a strong structure and no force in the world
could destroy it not even tsunami or earthquake. In the temple there were a huge Siva lingam made by some king. With my family I
encircled the entire building. There was nice breeze coming from sea. I enjoyed the view of sea from the temple. From there we went
to Paanch Rathas. At that time the sun seemed to sink into the sea. It was a beautiful sunset view. Seeing Paanch Rathas on darkness
is a very astonishing thing.
Just one thing came to my mind, that how ancient peoples lived without electricity. Hats off to those who lived in early days who had
contributed their talent and skill to the new world with all limitations. I have the feeling that technology today cannot beat the
technology at that time. After spending few minutes, we went to see Seashell Museum. There were a huge collection of seashells and
corals collected by a single person from all over
3 |Travelogue of One of My Trips (Personal Magazine)

the world. They are placed inside glass boxes and looked awesome. Then we went back to our car. The driver who drove the Innova
cab was also very nice and trying the level best to, explaining all things about the places, food etc. and tried to keep us entertained.
After dinner we went back to the hotel and took rest. We woke up next morning, and started to prepare for another journey to
Pondicherry. This time we booked an A.C bus departing at noon. It was a good A.C Volvo bus, I enjoyed it. I was sitting beside my
father on window seat. The bus was going through some unknown road. As the journey prolonged, we could see sea on one side with
mango trees. Lot of nice beaches was seen through the window. At last, we reached Pondicherry junction and took a UBER taxi to
reach the hotel. The hotel was a fantastic one just 7 km to Pondicherry Rock beach, which is a quite famous shooting location in
many movies. After taking a bath we went for an outing. We had our food from one of the best hotels in that area and walked to the
Rock beach. On the way we could see a lot of foreigners. Lot of buildings in colonial style was seen. I was astonished whether I was
standing in a foreign country. My father explained about the history of Pondicherry and the French colonization. I was very eagerly
listening everything. Finally, we reached the Rock beach. The sea view was breath taking. The beach is full of rocks. We spend few
hours their enjoying in the beauty and the wind of the sea. On the sides of the beach, we could see a lot of hotels which served French
cuisine. We spend almost 3 hours there and walked back to our hotel. As we were walking, we saw an old church there. It was the St.
Basilica church. It was a Portuguese church. We saw few people singing Christian carols there. We also spend few minutes just
relaxing there. Religious harmony was seen throughout the area. We walked back to the hotel room and booked a cab for our next
journey. On the next day we had our breakfast and got prepared for our next big day. The cab arrived early so we didn’t wait too
much. We started our journey to Auroville. On the way to Auroville, we could see a lot of villages and hotels with French style and
foreigners staying and leading a harmonious life in India. From what I
4 |Travelogue of One of My Trips (Personal Magazine)

heard I understand that they had been living both in India and abroad. The Auroville was a globe like constructed by Shri Aurobindo
and the mother Mirra Alfasa. I was wondering how beautifully they have designed. It was spread around 2,000 acres of land with
beautiful garden. There was pin drop silence in the area. I saw some people meditating there. After visiting Aurovile, we went to Boat
club. On the way to Boat club, we saw Pondicherry University and JIPMER, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education
and research.
Our next journey was to Aurobindo Ashram. The ashram had a serene atmosphere. My father asked my younger brother to keep quiet
as he was just running around and making funny noises. We spent some hours there by reading his books and watching the ashram.
This ashram holds the Samadhi of Aurobindo and the mother where we saw a lot of people meditating in front of the Samadhi. Shri
Aurobindo is believed to be a great renaissance leader and spiritual guru and the mother was his disciple who is a foreigner herself.
From there we set our journey to The French War Memorial. It had many pillars and structures built in memory of our soldiers who
laid down their life for our country in the World War.
After seeing the French War Memorial, we went to see Mahatma Gandhi statue. I wondered how it was made. It was a beautiful
standing statue of Mahatma Gandhi near the beach. People could be seen posing for photos near it. It was almost night. After viewing
sunset, we walked back to our hotel. It was the 4th day and we planned to go back home. I still don’t know how fast the days went by.
It was very disappointing now to back home. Now we booked our train. It was the same train in which we went to Chennai. At the
next morning we reached the Thiruvananthapuram Central station. Our car was parked in the station and we reached home at last. The
trip was lovely and memorable. I recommend everyone to visit Mahabalipuram and Pondicherry. It will surely be a great experience
worth remembering.
5 |Travelogue of One of My Trips (Personal Magazine)

SOME PLACES WE VISITED:

Above are some pictures of the places that we visited. Can you guess what
these pictures depict and explain the beauty of these places based on your
experience?

Space for rough work _

Personal Magazine

Unit-III
History Of Film
Till 1930
(Timeline)
Personal Magazine

Timeline
300s B.C.
The Greek Aristotle for the first time gave the idea a persistent image (that
slowly faded away) after he gazed into the sun.
65 B.C.
Titus Lucretius Carus, a Roman poet and philosopher described the principle
of Persistence of vision. He described it as an optical effect of continuous motion
produced when a series of sequential images were displayed, with each image lasting only
momentarily.
130 A.D.

Ptolemy of Alexandria proved Lucretius' principle of persistence of vision.

1650s
A very early version of a "magic lantern" was suggested in the mid-17th
century by German Jesuit priest Athanasius Kircher in Rome. However,
the official inventor of a usable device was prominent Dutch
astronomer/scientist Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s. Like a modern slide
projector (which has since gone out of date!), its main feature was a lens
that projected images from transparencies onto a screen, with a simple light source like candle.
late 1790s

Etienne Gaspard Robertson's a Belgian optician used a special lantern on wheels, which he called
a Phantascope or Fantascope. By moving the projector backwards and forwards he could rapidly
alter the size of the images on the screen, much like a modern zoom lens. The device was very
cleverly designed to keep the picture in focus and at a constant brightness as the machine moved
back and forth. 1820s
1824
Thaumatrope was invented by an English doctor named Dr. John Ayrton Paris. It was an
earliest version of an optical illusion toy that exploited the concept of “persistence of vision”
1926
View from the Window at Le Gras. Was taken by French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niepce is
the oldest recorded and surviving permanent photograph. Josephe used a camera obscura device
which captured and projected a scene illuminated by sunlight and this invention was called
heliography, or "light writing."
Personal Magazine

1831
Law of electromagnetic induction was proved by English scientist Michael Faraday, a principle
used in generating electricity and powering motors and other machines
(including film equipment)
1832
The Belgian scientist Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau, developed a
spindle viewer or spinning wheel called a Phenakistoscope also known
as Magic Wheel, the first device that allowed pictures to appear to
move. It is considered the precursor of animated films.
(Phenakistoscope)
1834
William George Horner invented the first zoetrope (which he called
the Daedalus which was based upon Plateau's phenakistoscope. It was a
very crude, mechanical form of a motion picture 'projector' that consisted
d
of a drum that contained a set of still images. When it was turned in a
circular fashion, it created the illusion of motion.
1839
This year marks with the birth of still photography with the development of the first
commercially- viable daguerreotype (a method of capturing still images on silvered, copper-
metal plates) by French painter and inventor Louis-Jacques-Mande Daguerre.
1841
Talbotype, a process for printing negative photographs on high-quality paper was invented by
William Henry Fox Talbot
1861
Kinematoscope, was invented by Coleman Sellers. It was a rotating paddle machine to a series
of stereoscopic still pictures on glass plates that were sequentially mounted in a cabinet-box
1869
The development of celluloid by John Wesley Hyatt, patented in 1870 and trademarked in 1873 -
later used as the base for photographic film
1870
The first demonstration of the Phasmotrope (or Phasmatrope) by Henry Renno Heyl in
Philadelphia, that showed a rapid succession of still or posed photographs of dancers, giving the
illusion of motion
Personal Magazine

1872-1878
British photographer Eadweard Muybridge took the first successful photographs of motion,
producing his multiple image sequences analyzing human and animal locomotion. California
senator Leland Stanford commissioned Muybridge to determine whether the 4 legs of a
galloping horse left the ground at the same time, so he set up 24 still cameras along a racetrack.
As a horse ran by the cameras, the horse broke strings which were hooked up to each camera's
shutter, thereby activating the shutter of each camera, capturing the image and exposing the
film. Soon after, the photographs were projected in succession with a viewing device called
a Zoo gyroscope

1877
Praxinoscope was invented by French inventor Charles Emile Reynaud.
It was a 'projector' device with a mirrored drum that created the illusion
of movement with picture strips, a refined version of the Zoetrope with
mirrors at the center of the drum instead of slots.

1882
Etienne Jules Marey in France developed
a chronophotographic camera, shaped like a gun and referred to as
a "shotgun" camera that could take twelve successive pictures or
images per second.

1886
 British inventor William Friese-Greene collaborated with John Rudge to make an
enhanced magic lantern which was later termed a Biophantascope. It projected
photographic plates in rapid succession.
 Daeida, the wife of real-estate developer Harvey Henderson Wilcox, named her ranch in
Cahuenga Valley "Hollywood".
1887
Nitrate celluloid film (a chemical combination of gun cotton and gum camphor) was invented
by American clergyman Hannibal W. Goodwin
1888
 French inventor Louis Augustin Le Prince, "The Father of Cinematography," developed a
single-lens camera which he used to make the very first moving picture sequences. He
shot several short sequences, including the Roundhay Garden Scene and a Leeds Bridge
Street scene. Roundhay Garden Scene is regarded as the oldest or earliest surviving film.
Personal Magazine

 George Eastman introduced the lightweight, inexpensive "Kodak" camera, using paper
photographic film wound on rollers, and registered the trademarked name Kodak.
1889
Henry Reichenbach developed durable and flexible celluloid film strips.
1890
William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, commissioned by Thomas Alva Edison, built the first
modern motion-picture camera and named it the Kinetograph.
1891
Thomas Edison and his assistant W.K.L. Dickson also
developed or invented the Kinetoscope, the very short
film’s subject in the test footage, titled Dickson Greeting,
was William K.L. Dickson himself, bowing, smiling and
ceremoniously taking off his hat.

1893

 Edison constructed the world's first motion picture

studio Black Maria (slang for a police van). It was
only a tiny wood-framed building covered in tar
paper.
 In early May, 1893, Edison also held the world's
first public exhibition or demonstration of films
(34-
second film, Blacksmith Scene) at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.
1894
 Fred Ott's Sneeze also known as Edison Kinetoscopic Record of a Sneeze became the first
film officially registered for copyright on January 7, 1894.
 Spanish dancer Carmencita was the first woman
to appear in front of an Edison motion picture
camera. In some cases, the projection of the
scandalous film on a Kinetoscope was
forbidden, because it revealed Carmencita's legs
and undergarments. This was one of the earliest
cases of censorship in the moving picture
industry.
 Edison's 1-minute Kinetoscope short
comedy The Boxing Cats (1894) was possibly
the first instance of filmed comedy, in its depiction of two cats (donning boxing gloves)
in a small boxing ring.
Personal Magazine

 The earliest color hand-tinted film ever publicly-released was Annabelle Butterfly
Dance (1894) featuring the dance of Annabelle Whiteford.
 The Execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (1895) contained the first
189 special effect (i.e., stop-action).
5
 In France, two brothers Auguste and Louis Lumière invented
the Cinematography which was a combination hand-held movie
camera and projector. They held their first public screening or
commercial exhibition in the last few days of 1895. This is often
considered "the birth of film" or "the First Cinema". The image of an
upcoming train is said to have caused a stampede.
Lumière brothers
1896
 The Kiss (1896) (aka The May Irwin Kiss) was the
first film ever made of a couple kissing in cinematic
history.
 The first public film exhibition in Asia was held on
July 7, 1896, at Watson's Hotel in Bombay, India.
The screening consisted of some of the same
Lumiere shots shown in Paris (Arrival of a Train at
La Ciutat and Workers Leaving the Lumiere
Factory).
 Parisian French film-maker Georges Méliès first film
based on a trick of substitution (one of the earliest instances of trick photography with
stop- action - an early special effect) was Escamotage d'une dame au théâtre Robert
Houdin (aka The Conjuring of a Woman at the House of Robert Houdin) (1896).
 The black and white Coronation of the Czar of Russia (1896, Fr.), a
news short created by the Lumiere Production Company, recorded the
coronation of Tsar Nicholas II, which took place in 1894. It was one of
the first significant news events ever recorded.
 French-born Alice Guy makes her first La Fée aux Choux (The
Cabbage Fairy). Some historians consider it the first ever narrative
fiction film. Guy is generally acknowledged as the world's first female
director in the motion picture
Alice Guy

1897
 Georges Méliès constructed the first movie studio that used artificial illumination, a
greenhouse-like structure that featured both a glazed roof and walls and a series of
retractable blinds. It was an influential model on the development of future studios.
 The advertising film Admiral Cigarette was created with the slogan "We All Smoke."
The 28 second-long silent film was the first advertising film.
Personal Magazine

1898
 The William Morris Agency the oldest major talent agency was founded.
 The short theatrical 'cartoon' from Vita graph, The Humpy Dumpty Circus (1898) was
"the first animated film using the stop-motion technique to give the illusion of movement
to inanimate objects
1899
The French magician Georges Melies became the film industry's first film-
maker to use artificially-arranged scenes to construct and tell a narrative
story, with his film Cendrillon. Melies developed techniques such as stop-
motion photography, double and multiple-exposures, time-lapse
photography, "special effects" such as disappearing objects (using stop-trick
or substitution photography), and dissolves/fades.
Georges Melies
1900
 The Eastman Kodak company first introduced the Brownie camera, a very simple
cardboard box camera that used roll film. Its original list price was $1.00.
 Pioneering animator and film-maker James Stuart Blackton produced The Enchanting
Drawing. It was the earliest surviving prototype of stop-motion (or stop-action)
animation.
 Sherlock Holmes, the immortal, prototypical detective, first appeared on the film
screen in a 30-second titled as Sherlock Holmes. It is the first detective movie.
1901
 Thomas Edison's "Black Maria" film studio, often called America's first movie studio,
was closed, and it was demolished two years later. In its place, Edison built a new movie
studio in NYC - it was the nation's first indoor, glass-enclosed studio that could be used
year- round.
 James Williamson released the film Fire. It the first films to meaningfully combine
indoor studio scenes (a smoking building on fire) with outdoor shots (the summoning
of fire-
fighters from the fire brigade for a
rescue of three occupants.)

1902
Georges Méliès, a magician-turned-
filmmaker, introduced innovative
special effects in the first real science
fiction film, Le Voyage Dans La Lune
(1902), commonly known as A Trip to
the Moon.
Personal Magazine

 The Danish film Capital Execution (1903) (aka Henriette’s) was the first feature film
made by Denmark's film industry, which went on to thrive until the Great War.
 This year marks with the release of the first realistic (or documentary) story film Life of an
190 American Fireman (1903) and the popular western tale The Great Train Robbery (1903).
3

The Great Train Robbery (1903), was a 12-minute dramatic film. It was the first to use
modern film techniques, such as multiple camera positions, filming out of sequence and later
editing the scenes into their proper order. There were 14 scenes with parallel inter-cutting or
cross- cutting between simultaneous events.

1904
 Biography’s short comedy The Escaped Lunatic (1904) told about an imprisoned was one
ofthe first American films to be structured around the chase and his another release of
sameyear “Personal” combined two plot lines: personal ads and a comedic chase.
 The first film distribution company, the Duquesne Amusement Supply Company, was
founded in Pittsburgh by Harry, Albert, Sam and Jack Warner for the distribution of
films. It was the precursor to Warner Bros. Pictures.
 The first ever remake of another film was Siegmund Lubin's western short The Great
Train Robbery (1904) - a ripped-off remake of The Great Train Robbery (1903).
Personal Magazine

1905
 The first ever parody of a film was Edwin S. Porter's 12-minute short The Little Train
Robbery (1905) - a parody of his own The Great Train Robbery (1903).
 The Warner Brothers (three brothers, Harry, Sam, and Albert) opened their first
nickelodeon (theatre), a building that they called the Cascade Movie Palace, in New
Castle, Pennsylvania.
 Cooper Hewitt mercury lamps made it practical to shoot films indoors without sunlight.
 Rescued by Rover produced by Cecil Hepworth became the earliest cinematic canine
feature. Its star was Rover, a shepherd dog (Rough Collie breed) - the first canine film
star..
1906
 J. Stuart Blackton made the earliest surviving example of an animated film - a 3-minute
short or 2D cartoon called Humorous Phases of Funny Faces (1906). It was the first
cartoon to use the single frame method, and was projected at 20 frames per second.
 The world's first true feature-length or narrative film at 70 minutes in length, director
Charles Tait's Australian Film the Story of the Kelly Gang, premiered in Melbourne,
Australia on December 26, 1906.
1907
 In Chicago, an ordinance was passed by the city council to prohibit the exhibition of
"immoral or obscene pictures" in mutoscopes, kinetoscopes, cinematographs, and penny
arcades. It was required for a person exhibiting moving pictures to first obtain a permit
from the chief of police for each film after it was reviewed and approved.
 The entertainment industry magazine, Variety (founded in 1905), published its first film
reviews on January 19, 1907, for two films: An Exciting
Honeymoon (1906) The Life of a Cowboy (1906).
 The first documentary re-creation, Siegmund Lubin's The
Unwritten Law (1907) (subtitled "A Thrilling Drama
Based on the Thaw-White Tragedy") dramatized the true-
life murder -- on June 25.
1907-1914
The Broncho Billy series, with 400 episodes,
popularized westerns. Gilbert Anderson became the first cowboy
hero and perhaps the first recognizable character in American
films.
1908
 The 8-minute UK short film A Visit to the Seaside was the first commercially-produced
film in natural color.
 The first real horror film, William Selig's 16-minute Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde (1908), was
premiered in Chicago.
Personal Magazine

 French director and caricaturist Emile Cohl's animated short film Fantasmagoria (1908,
Fr.) was considered the first fully animated cartoon film.
 The first film for which a totally-original film score was specifically composed was for
the silent film The Assassination of the Duke de Guise, by classical composer Camille de
Saint- Saëns.

1909
 The New York Times coined the term 'stars' for leading
movie players.
 An American court ruled that unauthorized films
infringed on copyrights, in a case over an early film
version of Ben-Hur (1907). As a result, film companies
began buying screen rights to books and plays.
 Comedian Ben Turpin was mentioned in a trade journal,
and became the first American film actor to have his
name published.
 Cameraman Billy Bitzer became the first to film entirely
indoors using artificial light.
Billy Bitzer
1910
 Dialogue titles began to appear with regularity. Studios began distributing publicity stills
of actors and actresses.
 Los Angeles annexed Hollywood. The first film made in the new municipality of
Hollywood, by Biograph and director D.W. Griffith, In Old California (1910), was
released
 For the first time, Hollywood purchased the rights to adapt a novel from a publisher and
that was Ramona written by Helen Hunt Jackson's
 Brooklyn Eagle newspaper cartoonist John Randolph Bray patented the 'cel' process
ultimately used by animators. He pioneered true animated (motion-picture) cartoons with
structured story lines.
 The first movie stunt -- a man jumped into the Hudson
River from a burning balloon.

1911
 The first feature-length film to be released in its
entirety in the US was the 69-minute fantasy/horror
epic Dante's Inferno (1911, It.)
 Pennsylvania became the first state to pass a film
censorship law.
 Florence Lawrence was interviewed in 1911 in
Motion Picture Story Magazine - often considered the
first movie star interview.
Personal Magazine

 The first dramatic film in natural color was the Kinemacolor production of Checkmated
(1911, UK).

1912
 Carl Laemmle merged his IMP (the Independent Moving Pictures Company) with
other independent production studios to found the Universal Motion Picture.
 The first American serial film was the Edison Company's melodrama What Happened
to Mary? (1912) (12 episodes, each consisting of one-reel).
 A feature-length Kinemacolor silent British documentary With Our King and Queen
through India also known as The Delhi Durbar was the world's first color blockbuster.
 Thomas Ince pioneered the role of film producer by devising standard production
budgeting formulas and introducing a detailed shooting script.
 The first Indian feature film opened in Bombay, India -- the 12-minute silent Pundalik
(1912), a B/W short about the Hindu saint Pundalik.

1913
 While New York Sleeps was the first major American feature-length exploitation sex
film. This was one of the first films to understand that 'sex sells.'
 In 1913, the Edison Film Company advertised his "latest and greatest invention" - the
Kinetophone (or projector), a new version of an earlier device to show his "Talking
Pictures" and provide "Perfect Synchronism."
 The short Indian film, Raja Harishchandra was the first feature-length film made in India.
Personal Magazine

World War I
The start of the Great War (WWI) interrupted European motion-picture production and
eventually brought it to a halt when there were significant shortages of power and supplies. It
never recovered its dominance in the marketplace. The American motion-picture industry thrived
on business andviewership in the European market, using their profits to produce even bigger
and better motion pictures.
1914
 Charlie made his film debut with the release of the
Keystone Cops comedy short Making a Living (1914)
 Winsor McCay created his third animated film - Gertie the
Dinosaur (1914). It was the first "interactive" animated
cartoon and Gertie became the first animated cartoon star.
 The world's first feature-length color film (Kinemacolor),
the Flesh, and the Devil (1914, UK), premiered in London.
 Paramount Pictures was founded in Los Angeles as a start-
up company in order to release the films of Jesse Lasky and
Adolph Zukor's Famous Players Film Company.

1915
 D. W. Griffith's three-hour Civil War epic, The Birth of a
Nation (1915), premiered during a sneak preview held in
Riverside, CA. Because of its stereotypical racist themes
and celebration of the KKK, screenings of Griffith's
controversial The Birth of a Nation (1915) were met with
protest. It was the first film that was treated as a major
cultural event, with theaters charging an unprecedented
two dollars per ticket.
 The Bell & Howell 2709 movie camera allowed directors
to film close-ups without physically moving the camera.
 Inspiration (1915) has generally been regarded as the first
non-pornographic American film to feature nudity. It has
been claimed that this was the first known film in which a
leading actress stripped down to be naked.
 The first demonstration of a 3D film was in 1915 at the Astor Theatre in New York City.
Red and green glasses were required to view test reels of 3D footage. The film consisted
of stereoscopic footage of random scenes (i.e., dancing girls, Niagara Falls).
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1916
 D.W. Griffith's expensive monumental historical and
dramatic epic Intolerance became the first multi-million
dollar box-office 'bomb' in film history.
 Thomas Dixon Jr.'s silent film The Fall of a Nation
(1916) Sequel to D.W. Griffith's The Birth of a Nation
(1915). was notable as the first sequel film ever made.
 The first autobiography of a movie star was silent screen
star Pearl White's Just Me, published in same year.
 The earliest vampire feature film was director Arthur
Robison's German silent film Night of Terror, with
strange, vampire-like people.
 Thomas Ince's Civilization contained the first original
full orchestral and choral film score for an American
feature. It composed by American-born Victor Scherzinger (his first film credit).

1917
 Max Fleischer invented the rotoscope to streamline the frame-
by-frame copying process. It was a device used to overlay
drawings on live-action film.
 The first full-length Technicolor film produced in the US was
The Gulf Between (1918). It used Technicolor Process
Number One, but only a few frames of this lost film exist
today.

1918
The first Tarzan film, director Scott Sidney's black and white
Tarzan of the Apes (1918), premiered at the Broadway Theater in
New York

1919
“Different From the Others” directed by Richard Oswald was the
German release of 1919 and was the first representation of male
homosexuality in a feature-length film, and the first screen
depiction of a gay bar.
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 In this year the Producer John Randolph Bray's The Debut of Thomas Cat was the
first color (2-color process) cartoon, using the expensive Brewster Natural Color
Process.
 The discovery of the Kuleshov Effect, by Soviet director and film theorist Lev Kuleshov,
1920 served as the basis for Soviet montage-based film-making.
1921
 Silent comic star/director Charlie Chaplin's first film as producer, The Kid (1921), was
released, with a star-making role for young Jackie Coogan.
 D.W. Griffith's film Dream Street (1921), with experimental sound (in its introductory
prologue) using inventor Orland E. Kellum's Photo kinema, has been regarded as the first
feature film to use sound.
1922
 Robert Flaherty's Nanook of the North, a record of Inuit Eskimo life, was the first
feature film documentary or non-fictional narrative feature
film.
 The Power of Love (1922) - now a lost film - was
the first 3-D feature film shown to a paying film
audience. The stereoscopic film was projected 'dual-
strip' in the red/green anaglyph format, making it
both the earliest known film that utilized dual strip
projection and the earliest known film in which
anaglyph glasses were used
 German director F. W. Murano’s vampire film
Nosferatu (1922) initiated a trend for Gothic tales of
horror. It was considered the first genuine vampire
picture.
 Roscoe Fatty Arbuckle (1887-1933) became the first
film star to be banned or "blacklisted" from the film
industry.
 Walt Disney’s first cartoon was Little Red Riding
Hood (1922), one of his Laugh O Grams studio productions that he made at his own
animation studio in Kansas City.
 The 14-minute, black and white documentary “Short Movies of the Future” (1922),
directed by William Van Doren Kelley, was the first (or earliest) attempt at projecting a
stereoscopic (3-D) print to a paying audience.
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1923
 Director Cecil B. DeMille's first version of the Biblical epic The Ten Commandments
(1923) was the most expensive film ever made and featured the largest set ever
constructed in movie history to that time.
 The Fleischer Brothers (Dave and Max) produced the first feature-length animation
documentary, titled The Einstein Theory of Relativity.

1924

 “He Who Gets Slapped” featured the first appearance of the MGM lion (a lion named
Slats). The famous MGM lion roar (from a lion named Jackie) in the studio's opening
logo, however, was first recorded and viewed in White Shadows of the South Seas
(1928).
 The silent, propagandistic, Soviet sci-fi epic Aelita (1924) also
known as Aelita: Queen of Mars was both the first big-budget
film made in Russia, and the first feature-length science-fiction
film (about space travel).
 F.W. Murano’s The Last Laugh, with revolutionary camera work
by Karl Freund, virtually invented a host of new techniques for a
mobile camera.
 American stage and silver-screen actress Ethel Barrymore was
the first film actress to appear on the cover of Time Magazine -
for the
November 10th, 1924 issues. Ethel Barrymore

1924-1927
The Fleischer Brothers made the first animated films (cartoons) that featured a soundtrack, in a
series of 36 films released in the mid-1920s called Ko-Ko Song Car-Tunes (1924-1927). The
first sound cartoon was one of the Song Car-Tunes.
Personal Magazine

Mid-to late 1920s

Most of the major Hollywood motion-picture studios had been established by this time, including
the Big Five (Warner Brothers, Fox (later 20th Century Fox), RKO, Loew's Inc. (Metro-
Goldwyn- Mayer (MGM)), Paramount (from Famous Players-Lasky)), and the Little Three
(United Artists, Universal, and Columbia). All of these studios used Thomas H. Ince's efficient
and profitable filmmaking "factory system."
1925
 One of silent film genius Charlie Chaplin's classic
masterpieces featuring the Tramp character was released
-
- The Gold Rush (1925). Chaplin directed, produced,
starred in, and scripted the film. It became the highest
grossing silent comedy film of all time.
 Charlie Chaplin was the first film actor to ever appear on
the cover of Time, the Weekly News Magazine - the July
6th, 1925 issue.
 Universal foreshadowed their success in the horror genre
with Rupert Julian's expressionistic The Phantom of the
Opera.
 The first feature-length dinosaur-oriented science-fiction
film to be released was The Lost World.

1926
 In New York, Warner Brothers debuted Don Juan, the first Vitaphone sound film
(developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1926) and the first publicly-shown 'talkie'
with synchronized sound effects and orchestral music (but no dialogue). It was the first
mainstream film that replaced the traditional use of a live orchestra and successfully
coordinated audio sound on a recorded disc synchronized to play in conjunction with a
projected motion picture.
 A newer and better recording system for putting synchronized sound-on-film called
Movie tone was developed by Theodore W. Case and Earl I.

1927
 The effective end of the silent era of films came when
Warner Brothers produced and debuted The Jazz Singer
(1927), the first widely-screened feature-length talkie or movie
with dialogue.
 Fox's Movie tone newsreel, the first sound news film, was
produced. The first recording of a news event was the takeoff
of Charles Lindbergh's plane from New York on May 20, 1927.
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 The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) was founded.
 The Hays Office issued a Production Code memorandum, "Don'ts and Be Careful," a
code of decency telling the studios eleven taboos or things to avoid.
1928

 Director Roy William Neill's The Viking (1928) was the

first feature-length Technicolor film that featured a
soundtrack.
 The first 'Mickey Mouse' short animated film, Plane Crazy
(1928), was debuted on May 15, 1928. The character of an
animated mouse (future Mickey Mouse) was modified from
Disney's earlier character Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, which
was introduced in 1927.
 The first all-talking cartoon short, Paul Terry's Dinner Time
(1928) with synchronized sound was premiered, preceding
Disney's Steamboat Willie (1928) by about a month.

1929
 Hollywood released its first original (backstage)
musical. It was MGM's first all-talking picture and
musical -- The Broadway Melody (1929)
 With the school's launch in 1929, USC became the
first university in the country to offer a Bachelor of
Arts degree in film.
 Mickey Mouse's first words were spoken in his
ninth cartoon short The Karnival Kid (1929) when he
said the words: "Hot dogs!" (Walt's voice was used for
Mickey.)
 The Man with a Movie Camera directed by Soviet
director Ziga Vertiv’s was regarded as "pure" visual
cinema. Its views of Moscow, Kiev, Odessa and of
Soviet workers and machines contained radical hyper-editing techniques, special visual
effects, wild juxtapositions of images, and double exposures.
 Personal Magazine

By the end of the decade

The film careers of many silent film stars ended due to their voices being unsuitable for the new medium, or due to the fact that their voices didn't match
their public image. Others, however, such as Greta Garbo, and the comedy team of Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy successfully adapted to sound. The most
popular film genres of the time were musicals, gangster films, newspaper movies, westerns, comedies, melodramas and horror movies.
1930
 Warner Bros. Little Caesar (1930) became the first talkie gangster film. It has often been called the grandfather of the modern crime film.
 On Public pressure mainly from the Catholic Church Head of the Motion Pictures Producers and Distributors of America William Hays established
a new code of decency that outlines what is acceptable in films.
 The animated Disney character of Pluto was introduced in the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Chain Gang (1930).
 The movie industry began to dub in the dialogue of films exported to foreign markets.

 British director Alfred Hitchcock's second all-talkie thriller Murder! (1930, UK) was the first film in which a character's (Sir John Menier, played
by Herbert Marshall) thoughts were heard in voice-over.
 Personal Magazine

some general film related questions: -

1. What is your favorite genre of film?
2. What is more important, good actors or a good story?
3. Are 21st century films better than 20th century ones?
4. Is it still worth watching black and white films?
5. Should a historical film be historically accurate?
6. Is it better to watch a film at home or at the cinema?
7. Do you illegally download films from the internet? Is this right?
8. What is the greatest film you have ever seen?
9. Can you think of a film which made you cry?
10. What is the scariest film you have ever seen?
11. Has film replaced painting as the primary visual art form?
12. How important is a good director to a film?

13. Do great novels make great films?

14. Do you think the Oscar winning films are the best films?
15. Do you prefer watching foreign films with dubbing or subtitles?
16. Who is the greatest film actor or actress in history?
17. Who is the greatest director in history?
18. What is the ideal length of a film?
19. Do you think CGI effects have improved modern cinema?
20. Would you say that Hollywood actors and actresses are paid too much?
21. Do you think some films make people violent?

Space for rough work