BatStateU Purposive Communication BatStateU Purposive Communication

A Module in GEd 106 Purposive Communication

This module was developed by Dr. Kristoffer Conrad M. Tejada, Dr.

Maria Luisa A. Valdez, and Dr. Ronel M. Sapungan, all of Batangas State
Un
flexible, alternative mode of teaching and learning.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword
Title Page 1
Table of Contents 3
The global pandemic caused by CoViD-19 in the first quarter of 2020 has
Foreword 4 significantly disrupted the ways in which the general society operates. In the Philippines,
Brief Description of the Module 5 the whole country was placed under a State of Public Health Emergency as early as March
Course Description and Intended Learning Outcomes 08, 2020, which was followed by the declaration of an Enhanced Community Quarantine
7
(ECQ) over the entire Luzon effective March 17, 2020. This entailed restrictions in the
Model Utilized 8 movement of the general population and the temporary closure of non-essential
Lesson 1: Communication Principles and Ethics 9 establishments and businesses, with very few exceptions. Despite the measures established
by the government, reinforced by magnanimous efforts of private groups and individuals,
Communication and Globalization 12
the number of individuals with confirmed COVID-19 cases continued to rise.
Ethics in Communication 15
This phenomenon has not only affected the economic conditions and socio-political
Lesson 2: Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings 20
landscapes of countries all over the world, but has also altered the way educational
Communication Styles 20 institutions deliver instruction and provide academic and administrative services. There is
a wide consensus among experts and government authorities that schools should remain
Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language 22 closed for students even after community quarantine protocols have relaxed, and so flexible
and alternative modes of teaching and learning have been adopted.
Lesson 3: Evaluating Messages and Images of Different Text Types 26
The Power of Words and Images 27 For these reasons, this module on Purposive Communication (PC) was developed,
guided by Memorandum Order No. 325, s.2020 by the Office of the University President of
Multimodality 28
Batangas State University. The general direction given was the continuous delivery of
Lesson 4: The Rise of New Media and Technology Aids in 31 instruction (1) without compromising quality and the attainment of Intended Learning
Communication Outcomes, but (2) considering the various contexts of the faculty and students.
Social Media Use 31

Language and the New Media

After a survey was conducted among faculty and students, and after consultations
36
with various stakeholders, the developers revised the existing PC syllabus, structured
Communication Planning 39 content, and designed activities intended to engage students and facilitate meaningful
learning in a flexible learning environment. The inputs, learning activities, and assessment
Communication Strategies in Tech-based Communication 40
tasks cover realistic scenarios that would not simply provide the professor a basis for
Lesson 5: Communication for Work Purposes 41 assigning a grade, but more importantly, give students additional opportunities to learn
Part 1 - Oral Communication in the Workplace 41 through experience.

Part 2 - Preparing the Cover Letter and Curriculum Vitae 46 Guided by the educational theories of asynchronous learning and differentiated
Online interviews, physical/virtual meetings and etiquette 53 instruction, this module offers guidance and direction for students to learn at their own
pace with contextualized options for receiving inputs and submitting outputs. It is hoped
Preparing Correspondence via print or email 60 that this instructional material provides sufficient support to the students in acquiring the
Preparing Letters and Email Messages with netiquette
competencies to complete the course despite the prevailing social and economic conditions.
64
This is staying true to the constitutional mandate, as specified in Article XIV, Sec. 1 of the
Lesson 6: Communication for Academic Purposes 69 1987 Constitution,
The Stylistic Elements of Good Academic Writing 69 ke education accessible to all.

Socio-political Analysis Paper 77

Position Paper 81

Research-based Documented Essay 86

References 94
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Brief Description of the Module

Lesson 7 ( ) covers the different stylistic elements of good
academic writing, which include the overall view, language, academic
This module was developed in response to the call for continuous delivery of
tone, academic diction, punctuation, academic conventions, evidence-
instruction, under the philosophy that learning should continue despite emerging
based reasoning, thesis-driven, complexity, and higher order thinking,
challenges under the new normal. It is based primarily on the approved revised syllabus for
as well as the four key areas that may help students in refining their
Purposive Communication
academic writing. The lesson also includes the guidelines in the
preparation of socio-political analysis paper, position paper, and
The module has seven lessons:
research-based documented essay.
Lesson 1 is about communication principles and ethics, including
the concept of globalization as the worldwide integration of humanity. It
Final Exam Week
also involves diversity and cultural sensitivity in communicating in a
highly globalized environment.
This module presents a systematic program of study that attempts to link theory and
practice. Since some of you may have weak or intermittent connectivity, the module was
Lesson 2 includes communication in a multicultural world, focused
developed to be self-instructional to support offline, independent learning. In addition, this
on the various styles of communication and the registers of spoken and
module presents only essential materials and activities; your professor may give additional
written language unique to certain cultures and in specific
lectures or activities from time to time.
circumstances.

Lessons 3 covers the power of words and images, and centers on the
evaluation of messages and images of different types of text. It also
introduces the concept of multimodality and how meaning is influenced
by certain semiotic features of texts.

Lesson 4 involves the rise of new media, as well as the various

aids and strategies for communication using technology. It provides
information, data, and statistics on social media use, and the
complexities of language use in new media. It also enumerates the steps
in effective communication planning, all of which segue to the topics on
communication for work and academic purposes.

Lesson 5 Part 1 delves into the tenets and essential aspects of

communication for work purposes, and lays down real-world challenges
in professional, workplace communication and ways on how to address
these.

Midterm Exam Week

Lesson 5 Part 2 is a continuation of the discussion on

workplace communication, but with focus on specific areas from job
application to communication in the actual workplace. This includes
physical and virtual interviews and meetings, preparing
correspondences, and observing netiquette in online communication.

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Model Utilized
Course Description

The developers of this module

Purposive Communication develops your communicative competence and enhances model to restructure your learning experience, enable you to respond at your own pace, and
your cultural and intercultural awareness through multimodal tasks. These provide you engage you in the learning process. You then become co-creators of your own learning. In
with opportunities for communicating effectively and appropriately to a multicultural addition, you are also given wider opportunities to work independently or with other
audience in a local or global context, in a physical or virtual environment. It equips you members of the class if the existing conditions permit in promoting learning.
with tools for critical evaluation of a variety of texts and focuses on the power of language
and the impact of images to emphasize the importance of conveying messages responsibly. The basic idea behind the ICD model is that lessons and activities are designed to be
The knowledge, skills, and insights that you will gain from this course may be used in your learning-centered and learner-centered, rather than simply developing a list of topics and
other academic endeavors, your chosen disciplines, and your future careers as you compose then providing students with lots of information about each topic. In this model, several
and produce relevant oral, written, audio-visual and/or web-based output for various aspects were considered, founded on situational factors that affect teaching and learning
purposes. activities, as well as feedback and assessment, are all anchored on desired learning goals.
The interrelationships of these elements are shown in the figure below:

Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of the course, you are expected to achieve the following outcomes:

ILO 1 Describe the nature, elements, and functions of verbal and non-verbal
communication in multicultural contexts, as well as the effects of global issues to
communication and the impact of using culturally appropriate terms, expressions,
and images.

ILO 2 Create clear, coherent, and effective communication materials for various academic
and work purposes, observing principles of structure, style, conventions, and proper
referencing, and utilizing the appropriate varieties of spoken and written language.

ILO 3 Adopt socio-cultural awareness, ethics, and sensitivity in the persuasive

presentation of ideas through oral, audio-visual, and/or web-based or multimodal
platforms for various audiences in local and global settings using appropriate
Figure 1. The Integrated Course Design Model (Fink, 2003)
registers and non-verbal cues.

In the context of this module, the situational factors that were considered included

circumstances; the level of internet connectivity, familiarity with and availability of online
learning platforms, the time required to cover the course based on existing guidelines, and
the nature of the course.

For the learning goals, the developers determined what you, the students, needed to
learn vis-à- s. Only essential topics were selected,
so the identification of learning goals came hand in hand with the selection of the most
significant topics and sub-topics.

The learning activities were designed to allow you to explore and enable you to
achieve the intended learning outcomes. As discussed earlier, these consist of simple yet
meaningful and authentic tasks that could be accomplished even at home.

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Lesson 1: Communication Principles and Ethics

The platform and manner of communication between you and your professor shall be
Learning Outcomes
agreed upon at the beginning of the semester. Submission of requirements and feedback
would be given through electronic or digital means, or through other mechanisms mutually At the end of the lesson, you are expected to achieve the following:
acceptable between you and your professor. The alternative form of assessment covers
realistic scenarios that would not simply provide the professor a basis for assigning a grade, 1. Describe the nature, elements and functions of verbal and non-verbal communication in
various and multicultural contexts.
but more importantly, give you additional opportunities to learn through experience. The
2. Explain how cultural and global issues affect communication, and why ethical
major requirements are authentic, with clear criteria and standards, so you are guided as to
communication is essential.
what is expected of your submission.
3. Appreciate the impact of communication on society and the world.

The development of this module also adopted the principle of constructive alignment
(Biggs, 2003), which is the underlying principle that shapes both the curriculum and the Processes and Principles of Effective Communication
module so that the inputs, teaching-learning activities, and assessment tasks align with
Effective communication is a key interpersonal skill and by learning how you can improve
the intended learning outcomes of the course.
your communication has many benefits. It sounds so simple: say what you mean. But all too often,
what you try to communicate gets lost in translation despite your best intentions. You say one
thing, the other person hears something else, and misunderstandings, frustration, and conflicts
ensue. This is very true especially in the absence of physical, face-to-face communication.

Communication is beyond simply putting words into thoughts and emotions. It is done
effectively only when information is transmitted without changing both the content and the context
of the message. Simply put, communication is the art of creating and sharing ideas for a specific
purpose. It comes in many forms:
verbal communication, which includes the use of language, sounds, and tone of voice
non-verbal communication, which includes body language and facial expressions
written communication, such as through journals, emails, blogs, and text messages
visual communication, which involves signs, symbols, pictures, graphics, and emojis

Effective communication is dependent on how rich those ideas are, and how much of those
ideas are retained in the process. In order to be an effective communicator, a number of skills have
to be utilized. Which skill one chooses greatly varies and is dictated by the , the or
the actual information a person needs or wants to convey, and the intended of that
information.

DID YOU KNOW?

Audience Analysis

A key element in effective communication is audience analysis.

refer to the people listening to you in a public speech. Rather, it refers to anyone who is expected to
receive the message you are sending. Knowing the audience, understanding their level and how they
need to receive the information also known as skills on audience analysis are extremely
important in the message and sending it across. Audience analysis is therefore one skill
an effective communicator must have. It is imperative that you find out who the audience is who
and what they need to know. Only in doing so can you properly
adjust all the other elements of communication, such as your words or registers, your tone, and your
expressions.

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Another aspect that needs consideration in analyzing the audience is identifying and trying
to overcome possible communication barriers. These are not confined to physical noise (cars passing COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
by, someone pounding on the table) and physiological issues (an upset stomach), but could also
include varying , and
.
The notion of the world being a global village has been a hot topic ever since the idea was
Anyone might experience brought up, especially in light of the rapid advances in technology and digitization. Globalization
one or all of these barriers at has been regarded as the key to the worldwide integration of humanity, where there is an increased
any given circumstance, and economic, political and cultural integration and interdependence of diverse cultures. In Southeast
that such barriers exist has to Asia, for example, the ASEAN Integration has been a buzzword among social communities, opening
be recognized so that anyone a wide array of discussion for future collaborations.
who is trying to communicate
can adjust and apply the proper For our part, we Filipinos have increased our awareness and acceptance of the notion that we
tools and strategies to remove belong to a diverse, global community. This is not confined to communication with people from other
those barriers that prevent the countries, but is inclusive of communication within our own societies, even with the minorities and
message from getting across. the indigenous peoples. It is therefore imperative that WE learn to communicate effectively with
people regardless of age, gender, race, ability, religion, sexual orientation, income, marital status, or
ethnicity.
Principles of Effective Communication
Communication in the modern world
Effective communication requires a certain level of connection between and among people,
allowing a series of exchanges of thoughts and emotions, eventually leading to mutual must be anchored on the concept of diversity,
understanding. In order for that to happen, the following principles must be observed. since effective communication and the ability
to understand cultural differences are skills
. This pertains to both the message and the purpose why the message has to be sent. The that have become requisites not only for a
message should be clear by using appropriate language and communication channels, but meaningful social life but also for a successful
equally important is that the reason for sending and receiving the message must be
professional career.
understood by both sender and receiver.

Even professionals from the countries

especially in most modern contexts in the business and academic fields where time is of the that are traditionally known for sticking to
essence. It should be devoid of trivial details that would hinder communication. their native tongue (e.g. Japan, Korea,
Vietnam) have started to learn English, as the
. Despite its conciseness, the message should still be complete and accurate. Whenever internationally-recognized lingua franca, with
necessary, background information should be given to provide better context; facts and
the concept that learning English does not make
observations may also be helpful.
them less Japanese, Koreans, or Viets.
. Effective communication is usually planned in order to ensure the systematic flow of
ideas and transition from one point to another. There are instances, however, when
communication is impromptu, but this should not be an excuse for an organized In addition, digital technology has erased territorial boundaries among countries and among
presentation of ideas. people with varying cu
whom we used to treat as strangers are now our co-workers, classmates or friends albeit some only
. The sender of the message should be sensitive to the needs and interests of the receiver. in social media.
In case of face-to-face communication, the speaker must always be conscious of the reaction
of the listener and adjust his/her communication strategy accordingly.
Hence, there is a need to develop graduates and professionals who are multiculturalists
. Different people have different communication styles, and consequently, different those who are engaged with and respectful of people with different cultures. These are not
expectations. Effective communicators know how to adapt to the varying needs and necessarily people from other countries all the time, since a country may have varying sub-cultures
expectations of their audience, and modify the message or the way the message is sent to among its general society. In the Philippines, for example, there is no argument that people from
avoid misunderstanding or misinterpretation. Southern Tagalog have a different culture from the Bicolanos, and those from Zamboanga have
different norms and beliefs from the Ilocanos.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

? Assess your
readiness to communicate effectively with people having different cultures. Simply write True or
False after each statement.

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1. I enjoy communicating with persons who are like me in terms of interests and with
the same socio-economic status, as much as I enjoy communicating those who are not Undoubtedly, globalization has affected the way people and companies communicate with
__________ each other. In some cases, cultural differences have accentuated cultural insensitivity, which is
most felt in the business world. Since everyone is a consumer of particular business products, it is
2. I am equally sensitive to the concerns of all groups of society, and I genuinely care to important to know the issues, etiquette, protocol, communication styles and negotiation approaches
the plight and issues surrounding them. __________ of people from different cultures using the business experience as example. Here are some instances
3. I can tell when persons with different cultures do not understand me or are confused when lack of cultural or linguistic sensitivity in global communication severely affected companies
by my actions. __________ or products.
4. I am not afraid of interacting with members of minority groups nor with members of a
dominant culture. __________
consumers. This featured a Chinese man kneeling before a
5. Persons from other cultures who do not actively participate in a conversation, debate
is expired discount
coupon. The ad caused uproar over the fact that begging is
__________ considered a shameful act in Chinese culture.
6. Persons from other cultures have the right to be angry at members of my own culture.
__________
7. How I handle conflict or disagreements with persons from other cultures depends on
the situation and on the culture they are from. __________
printed an excerpt from the Koran on its throwaway (take-out) hamburger bags.
8. My culture is not superior to other cultures. __________
Muslims saw this as sacrilegious.
9. I am knowledgeable of how to behave when communicating or interacting with people
having different cultures. __________
10. I respect the communication rules of cultures other than my own. __________ Some staff at the African port of Stevadores saw the supposedly
internationally-
Discuss your answers with your professor or your classmates. in their culture, they treat the pictures printed on packages to be

The greater the number of statements that are honestly true to you, the more prepared you and threw all the boxes into the sea.
are to welcome the opportunity of communicating and interacting with people from different

Malaysia and Myanmar (Burma) wh

intercultural communication is virtually inevitable in any organization.
against something holy.

This is especially true in business organizations, when products can go global and the
manner by which any product is communicated to the global market can make or break the brand.
Here are a few examples of business miscommunication in a global setting:

All of these examples are predominantly business-related, where companies failed to regard
cultural differences in packaging and communicating their product to the global market. However,
the cost of cultural insensitivity in global communication can be felt in everyday communication, as
cultural misunderstandings often lead to misinterpretation and unnecessary tension between
people. Here are some examples demonstrating this in a global setting:

Showing the sole of a shoe (

) means nothing to observers in most Western and Asian
countries. In Muslim cultures , however, the gesture is
while seated is customary for
Westerners, but this is a social faux pas in Korea.

Blinking rapidly while another person is talking is normal for most people, especially
during tense situations. For Taiwanese, this is considered impolite.

The Japanese view the business card as an extension of their body, while Americans
view it simply as a business formality. Hence, when Japanese hand over their
business cards with two hands and with great care, they get insulted when the person
receiving just put it away with haste.

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These are just some of the instances when miscommunication and misunderstanding can
happen as a result of cultural ignorance and insensitivity in the global environment. In order to -skinned model is at the middle,
develop more meaningful relationships and establish productive interaction with people having and the fair- How does this relate to the
different cultures, everyone should recognize and respond to such differences and nuances. In
addition, people have to be mindful that not everyone from the same culture exhibits the same
characteristics and habits in communication, so sensitivity is key to any successful communicative
situation. hence the proliferation of whitening products, such as soap and lotion?

In communicating in a highly global environment, the challenge that faces everyone is to Try to reflect on this next advertisement, which was found to be sexist by most observers:
learn to understand, accept, and address cultural and communication differences.
Reflective Analysis. Briefly explain
your assessment of the ad, with focus
ETHICS IN COMMUNICATION on the five questions in the previous
page.
Effective communication is ethical communication. Communication is ethical only when it is __________________________________
__________________________________
an intent to conceal the truth, or bring damage to any organization, group or individual person,
communication is considered unethical. Even in situations when there is no intent to harm, but __________________________________
damage to a certain group is inevitable because of the message or the channel used to relay the __________________________________
message, it is still considered unethical.
__________________________________
SIMPLE ACTIVITY: Reflective Analysis __________________________________
Analyze the following print advertisements and determine if these are ethical or not. __________________________________
Consider the following guide questions in your analysis.
__________________________________
1. What is the message of the ad?
__________________________________
2. How is the message underscored? What semiotics are used (text? images? others?)
3. Is there any individual or group that may be offended by the ad? __________________________________
4. Is there another way of presenting or delivering the message?
5. Do you think the ad is ethical? __________________________________
__________________________________
Reflective Analysis. Briefly explain
your assessment of the ad, with focus __________________________________
on the five questions.
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________ PERFORMANCE TASK
__________________________________
Do you know other print or television advertisements that are non-ethical because they are
__________________________________
discriminatory, stereotypical, and/or sexist?
__________________________________
__________________________________ Spot these ads in magazines, newspapers, social media networks, Youtube, or any other
platform. Share these in class and discuss:
__________________________________
__________________________________ a. why you think the ad is unethical;
__________________________________ b. how it could possibly be received by certain groups; and
b. what could be a better way of presenting the ad.
__________________________________
__________________________________ Take note of the following rubric in assessing your response:
__________________________________
Content (4 pts.): Your material is spot-on and obviously well-researched.
__________________________________ Reasoning (4 pts.): Your line of reasoning is logical and justified.
Organization of Ideas (2 pts.): Your ideas are well-presented and highly organized.
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How Past Experience and Prejudice Affect Communication
Showing commitment and genuine interest
Most people bring their past experiences into a communication situation. Sometimes, they
pitch in existing information because they learned in the past that adding information makes the A key component of ethical communication is showing commitment in the communicative
communication more successful. There are times when they do not contribute anything because of a situation. Being committed means giving sufficient time and resources to any discussion or
possible past experience when their inputs were not considered or valued. In any case, people enter conversation, and being open about any issue that may arise. Commitment also involves
into a communicative situation with certain expectations, and they behave or react accordingly. -term interests at risk, as
long as it is for the benefit of the majority especially in the long run. Encouraging a communicative
Past experiences inevitably affect pe environment of trust can go a long way in promoting ethical communication in any academic or
audience responded positively to their message, chances of them repeating the same style are business setting.
relatively high. However, when they were turned down or given negative feedback, this will
definitely influence how they deliver the message next time.

Past Experience Effect to Communication It is clear that the two major elements affecting ethical communication are the use of words
body language may be
Your parents reacted negatively when you
You hesitate to discuss the topic with them
opened up about your interest for a certain
despite your rich potential to that craft. communicate true interest while engaging in face-to-face communication.
craft.
Your colleague has forgotten some very You give him/her reminders every now and then
important information many times in the past. to avoid messing up again.
You do body language experts have honed the theory. Most notably, Dr. Albert Mehrabian, professor of
A subordinate in a group that you lead
anymore, even if he might agree with you this Psychology at UCLA said that the belly button rule is the most important indicator of reading a
disagreed twice in your suggestions.
time.
Your professor ignored your inputs last session. his/her true interest. Here is a basic explanation of the rule:
Your teammates reacted positively to your You use the same strategy in a similar
strategy. situation.

Prejudice, on the other hand, when people take their past experiences and make certain
assumptions that the same experience will happen with the same people, given the same context.
Prejudices may be attributed to culture or personal preferences. Not all prejudices have a negative
characteristic, as a person might consider all members of a group to be smart even without meeting
them individually. It must be noted, however, that
.

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
To have an idea how this happens, complete the phrases below, and discuss it in class. If you
hink of a possible stereotype you
might have heard from someone:

of people, th

individuality. There can be prejudice as regards to age, gender orientation, religious belief, race,
social-economic status, and physical conditions. Effective communicators view people as separate
from any preconceived notions others may have about them. They see the value of the individual as
a person of worth, and thus will respect that individuality.
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PERFORMANCE TASK: NAVAL LANGUAGE

Lesson 2: Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Settings
Who among the people in the picture show more commitment and interest in the
conversation or discussion? Briefly discuss your answer using the belly button rule.
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to achieve the following:

1. Describe the styles in communication considering various multicultural settings.

2. Determine varieties and registers of spoken and written language.
3. Adopt cultural an intercultural awareness and sensitivity in communicating ideas.
4. Develop a sense of appreciation on the richness and diversity of registers used in written and
spoken communication.

COMMUNICATION STYLES IN VARIOUS MULTICULTURAL CONTEXTS

As mentioned in Lesson 1, each person has a unique style of communicating, which may
depend not only on his/her linguistic ability but also on his/her cultural and social context. Some are
outspoken; some are more quiet yet on point. Some always seem formal, while some have a lot of
introduction before getting to the main point. Communication style refers to the choices people
make and the strategies or tools they use in the process of communication. A style may sometimes
depend on the demands of the communicative situation, as well as on the needs and requirements of
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ the target recipients of the information.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ Each style has two dimensions: the (1) assertiveness level and the (2) emotiveness level,
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ which is shown in the Communication Styles Matrix below.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Your answer will be assessed using the following rubric:

Content (4 pts.): Your answer demonstrates accurate and deep understanding of the concept.
Reasoning (4 pts.): Your line of reasoning is logical and justified.
Organization of Ideas (2 pts.): Your ideas are well-presented and highly organized.

Respecting socio-cultural beliefs and practices of others

The concept of globalization is not new, but people somehow fail to realize that this is not
confined to technology or bridging the world and making it a virtual community. Globalization also
entails changing the way people communicate to others, especially those with different norms,
cultures and belief systems. This involves all types of communication, whether face-to-face, chatting
via email, or using various forms of mass media, such as the two ads shown on pages 16 and 17.

It is hoped that in the previous activity with the advertisements, you were able to identify
how both ads put women in a bad light, in a state where they are objectified that they are
beautiful only when they have fair skin . Ethical communication requires
people to respect socio-cultural beliefs and practices of others, while at the same time avoiding all
kinds of stereotypes.
The Communication Styles Matrix

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VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE

The model, developed by Dr. Eileen M. Russo, shows four different communication styles
(direct, spirited, systematic and considerate), categorized further into two different dimensions In a multicultural society, people must use culturally-appropriate terms, gestures,
(level of assertiveness and level of expressiveness). All of these must be considered because people expressions and images in any communicative situation.
with different cultural contexts tend to have varying levels and styles of communication.

People who are categorized within the assertive communication level tend to tell or instruct
others what to do and sometimes even how to do it, while the less assertive styles usually tend to be
on the receiving end, often asking for guidance, instructions or directions. On the other hand, people
who fall under the expressive level usually show their real feelings and emotions through facial
expressions, tone of voice, or language use. The less expressive ones tend to either hide their
feelings or exert some effort for these feelings not to show.

The combination of these levels result to the basic communication styles:

Spirited = High Expressiveness + High Assertiveness

Considerate = High Expressiveness + Low Assertiveness
Direct = Low Expressiveness + High Assertiveness
Systematic = Low Expressiveness + Low Assertiveness

Tips for People with a Spirited Communication Style

1. Respect decisions and agenda that have been agreed upon, as well as time limits
during meetings or any communicative situation.
2. Try to limit your sharing of personal anecdotes that may take the discussion off-topic.
3. Make sure you are allowing others to contribute their ideas and suggestions and
that you are genuinely listening to them.
4. Be certain that any request you make is clear and that you convey the reason for such
request.
5.
Language Varieties

Tips for People with a Considerate Communication Style se refer to the different variants of a language that can be sufficiently
1.
delimited from one another in terms of social, historical, or geo-spatial factors, thus forming
about you.
language clusters.
2. Realize that not everyone is comfortable discussing personal topics with colleagues.
In addition, language varieties may also be grouped in the following classifications:
3. Allow others to open personal matters before asking questions of that nature.
4.
a. Pidgin. It refers to a new language that develops into situations where speakers of
5. ds with everyone, but you should treat others
different languages need to communicate but do not share a common language. Examples
and be treated professionally.
are Chavacano in the Philippines and Bislama, a language spoken in Vanuatu.

Tips for People with a Direct Communication Style

b. Creole. It is a pidgin that becomes the first language of the children, or the mother
1. Make an effort to listen carefully to others. Avoid interrupting.
2. tongue of a certain community. Examples are the Gullah and the Patwa, is a creole in
3. Recognize that others may also feel the need to express themselves. Jamaica.
4. Recognize that brainstorming can be effective and is not a waste of time.
c. Regional Dialect. It is not a language that is not distinct from a national language, but
5.
rather a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country. Examples are as
Tips for People with a Systematic Communication Style Cebuano, Waray, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon in the Philippines.
1.
important. d. Minority Dialect. This is a variety used as a marker of identity, usually alongside a
2. Learn to ask qualifying questions that will help you get the information you need. standard variety, by the members of a particular minority ethnic group. Examples are
3. Make sure you understand the background of the discussion or scope of the the Sinama of the Badjaos in the Philippines and the London-Jamaican variety in
conversation so no time is wasted. Britain.
4. Politely ask other questions about themselves if you want to build rapport.
5. If you need to ask for more time to know, analyze or discuss something, explain the e. Indigenized Varieties. These are spoken mainly as second languages in former colonies
benefit of the information you need to know. with multilingual populations. A classic example is Singlish (or Singaporean English).
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The use of one or a combination of these registers highly depends on the audience (person/s
for whom the message is intended) and the context (nature of the communicative situation). Using
POINT FOR DISCUSSION the proper registers show respect, interest, and a certain level of professionalism, hence enhancing
harmonious personal and professional relationships. These are also used in writing short notes,
personal journals, or diaries. Lastly, neutral language registers are non-emotional and laden with
Philippines? What do you think are the unique facts. These are most appropriate for research or technical writing.
characteristics of this language variety? How do you
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
feel about people using this variety?
Most cultures experience evolutions in the use of registers or words in both formal and
Discuss your answers in class. informal settings. In the Philippines, for example, some linguistic phenomena have taken the
country by storm, affecting the way people communicate with each other. This is briefly explained in
the excerpt below.

The modern generation has ushered a new era of language users who have consistently challenged
the traditionally accepted, conventional notions on linguistic structures and grammar. Truly, language has
Language Registers
inevitably evolved with the influence both of social sub-groups and of language theorists who somehow
A language register is characterized by the way a speaker uses language differently in apparent in the Philippine context.
different social circumstances. These are determined by such factors as social atmosphere, purpose One obvious example is the use of a different set of words, meanings and sentence structures by the
of communication, audience, and the general context of the discourse. members of various sectors of society. It was only in the first few years of the 21st century when terms such

Philippine working vocabulary. Although the formal inclusion of such words to the corpus of Filipino
Generally, language registers can be classified as (1) formal, (2) casual, (3) intimate, (4)
language is still doubtful, it would not be surprising if in the future, these linguistic structures are printed
frozen, and (5) consultative. on Filipino dictionaries, as these are continuously being used in the streets, in the mass media, and in many
social circles. Their use and predominance are probably inescapable, even when some purists and
a. Formal. These registers are used in professional, academic, or legal settings where conservatives are not keen to using such language.
communication is expected to be respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained to specific In the past, one of the strongest and creative linguistic features that emerged in the Philippines is
word reversal, where people reverse the way words are uttered. It originally intended to be a convenient
rules. Slang is never used and contractions are rare. Examples are registers used in
way to hide meanings within a clique or social circle, as if it were a code, but its massive popularity
research paper, government documents, business letters, and in business presentations.

b. Casual. These registers are used when communicating with friends, close acquaintances, cigarette), and many more. This was a linguistic phenomenon in the Philippines in the early 80s up to the
colleagues, and family members. These are used in birthday parties or family upit,
or tremendous) taking the entire country by storm.
gatherings.
Modern Linguistic Phenomena in the Philippines
c. Intimate. Intimate language registers are reserved for special occasions, usually 2017)
between only two people and often in private. Examples are an inside joke between two
high school friends or sweet nothings whispere
What do you think is the next linguistic phenomenon that will evolve in the Philippines?
Why do you say so
d. Frozen. It refers to historic language that is intended to remain unchanged. Examples
are the registers used in the Philippine Constitution and the Holy Bible.

e. Consultative. It is used in conversations when people are speaking with someone who Communicating in a Multicultural Setting
has specialized knowledge or is offering advice. Tone is often respectful, such as the use
of honorifics or courtesy titles, but may be more casual if the relationship between or Everything should start with a personal desire and strong conviction to relate more
among the communicators is friendly. Examples are registers used in local television effectively with persons having different cultural backgrounds. This will not only create positive
broadcast or in a conversation with a doctor during medical examination. personal relationships, but also open more opportunities for prof
reliance on preconceived notions and established stereotypes is also a major leap towards effective
Language registers can also be classified as Formal, Informal, or Neutral. Formal language intercultural communication.
registers are appropriate for professional situations, such as when speaking to a supervisor or
writing an invitation letter. Informal language registers, on the other hand, are conversational and The following specific guidelines can enhance your ability to handle situations involving
appropriate when speaking or writing to a friend or to someone you know quite well. intercultural communication, and better prepare yourself to meet the communication challenges in
an increasingly global environment.

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. Knowing and accepting the Lesson 3: Evaluating Messages and Images of Different Text Types
validity of cultural differences are key in communicating with people having diverse
communication styles. Being an effective communicator requires allowing yourself to be
immersed in the multicultural society and embracing diversity. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to achieve the following:
. You do not want
1. Evaluate multimodal texts critically to enhance receptive skills (i.e. listening, reading,
just because of how they see other members of your group or culture. Determine how much viewing).
your family, friends and colleagues hav 2. Convey ideas through oral, audio-visual and/or web-based presentations for different target
other groups, and identify which among these pre-judgments are stereotypes that can audiences in local and global settings using appropriate registers.
damage relationships. 3. Adopt awareness of audience and context in presenting ideas.

Your ability to develop intercultural communication skills largely depends on how EVALUATING MESSAGES AND/OR IMAGES OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TEXTS REFLECTING
many and how much of these promises you are willing to make: DIFFERENT CULTURES

As discussed in Lesson 1, the advancements in digital technology paved the way to

o I will make a commitment to seek information from persons whose cultures are
innovative modes and platforms of communication. The massive and rapid developments in digital
different from my own.
communications ushered in a new era of communication that does not simply rely on words, but also
on images and other semiotics of the channel used to convey the message.
o I will try to understand how the experiences of persons from different cultures leads
them to develop perspectives that differ from mine.
The effects of cultural and global issues to communication were highlighted in previous
discussions, as well as the impact of effective communication to society and the world. This has
o I will pay attention to the situation and the context when I communicate with persons
highlighted the importance of exploring the concept of World Englishes, or as defined by Celce-
from different cultures.
Murcia (2014), the regionally distinct varieties of English that have arisen in parts of the world
where there is a long and often colonial history of English being used in education, commerce and
o I will make every effort to become a more flexible communicator.
government.
o I will not insist that persons from other cultures should communicate with me on my
There is no debate that the English language has become the most widely used language for
terms.
most purposes of communication in international diplomacy, business, science, education and
entertainment. Over time, this widespread use of English spoken side by side with local languages
has given rise to local varieties of English with their own standards. Examples of World Englishes
are Indian English, West African English, Singapore English, and Filipino English.

One major issue that has been raised with respect to these established varieties is that they
are often not fully intelligible to users of other varieties of English. For example, a Filipino ordering
food in a restaurant in Singapore for

Kirkpatrick (2007) proposes a scale with two extremes that characterize this problem:

Extreme 1: The goal of national or regional identity. People use a regional variety of English
with its specific grammar, structure and vocabulary to affirm their own national or ethnic
identity (
).

Extreme 2: The goal of intelligibility. Users of a regional variety should ideally still be
readily understood by users of English everywhere else in the world to fully participate in the
use of English as an international language (

).

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The challenge is to find a good balance between the identity-intelligibility extremes. Hence,
speakers of the English language may resort to code-switching (i.e., using English and another A multimodal text can either be one of the following:
language in the same statement). For example, Filipinos may use a strongly local version of Filipino Paper (books, comics, posters, brochures)
English to communicate with fellow Filipinos using English as medium, but they should use a Digital (slide presentations, blogs, web pages, social media, animation, film, video
weaker and more formal version when communicating with users of other varieties of English, games
especially when international intelligibility is necessary. Live (performance or an event)
Transmedia (A story is told using multiple delivery channels through a combination of
The Power of Words and Images platforms, such as comics, film, and video games all working as part of the same story
with the same message.)
Look at the illustration on international arrivals below. Answer the five key questions that
follow. The creation of multimodal texts and outputs requires a creative design concept that
orchestrates the purposive combination of text, color, photo, sound, spatial design, language,
gestures, animations and other semiotics, all with the unitary goal of bringing meaning to life.

SIMPLE ACTIVITY
In class, discuss how the following multimodal texts are not effective in delivering the
intended message, or how an incorrect use of a semiotic feature changes the meaning of the text.

Five Key Questions:

1. What is the message?

2. What is the purpose of the message?
3. How is the message conveyed (by the text and/or image)?
4. Who is the target audience of the message?
5. What other ways of presenting the message are there?

Before effectively engaging in multicultural communication, people have to be ready and

knowledgeable for situations such as the one demonstrated in the illustration. If anything
unplanned or unanticipated comes up, there must be alternative ways of communicating the same
message without being offensive.

The illustration above sends a relatively vivid and powerful message not just through the use of
a careful juxtaposition of text and illustration, but also because of the other semiotics or elements
such as color combinations. This is called a multimodal presentation.

Multimodality
Multimodality is a fairly new concept in the general academic setting, but can be a very
powerful tool in light of digital and multicultural communication. A text or output is considered
multimodal if it uses two or more communication modes to make meaning. It shows different ways
of knowledge representations and meaning-making, and investigates contributions of semiotic
resources (language, gestures, images) that are co-deployed across various modalities (visual, aural,
somatic, etc.). Most importantly, multimodality highlights the significance of interaction and
integration in constructing a coherent text
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The following are examples of posters that showcase good multimodality.

In creating a multimodal text, the Purpose, Audience, Context must all be considered.

run-for-a-cause event organized for the benefit of As to purpose, the creator of the text must be clear on the message and the reason(s)
the Philippine International Volunteers for the why the message has to be delivered.
2013 World Youth Day which was held in Rio de
Janeiro Brazil.
The inclusion of the multi-colored bird, the As to audience, the nature, interests and sensitivities of the target audience must be

crucial in juxtaposing it with the actual text on top

As to context, the message should be clearly delivered through various semiotic
dominant color, the multi-colored symbol is resources, and in consideration of the various situations where and how the text will
highlighted that even if the onlooker fails to read be read by different people having different cultural backgrounds.
the text, the purpose of the event will still be
obvious.
The same reason goes with the use of the FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
silhouette of a man running (suggestive of the
nature of the event) and the Christ the Redeemer Evaluate the message or themes/ sub-themes of any of the following advertisements
statue on top of mountain (the symbolic by Ligo, a local brand of sardines in the Philippines. Discuss how the semiotic features (text,
representation of Rio de Janeiro.) photo, color, etc.) affect the message both superficial and subliminal in the context of the
The use of Red in the text for the amount
COVID-19 pandemic in the country. Do not forget to answer the five key questions posed on
aand the running distance puts attention to the
page 27.
event details without overshadowing the other
details. The inclusion of the biblical quote and the
cross also add to the religious motive of the event,
thus making it coherent.
Reflective Analysis. Briefly explain
your assessment of one of these Ligo
ads, with focus on how the semiotic
features add to the message.
__________________________________
__________________________________
is fund-raising concert for the New Jersey (NJ) Kids __________________________________
Foundation in the U.S.
__________________________________
The dominant photo is that of a guitar, __________________________________
suggesting the music-inclined nature of the event.
__________________________________
beneficiaries, who are kids with special needs. The __________________________________
use of various colors adds to the notion on the
playful nature of kids. __________________________________
__________________________________
The font used is also playful rather than
sharp, and the dominant color of light blue is light __________________________________
on the eyes, as well as the other color palettes used
in the poster. __________________________________
__________________________________
Both posters, Run for Rio and Concert for
Kids, demonstrate purposive use of semiotics to __________________________________
forward a specific message. These are successful in __________________________________
meaning making through the interplay of various
elements.

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Lesson 4: The Rise of New Media and Technology Aids in Communication Some Interesting Statistics on Social Media Use

Here are a few interesting statistics on social media use. All data are extracted from
Learning Outcomes statista.com as of July 2020.

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to achieve the following: Global digital population
Active internet users 4.57 billion
1. Identify the proper strategies in communication using social media and other advancements
Unique mobile internet users 4.17 billion
in technology.
Active social media users 3.96 billion
2. Evaluate language in new media and adopt an awareness of proper use of language in these
Active mobile social media users 3.91 billion
media platforms.
3. Develop an appreciation on the importance of proper communication planning.
Most popular social networks worldwide, ranked by number of active users
1. Facebook (2.6 billion)
SOCIAL MEDIA USE 2. Youtube (2.0 billion)
3. WhatsApp (2.0 billion)
Social media has undoubtedly altered 4. Facebook Messenger (1.3 billion)
the world operates. The rapid and vast 5. Weixin/ Wechat (1.2 billion)
adoption of new media platforms have changed 6. Instagram (1.1 billion)
the way people relate and communicate with 7. TikTok (800 million)
each other in the social, economic, and political
arenas. Most popular social networks worldwide, ranked by reach/ active usage penetration
1. Facebook (63%)
Though there are minor social media 2. Youtube (61%)
platforms available since the 90s, the social 3. WhatsApp (48%)
media that we know today the one with 4. Facebook Messenger (38%)
millions of active and interactive users - 5. Instagram (36%)
started with MySpace in 2004, when it reached 6. Twitter (23%)
a million active users. Since then, other sites 7. Snapchat (13%)
started mushrooming, and people began
getting hooked to these new media. Countries with most number of Facebook users
1. India (290 million)
2. United States (190 million)
Some media platforms have been so popular that the number of users rise at such an 3. Indonesia (140 million)
exponential rate. TikTok, for example, became such a craze in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, 4. Brazil (130 million)
5. Mexico (89 million)
6. Philippines (76 million)
higher in mid-2020, with over 800 million active users within that time span. 7. Vietnam (64 million)
8. Thailand (50 million)
However, not all social media platforms last. For example, in 2008, Hi5, MySpace, and 9. Egypt (42 million)
Friendster were close competitors to the social media giant, Facebook. In 2012, all three had 10. Bangladesh (38 million)
virtually disappeared as shown by very poor performance of market shares. Interestingly, the social
media platforms that survived did so because of their continuous evolution and response to the In a 2017 report by the Global Web Index, around 42% of people use social media platforms
needs and interests of its users. to stay in touch with what their friends are doing, while 39% said they want to stay up-to-date with
news and current events.
For example, Twitter used to disallow the uploading of videos or images, but because of the
high demand and the stiff competition, this feature was allowed in 2011. Today, more than half of The other top reasons for using social media are filling up spare time, general networking
the content that can be seen in Twitter includes photos and videos. with other people, looking for entertaining content, sharing ph
meeting new people, and researching or finding out products to buy
The exponential rise in the use of social media can be partly attributed to the emergence of
technologies that enable modern communication (that is, FAST, CONVENIENT, INTERACTIVE Responsible Use of Social Media
communication). These include computers, laptops, and smart phones, among others. In addition,
the rise of social media is a unique manifestation of how quickly and drastically patterns of social Social media has grown in popularity over the years, with hundreds of options for sharing
behaviors change. your thoughts, photos, and videos and for interacting with friends and family. The more it grows,
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the more we discover about the do's and don'ts of social media. The same rules apply to all social
media playgrounds, regardless of which site is your favorite. There are some practices for engaging b. Body
in responsible social media use and best practices for social site etiquette. i. Provide statements or details that would support your thesis. Three to four
paragraphs will suffice.
ii. Each paragraph is expected to have a topic sentence, supporting detail, direct
We all have friendships and professional relationships that can either be helped or hindered quote/ line lifted from the article, and explanation.
by our social media presence. Imagine you post inappropriate selfies of your weekend activities on iii. You may use sentence prompts, such as
Instagram. Have you considered what your boss will think? What if you say something spiteful after
a fight with a friend and then realize they saw it before you could delete it? You may have just lost a
friendship over social media silliness. You are 100 percent responsible for everything that appears
on your social media accounts, from your status updates and comments to pictures, videos, and links
you share

1. You may not agree with everything or everyone you encounter on social media networks,
iv. Organize the paragraphs and provide smooth transitions using proper devices
but treat each person with dignity and respect. The Golden Rule of treating others how
( .)
you want to be treated is a good practice.

2. Do not turn to social media as a way to harass, demean, or bully someone else. Sitting in c. Conclusion
front of a computer screen does not give you license to embarrass, intimidate, or spread i. Restate your thesis sentence, or summarize your main point/ argument.
hurtful rumors about others. ii. You may end with a call to action, a major comment, or a prediction, as long as
no new information or reaction is presented.
3. Regardless of your privacy settings, keep in mind that anything can possibly be seen by
anyone at any time, even by that person that you did not want to see it. Pause before you
4. Proofread your work to ensure that:
post, think before you click.
a. there are no glaring grammatical or typographical errors that might affect your
4. Whether you're concerned with maintaining good friendships or future job prospects, be message.
responsible in what you post and how it could affect your reputation. Many employers now b. all sources have been properly cited.
check up on job candidates' social media accounts for evidence of bad behavior. c. the first person perspective is used, since you are writing your personal reaction.
d. your paper is not simply a summary of the article.

Reminders:
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Limit the reaction paper to 2 3 pages (short bond paper).
Reaction Paper Task Sheet: Prepare to React and Act
Your paper will be scored using the DISCO rubric:
1. Diction
The New York Times on April 21, 2012. The words used throughout the composition are precise and appropriate for the
audience and purpose. You avoided redundancy, jargon, and flowery language.
2. As you read, ask yourselves the following guide questions (answers need not be written
down): Idea Development
a. How do you feel about what was written? Do you agree or disagree with the points The thesis and topic sentences are clear. You support each point/argument
concretely and vividly. Sentences vary in structure and length.
raised?
b. Can you identify with any of the situations presented in the article? Do you have any Style
experience related to any of the examples given? The language and tone of the composition are well suited to the purpose for
c. Does the article prompt you to do something, or change any previous belief you might writing. The writing shows passion. Clearly, the essay is original; it belongs to this
have? Or does it reinforce/ support your existing stand on the topic? writer and to no other.

3. Prepare a Reaction Paper, with the following basic parts: Conventions

a. Introduction Spelling, punctuation, capitalization and grammar are correct.
i. State the title and author of the article you read.
ii. Write a two-sentence summary of the article (what it is about). Organization.
iii. State your thesis, which is a sentence that highlights your main point or An inviting lead draws the reader in; a satisfying conclusion brings proper
argument. closure. Sentences follow a logical sequence and each idea is smoothly linked to the
next.

The number of points for each criterion is dependent on your professor. This will be discussed
to you in class.
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND THE NEW MEDIA

Social media have become a very powerful communication tool and platform in the new era of
technology and globalization. In the early beginnings of social media, t

Let me rephrase that: ?

This attitude has led to the proliferation of fabricated or exaggerated emotions, with the hope What is new media?
New media refer to highly interactive digital technology. These are very easily processed,
acceptance. What can you say about this? Consider this article in reacting to this phenomenon: stored, transformed, retrieved, hyper-linked, searched for, and accessed.

Generally, these can be classified as:

While is it true that we have real friends whom we can rely on in the Blogs
real world, there is that ubiquitous itch that we have to post something, with Social media
Online newspaper
and a few comments would suffice; couple these with shares and threads and
Virtual reality
it would be ecstatic, even if those who supposedly liked or commented on it
remain detached to how we actually feel. Computer games
Social media give us friends who will tell us who we are based on how
we project ourselves in that virtual environment. The technology that is Language in new media is sometimes referred to as Computer-mediated communication
supposed to help us connect and communicate with people by showing the (CMC), though it may also be called any of the following:
Netspeak
impression of who we really are. Computer-mediated discourse
Is this the purpose of social media? Are we using this powerful Digital discourse
platform appropriately? Electronic discourse
e-communication
Digitally mediated communication
Keyboard-to-screen communication

The Internet is the largest area of language development we have seen in our lifetimes.
Crystal (2011) said that only two things are certain: it is not going to go away, and it is going to get
larger. Hence, we must be prepared for its inevitable expansion.
Digital discourse illuminates social and cultural processes, which is under the domain of
sociocultural linguistics.

This type of discourse or computer-mediated communication can be described as:

Vernacular
Interpersonal
Spontaneous
Dialogical

Modern Communication? Think about it.

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CMC is Vernacular, which means it uses language that is common to people regardless of
age, social class, gender, or race
Examples
Acronyms (Lol, yolo, fomo, bae)
Initialisms (atm, rotfl, brb, btw, hbd,
idk, jk, af, nvm, tmi, tldr, ftw, g!)
Emoticons/ Emojis
Expressive Punctuations
o Hello? VS Hello?!?
o No. VS No? VS No!!!
o <3 ; </3 This means that most readers of Wattpad (the youth, generally) can accommodate less than
o :-) ;) (4) pages or less of bond paper. Anything beyond that is
considered very long already by most young readers.

Respelling is a resource whose use is su

technoliteracy audience and purpose, and physical constraints of
message production (for economy and text entry reduction).
cu, 2nyt, tom/2mrw, abt, y? )
These increase insecurities in spelling, but also tolerance towards typographical
outcomes of speedy text production rather than indices of
lacking competence.

CMC is Interpersonal. It is This can be

explained by the number of Group Chats (GCs) a person has, and the number of individuals and
GCs a person engages simultaneously.
Do you notice a similarity? Yes, both web articles found in social media have a time element:
The interpersonal nature of CMC is characterized by the following: 2 MIN READ
Turn-taking
Topic development conditioning, suggesting that most readers want brief materials, thus making brevity a
Back-channels characteristic of language in the new media.
Repairs
Multimodality. This refers to the of different digital media. We all know that words
CMC is Spontaneous. It is usually unplanned, unstructured, and sometimes impulsive. This are only ever part of the picture. All texts, all communicative events, are always achieved by means
spontaneity also gave rise to of multiple semiotic resources, even text-based new media like instant- and text-messaging
or such terms as and These can be described as mediatized
stylization and popular representation.

CMC is Dialogical. It carries expectation of continuous

button, to ensure continuous interaction.

The English language in the New Media is

Brief
Multimodal
Ideological

Brevity. Do you notice how much people put premium on length and on the time it would
take for them to read an article in the net?

Take a look at this example, on the number of words in Wattpad, which is relatively popular
reading platform for the youth:
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These screenshots re examples of multimodality in language use. Texts alone might not catch 4. Develop the message you want the audience to know/ believe in. (Conceptualize on key
that much attention, so a combination of purposively-designed text, photo, and/or video are a staple messages.)
in new media to make it interactive.
5. Decide on your communication vehicle (
?).
Ideologically-motivated. New media is inherently ideological, especially in terms of their
political-economies of access and control. 6. Decide on how the message will be reached by the target audience, and what to do if the
audience does not receive/ respond.
They are used to control people, and they are used to resist control. This is quite apparent,
most especially through the symbolic power of the news and broadcast media. Communication Strategies in Tech-based Communication
Modern technology did not only usher in new forms of language used in new media, but also
Language use is not simply a way of communicating, but a powerful resource for paved the way on how communication takes place and how messages are presented. Part of
representing (or manipulating) its users, especially the young people so- communication planning is deciding on the platform in which the message will be presented. In
None of this is some cases, the use of technology will do wonders for your presentation.
communication practices.

This is an important context in which language can be seen taking place in and around new
media, and how it continues to evolve with every new technological revolution taking place.

COMMUNICATION PLANNING

The communication planning process involves defining the types of information you will deliver,
who are the intended recipients of that information, the format for communicating it, and the
timing of its release and distribution. Multimedia presentations often always require the use of technology, and these, when used
properly, can do wonders for your presentation. They are visually-oriented and allow multimodality
The key goal is to make sure everybody gets the right message at the right time. It serves
(as discussed in Lesson 3) and the use of such features as text, graphics, photos, audio, anmations,
various purposes:
1. To inform and video.
2. To persuade There are a wide array of presentation software and tools to choose from, some of which are
3. To prevent misunderstanding free and very user-friendly, that is, you do not need training to be able to utilize the software and
4. To present a point of view or reduce barriers maximize its features. Regardless of the software or technological tool that you use, there are a few
factors that you need to bear in mind in using technology as an aid to communication:
Steps in Communication Planning

1. Research and analyze current situation. 1. Keep it simple. Avoiding including too much information in a graphic or in one slide. The
2. Establish goals and objectives (short and long term). message should be immediate and clear. By keeping the visual material simple, you also
3. Identify the target audience (what they know, what influences them, communication maintain maximum personal contact with your audience
impediments, etc.).
4. Conceptualize on key messages. 2. Emphasize only on key ideas. When you call attention to ideas with a graphic presentation,
5. Strategize on communication styles and platform(s). make sure the graphic clearly illustrates your essential points and the important supporting
6. Evaluate and anticipate. data.

3.
PERFORMANCE TASK: Communication Flows, Communication Flaws describe orally or with written text. Graphics, photos, charts, and illustrations can
accomplish this objective.
Follow the step-by-step process of communication planning. The date, time, and platform or
submission of the output will be agreed upon by you and your professor.
4. Keep the number of images you present manageable. Too many images will tire your
1. audience (so will too much text). Eight to ten images should be the maximum number for
most presentations.

2. Identify what you want to happen in this situation (seek to inform? call to action? seek to 5. Combine variety with coherence. If you use several images, vary the design to make them
change behavior?) interesting, but keep them aesthetically consistent.

3. Determine person(s) who need(s) to know what should be done.

6. Use large lettering. Use large text font sizes with minimal use of serifs so the audience can
read the text easily. In addition, do not flood your presentation with text.

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One of these is the team communication issues and problems among people at work.
Lesson 5: Communication for Work Purposes Common cases being encountered are those with coworkers (1) losing trust with others, (2) poor
cooperation among team members, and sometimes (3) the disapproval or disrespect from colleagues
or immediate superior.
Learning Outcomes
The said problems are considered communication challenges. The terms refer to the problem
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to achieve the following:
when the manager does not provide feedback or coaching. If there is no feedback, it means there is
1. Discuss the importance of oral communication skills in the workplace. no communication. Campbell echoed the idea of Leigh Branham, the author of
2. Describe the pressing challenges encountered by business communicators. . She said, as quoted, that the root problems of this issue are managers'
3. Expound on the fundamentals of online interviews. inattention to people they supervise. They provide irregular or nonexistent feedback. People get
4. Discuss the essentials of physical and virtual meetings. criticisms instead of praise. Worse is that feedback is not valued or valuable at all.
5. Observe the etiquette of face-to-face and online meetings.
6. Show the ability to communicate through independent and group communicative To avoid or solve the issue, Branham suggested (1) improving coaching and feedback
learning activities
especially among the new recruits; (2) setting up mentoring programs with experienced employees;
Oral Communication in the Workplace and (3) requiring managers to provide feedback.

Your activity in the company or organization that you will be part of in the future involves a Communicative Learning Activity: Effective Group Communication
lot of oral communication. More often than not, your daily tasks require effective communication. Form a group of four or five persons (if possible; if not, this can be a class activity) and discuss
Hence, your good communication skill is important because it helps you and your company meet the importance of Effective Oral Communication Skills. Accomplish the chart below after your
desired goals for personal and business productivity. The importance of oral communication skill at discussion. You may refer to the notes from the previous page or research on the topic to accomplish
the workplace is evident in various researches conducted among organization executives, managers, this learning activity. Observe time limit for this activity as determined by your professor.
employees and trainees. These researches have revealed that effective oral communication skill
takes the top place among the business skills needed in the company for its quality performance. Instructions: Accomplish the chart by (1) identifying the communicators in business, (2) writing the
communication skills that each communicator has to develop, and (3) suggesting ways on how to
Oral communication skill in business is highly valued. Without exception, everybody in develop the skills. One or two ways may be enough for each skill.
business needs it to communicate details of information, discuss strategies, map out plans, close Communicators Communication Skills Ways to Develop Communication
business agreements, work in teams, and deal with managers, employees, business partners, guests in Business Skills
or clients. To improve yourself, you also need communication skill to help you initiate personal
plans, lead project undertakings, and solve pressing problems. Executives and managers need good
communication skills to demonstrate effective leadership, efficient transaction, quality performance,
and excellent productivity.

Successful businesses have gained their good reputation because strong communication skill

with effective communication skill is all too often unfulfilled. Some business transactions miss the
mark as business people fail to convey proper course of communication.

Pressing Challenges in Workplace Communication

Communication has always been essential in any business growth and development. As
effective communication is needed to be able to operate and become successful, pressing challenges
do interfere and are likely to affect your work and communication in the future.

Business communicators
have always encountered
communication problems. Some of
these problems are sometimes
hard to avoid or deal with. Andrea
Campbell, author of Top 10 Team
Communication Issues and How
to Avoid Them, believe that poor
communication skills create
business problems.

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aside in tackling issues or taking course of action for the department. Speak about concerns
Top Communication Issues without engaging in demeaning oneself. Avoid gender-bias language or terms that connote
gender. For example, use chairperson for chairman or chairwoman.
Campbell identified top ten communication issues that business communicators have to consider
to be able to avoid or solve them. 8. Focus or Listening Problems. Inability of employees to focus on the issue is equivalent to
listening problems. The generation gap is often the cause of communication barrier that
1. Failure to Listen. Ineffective listening is a big problem in communication. Good affects the achievement of department goals. To help avoid it, leaders or managers have to
communic initiate mutual understanding regardless of age. Encourage teamwork and unity despite
ends his statement. Many distractions affect effective listening. Team members are
distracted by the thoughts bothering his mind. They have short attention span. Other
distractions like noise and other physical barriers present in the environment take toll
resulting to communication failure. To avoid it, speakers have to emphasize the importance 9. Inadequate Knowledge. Little knowledge is dangerous. Hence, team performance is affected
of active listening in the discussion. Also point out that inattentiveness results to different due to ineffective education or lack of understanding or other inadequate knowledge
understanding of the topic being discussed. Speakers also have to maintain eye contact foundation. To resolve it, leaders or managers encourage team members to upgrade
during the conversation or discussion. knowledge by pursuing higher degree programs. Include in the annual target plan the
participation of members to seminar, training or conferences. Promote reading culture in the
2. Culture Differences. The diversity of backgrounds and cultural customs create department and productive focus group discussion.
communication issues among team members and leaders. People would just love to stay
along with people of the same background. Hence, leaders face challenges of grouping and Cliques, Groups and Friendships. Group membership or group affiliation or exclusive
grouping of team members can sometimes create segregation. To avoid it, promote teamwork
members have to be assigned to different groups to break the usual grouping. spirit in the department. Conduct team building activities to pr

3. Locale or Distance to Office. The office location or its distance to its employees or
contributors entails problem in the communication. The company usually resorts to email, Communicative Learning Activity: Effective Oral Communication Skills
phone or video conferencing. The very low level of interaction in electronic communication
poses a communication barrier. It causes misunderstanding and failures. To solve it, 1. Prepare for this game called Paper Fold Exercise. The purpose of this activity is to determine
meetings should be done at the nearest venue and on a regular schedule. Important issues issues in communication skills such as listening, lack of feedback, or different
and solutions can be posted or sent to all for further knowledge and verification. contexts/backgrounds, among others. You have to prepare eight ½ sheet of paper as material
for each person. Allot 10 to 15 minutes plus discussion time.
4. Ego and Attitude. Self-
arrogance causes trouble, and more Instructions to participants: This exercise requires listening to and following directions. As
team member could not you hear the instructions, perform the task. You may not ask questions. You must close your
eyes. 1) Fold your sheet of paper in half 2) Tear off the upper right corner of the paper 3) Fold
responsibility. To solve it, the team leader or manager should promote better understanding your paper in half again 4) Tear off the lower right corner 5) Fold your paper in half 6) Tear
as the group discusses the issue. He has to re-direct the group to be able to meet the goals. off the upper left corner 7) Fold in half a final time 8) Tear off the lower left corner 9) Unfold
Calmness and tactfulness help reduce tension and friction between or among team members. your paper and hold it up 10) Open your eyes, look at your product and compare it with the
other students .
5. Authority or Hierarchy Problems. The authority that the team leader or manger
demonstrates more often creates intimidation or gap with team members. They become shy Debrief:

friendly atmosphere. To resolve, managers or team leaders should promote harmoniously Input: Remember when you communicate with others, they may not receive the message you
relation among the team members. Communicate to the members about the intention of
helping and letting them feel they are important. And they can approach the managers for products different? People have different contexts
consultation or discussion on personal or work-related issues. keep your eyes closed and you could not ask questions.

6. Poorly Written Communication. The confusion or misunderstanding of in interoffice business 2. In not more than five sentences, write your thoughts or realization based on your experience
communication is due to poor content of written documents, substandard organization, from the game. You may share your answer in class.
fractured grammar, among other flaws in written interoffice materials. To avoid it, ensure ____________________________________________________________________________________________
that documents are well-edited and proofread by best editor in the department. Allow other ____________________________________________________________________________________________
eyes to check for mistakes in grammar, spelling, punctuations, and organizations.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
7. Gender Bias. The choice of which gender makes a more effective leader in the department is ____________________________________________________________________________________________
an issue of gender bias. This gender discrimination creates problem in the organization. To ____________________________________________________________________________________________
avoid this, team leaders or managers should ensure that the issue on gender choice is set
____________________________________________________________________________________________
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PERFORMANCE TASK: BUSINESS COMMUNICATOR CHALLENGES

Preparing the Cover/ Application Letter
Read the Top Ten Communication Issues as identified by Campbell. These ten problems are
A few years from now, you will enter the world of professional work. Bur before you land in
basically observed, but since these ten problems may not be true to all business organizations, you
any job, one of the first steps that you have to do is prepare a cover or application letter. When you
are to identify which problems are present in one business organization.
are applying for a new position, a cover letter is extremely important as your resumé or curriculum
vitae (CV). The purpose of the cover letter is to persuade your reader to consider reading your
Your task now is to conduct an informal, online OR physical interview with a manager,
resumé. This contains little information of the job which you are applying, as well as your strongest
supervisor, or any business owner. Discuss with him/her the communication issues being observed
qualities and qualifications.
in his/her post. Write the identified communication issues and explanation on the space below.
Prepare to present this in class.
Writing a Job Application Letter or a Cover Letter

You may use this template in accomplishing this task: Preparing A or a CV and application letters or cover letters are essential parts of job
hunting. A job application letter or a cover letter is like a sales letter in which you sell your
knowledge and competence. It is the most essential part of the application as this is far more than
Name of Student: ______________________________________________________ . Usually, this is the part of your application that
Program: ______________________________________________________________ really sells you to your potential employer. Without a good cover letter, your résumé is unlikely to
Name of Business Owner Interviewed: ___________________________________ be read.

Name of Business:______________________________________________________ Remember that your application letter is your selling factor. Your main goal is to market
Nature and Type of Business: ___________________________________________ yourself. Think about competition; your judges are your readers. They are professionals who select
and hire you. With hundreds or thousands of applicants, make sure that your application letter has
Most Common Communication Issues in the Business:
to standout. Therefore, your application letter and accompanying resume have to attract
____________________________________________________________________________________________ l is to get an interview.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
When you are writing the application letter, bear in mind to achieve the four important tasks:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Catch the
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Tailor it to the company, to the employer, and to the job.
____________________________________________________________________________________________ Persuade the reader that you are a qualified applicant for the job.
____________________________________________________________________________________________ Request an interview.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
After writing the application letter, use the checklist below to make sure your letter has
Possible Reasons for Encountering these Issues:
already met the needed information.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ The title of the job, source of your information and the statement of your objective have to be
clear.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
There should be a summary of your qualification for the job. This includes work experience,
____________________________________________________________________________________________ educational background, and summary of relevant skills such as leadership skills, skills,
____________________________________________________________________________________________ organizational skills, and intercultural communication skills.
Indicate that you enclosed your CV or resumé.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Request for an interview. This includes place and time you will be available and the contact
____________________________________________________________________________________________ information such as phone numbers and email addresses.
Ways done to Address such Issues: Identify the job. Include any information that is not included in your CV or resumé.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Before submitting your application letter, proofread it carefully. Free it from grammatical
____________________________________________________________________________________________ mistakes and organizational inconsistencies. Check also for correct punctuations, margins, spacing,
____________________________________________________________________________________________ and right letter format.
____________________________________________________________________________________________ General guidelines for the overall structure of your cover letter:
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Format your cover letter for post, mail or email. It should consist of one page only.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Include your complete address, email address, phone numbers.
____________________________________________________________________________________________ Use the tile of the person when you address him/her in the letter.
/ Madamme.

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Use standard, easy-to-read font. Make it readable. Times New Roman or Arial is preferred; it Sample 2 (Email Copy)
should be no smaller than 11 for readability on screen.
Email Subject: Eric Tala, Marketing Associate Position
Sample Application Letters
Dear Ms. Castañeda,
Two sample letters of application from JobStreet.com are presented below. The first letter
(Sample #1) follows the correct format that you should follow when sending out the application I would like to express my interest in applying for the position of Marketing Associate as was
letter in print form. The second letter (Sample #2) shows the tailored format when submitting your recently made available in your company.
application letter through email.
I believe that my degree in Business Administration (BSBA) major in Marketing from the
Sample 1 (Print Copy) Philippine School of Business Administration (PSBA) has prepared me for this position. As a
student, I was equipped with the necessary knowledge and skills to help develop and drive effective
22 H Venture St., marketing strategies.
Diliman, Quezon City
Philippines
determine what product or service to sell, how to reach target demographics and how to respond to
April 17, 2015 the demands of competitors. More importantly, I had the opportunity to work with seasoned
professionals who taught me how to easily grasp complex marketing concepts and at certain times,
how to roll with the punches in order to achieve various objectives.
Mr. Vincent Chua
Hiring Manager
Bank of the Philippines Islands (BPI) I have also acquainted myself with a wide range of skills that allow me to blend with the group or
12/F Ayala Life-FGU Center, Ayala Ave.
Makati City 1226
My active involvement in many academic and extracurricular activities has done so well in
Dear Mr. Chua, developing my communication and leadership skills, which are vital in finding success in the
corporate world.
I am writing to express my interest for the position of Recruitment Assistant in your esteemed
company. With this application letter, I attach herewith my resume for your full consideration. Thank you for
taking time to review my application and I am looking forward to your reply so that we can further
discuss my application.
Resource Development Management (BSBA-HRDM) in the Polytechnic University of the
Philippines (PUP), I wish to bring my knowledge, skills and commitment to excellence to your Yours sincerely,

Alvin C. Marfal
ve become equipped with the 7194 Marcelo Ave
necessary knowledge that come with the position including manpower recruitment, workforce Parañaque City, Metro Manila 1700
organization, personnel training and compensation as well as legal provisions and other labor Mobile: +63 929 XXX XXXX
concerns.

My internship at San Miguel Corporation also afforded me with the crucial skills to work with some
of the best professionals in the recruitment and human resources industry. Being a trainee has
developed in me enthusiasm and a true passion for human resources and has subsequently
convinced me that human resource management is my true calling.

For additional details regarding my qualification and expertise, please review my attached resume.

Thank you for taking the time to consider this application and I look forward to hearing from you.

Sincerely,

Jessica Cenadoza

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The Content of the Cover Letter

Your first paragraph must be very convincing. It tells your reader that you are the best
person for the job. It also emphasizes that you have the set of skills and experience that make you When you are done writing the main section, get back over it and check if you have already
the ideal candidate for the post. mentioned every important skill and bits of experience that are considered crucial on the person
specification. Edit and polish until you have come up with the most ideal content of an application
Examples: letter. Most recruiters prefer shorter application containing only the most essential skills,
experiences, and accomplishments.

If someone from the company refers you, include in the opening before stating your main objective.

Example:

In the succeeding paragraphs, expand on the qualifications you mentioned in your opening. Your closing paragraph should be written concisely and neatly. It should make clear what
Add any appropriate details, highlighting experience listed on your resume that is especially sound arrogant.
pertinent to the job you are seeking. So it might end, for example:

The main section of your cover letter should show the summary of your qualification,
organized around the job description and person specification. Describe in this section what you Close with a request for an interview.
have accomplished, your expertise, and your special skills needed for the job.

In this section, you also have to present how you performed your duty and demonstrated the
requirement of your previous job. Specific work of action and its effective results should also be
indicated to show that you did it successfully. In short, you have to show the clear description of the
situation and more on what you did as proof of results or outcomes. ssed it to someone by name, and

The main section of your cover letter can be structured to show the sub-section or sub-
headings. The sub-section guides the human resource manager how each requirement is met. Remember: Before you submit your application letter or cover letter, proofread or polish it
carefully.
You may want to structure the main section of your cover letter into sub-sections, with
headings, to make it easier for the recruiter to see how you meet each requirement.

You can make use of the following phrases:

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Communicative Learning Activity: Writing an Application Letter Designing the Curriculum Vitae

A friend of yours who works in Starbucks Philippines informs you of a job vacancy in the What is a CV or Résumé? Basically, your CV or resumé describes your education,
company. The store manager is in need of a student assistant for clerical and other administrative competence, and experience. It defines what kind of applicant you are for the job. It determines if
tasks, and you are interested in applying. Knowing the job requirements of the position, you want to you are the right person for the job.
pass an application letter to Mr. Juan Lorenzo Flojo, who handles several branches in the province,
but you want to be assigned to SM Batangas City branch. As one of the essential requirements for job hiring, your CV should demonstrate to any
prospective employer why they should hire you above any of the other skilled candidates who have
With these information as background, write a sample application letter on the space presented themselves for employment.
provided below. Observe time limit for this activity as determined by your professor.
Basic Rules of CV Writing
Rubric for Grading:
Courteousness -3 points In writing a curriculum vitae (CV) or resumé, like other forms of business writing, you should
Correctness - 3 points always consider its reader (part of audience analysis, as discussed in Lesson 1). In this case, your
Completeness - 3 points
readers are the recruiters. They are usually the human resource managers or any other staff in the
Conciseness - 3 points
Clearness - 3 points recruitment department assigned to screen applicants through their CVs. Avoid being eliminated by
TOTAL - 15 points following these basic rules in writing a CV or resumé.

Write with the recruiter or human resource manager in mind. Assume that you are the
____________________________ recruiter. Think about what he needs to know about you. Consider the job description.

____________________________
Present your CV or resumé to inform them well about what they need to know. Show it in a
____________________________ way that it reveals very professional and credible information.

A well-written CV or resumé limits the chance of not selecting you. It easily puts you in the
____________________________
shortlist.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ CV or resumés are the most important documents needed in job screening. They provide the
____________________________________________________________________________________________ highlights of your qualifications, work experiences, competence, professional and educational
history.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ In some academic institutions, the CV or resumé is the standard for job applications. The
____________________________________________________________________________________________ objective of both CV and resumé remain. However, the appearance of the document is
noticeably different.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ Resumé vs. Curriculum Vitae
____________________________________________________________________________________________
There are three major differences between CVs and resumés: the length, the purpose, and
____________________________________________________________________________________________
the layout.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________ A resumé is a brief summary of skills and skills over one or two pages. It is short with no
particular format rule and highly customizable. The goal of a resumé is to make an individual stand
____________________________________________________________________________________________
out from the competition. A resumé does not have to be ordered chronologically; it does not have to
____________________________________________________________________________________________ cover the whole career. The resume contains three simple sections: name and contact information,
____________________________________________________________________________________________ education, and work experience. A CV, on the other hand, is more detailed and can be more than
____________________________________________________________________________________________ two pages. It covers your entire career history. It has a clear chronological order listing the whole
career of the individual.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
In writing your CV, you have to consider the following information:
_______________________________
Areas of interest.
_______________________________
Education.
_______________________________ Grants, honors and awards.
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Publications and presentations.
Employment and experience.
Academic memberships. Keep in mind that online interviews are as important as in-person interviews. Your online
Character references. interview could get you to the next stage of selection or even a job contract if the company conducts
the selection process online.

Here are some preparation tips that Alison Doyle has suggested for a successful
Guidelines for Writing Effective CV
online interviews.
Include your contact details at the top.
Decide whether you want to start with a personal statement or career objective.
Include sections on Key Skills, Knowledge and Achievements, Work Experience, and Download the software required by the company
Education. opportunity to get used to it.
When discussing achievements, focus on what you have actually done and the end result Create a professional username, such as a variation on your real name, as it appears on your
achieved. resume,
Include everything relevant in the sections. Dress professionally even if you are sitting down. Wear nice pants and shoes, as you never
Make sure that your spelling and grammar are all correct.
know when you will have to stand up. Plus, dressing the part will help you get your head in
Work on your presentation.
the game.
Clear your workspace and any clutter that is behind you so that it doesn't show up on the
CV Mistakes and Pitfalls to Avoid
Do not be tempted to lie
Avoid leaving gaps in your career history. Make sure that you are in a quiet room where you will not be disturbed by people, pets, etc.
Do not start your CV with the dull bits. Turn off your ringer, any alarms, and electronics that are likely to interrupt.
Do not include your hobbies and interests.
Have a piece of paper and a pen ready so that you are not scrambling to find them later.
Don't make your CV too long.
Do not use an unprofessional email address. Have a copy of your resume in your sightline in case you have to refer to dates, job titles, or
numbers.
-person
Your professor can show you samples of curriculum vitae. These are not presented in this
module for pragmatic purposes. just wait for your turn to speak.
Practice using your webcam equipment before the interview, so you are sure everything is in

Online Interviews

Many companies conduct online job Communicative Learning Activity: Webcam Job Interviews
interviews, since these interviews are more cost-
effective. In addition, applicants do not have to Form a group of four or five persons and discuss among yourselves the plan of conducting an
spend money for travel to the interview site. online job interview. Assign a task for each member (applicant, HR manager, panelists, etc.).

Online interviews require technology Present a mock online job interview. You may use Skype, Google Meet, or Zoom application,
whichever is convenient and available for all members. Record your online job interview and submit
which has become mainstream in business. The
it to the professor for evaluation and feedback. Observe time limit for this activity as determined by
use of computers and other gadgets makes your professor.
communication between the interviewer and
candidates simple and effective.
Physical and virtual meetings
Job hunters find online interview easy at the comfort of their home. It is time-saving and less
stressful. Online job interviews may vary depending on the company where one is applying. The outset of technology and the
Familiarity of these types of line job interviews may help job seekers achieve their goal of landing a advancement of internet connectivity give
desired job. favors to many businesses. Business
meetings and contract deals have been
One of the most typical online interviews is the webcam job interview. In this interview, the eased by the use of computers and smart
interviewer will simply arrange the interview through video. Webcam interview requires a camera, phones.
which is very convenient nowadays, as most of the laptops have built-in webcams.
More often, these meeting are now
conducted virtually. Workmates can meet
The interviewer usually conducts interviews using popular video conferencing applications
over telephone conference using cellphone
like Skype, Zoom Cloud or Google Meet. Familiarizing with these application is an advantage to
features and state-of-the-art software
meet the requirements of the employer. Practicing the use of webcam can help ensure better focus
applications, which are commonly known now as Apps.
and face angle. This ensures that you appear pleasing in the frame of the camera.
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Businessmen, investors, entrepreneurs, sales agents and clients can do more business face is the best for brainstorming and planning. It can establish stronger relationship and create
transactions over video conferencing. However, there are some business enterprises that still use better teamwork; people can understand each other very well.
face to face meetings because they believe they are still effective.
Face-to-Face Communication
By Ronel M. Sapungan
Virtual Meeting and its Benefits

Virtual meetings can be done using technological innovations like computers and software
applications. Doyle (2019) explains that people attending virtual meetings do not need to leave their
home or work station. The meeting can be held over the phone or computer using virtual meeting
software like Google Meet, Zoom Cloud, and Skype.

With these applications, virtual meetings can be done any time, hence the distance is no
longer a problem. Doyle further shares that people can take part in the meeting regardless of where
they are. In other words, they can hold meetings and discuss business concerns without having to
travel all the way.

Virtual meetings save time and energy.

For example, when working on a project, the team
leader and his members do not need to travel all
the way to the office to discuss the details during
a meeting. This is just but one of the many other
scenarios when virtual meetings will come easy.

Virtual meetings are also inexpensive.

Everybody only needs a computer, laptop, or
smart phone, a good internet connection, and a
professional virtual meeting software. A good
environment adds favor to effective meeting. This
does not need much money on arranging a
meeting place, the facilities and equipment to be
used and organizing transportation for attendees.

The tenets in online interviews as discussed in previous topics are applicable to virtual
meetings.

Face to Face Meeting and its Benefits

Face to face meetings are the usual meetings that are conducted by people in the same venue
and in person. The place can be in the office, at a restaurant, a conference room, or at the coffee
shop. Like the virtual meetings, face to face meeting has it benefits.

Meeting people face to face is freer than it is held online. People can express their thoughts
and feelings using their body language, hand gestures, and facial expressions. Hence, they can
communicate better and misunderstandings are less likely to happen.

When meeting face to face, people have to be at the particular venue at the given time. They
will be attending the meeting and nobody should waste their time. All should observe
professionalism and should not be distracted by other things like phone calls, messages, or other
personal or family concerns. They must observe discipline and keep a serious environment to be able
to give the best for the meeting.

Feedback is an important aspect of face to face meeting. Getting feedback from the attendees
provides input in the development of something that requires cooperation and teamwork. Face to

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2. What are the advantages of virtual communication over face to face communication?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
3. Which do you prefer, virtual communication or face to face communication? Why?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: Virtual meeting vs. Face to face meeting

Watch the Virtual Teams VS Face to Face Teams - 6 pros and cons I see (Running Remote) in
YouTube. You can access it through the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3JU_qP_vmQ.
Communicative Learning Activity: Focus Group Discussion Then, list down the important benefits of both virtual meeting and face to face meeting in class.

In a group of four or five persons, discuss the following questions. Answer the questions below,
then write a summary of ideas using your own words. Assign one member from the group who can Face-to-Face and Online Meetings Etiquette
present the summary in the class. Observe time limit for this activity as assigned by your professor.

1. What are the advantages of face-to-face communication over virtual communication in the Many companies remain intact and hold
workplace? both physical and virtual meetings as essential
______________________________________________________________________________________ parts of the operation to maintain productivity
and continuity. As many may have known the
______________________________________________________________________________________
rules in physical meetings, rules on online
______________________________________________________________________________________ meetings may not be as popular.
______________________________________________________________________________________
Virtual meeting etiquette is a whole new
______________________________________________________________________________________
idea that many people have to learn, compared
______________________________________________________________________________________ to face. To help you keep your meetings
______________________________________________________________________________________ productive and professional, follow these seven
______________________________________________________________________________________ simple virtual meeting etiquette rules that every professional should know.

______________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
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Virtual meetings or online class sessions require a quiet and conducive place where learnings Stay focused. Be patient staying s
and mutual understanding can be achieved. Organize the place, free it from distractions, and your email inbox or chat with friends on social media messenger.
provide good lighting. Do not appear that you are inside the cave or less-lighted museum. You want
to avoid looking like you are at the town fiesta because of the pile of clothes and accessories in the Doing other things while attending a virtual meeting might distract other participants. You
corner behind you. had better turn off your webcam if there is an emergency or a very important personal needs to
attend to.
Adjust your place setup so your face favors the light. Make sure that you have a professional
background. It must be work appropriate. This means that no beds are in the background, no messy
rooms or open closets, and no nonsense arts or frameworks. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT: Face-to-Face and Online Meetings Etiquette

Free the place from unhealthful noise like screaming child, barking dogs, or honking cars.

the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYUVXQfaVp0.

Your attire should be work or school appropriate. Your appearance online is as important as Discuss the important benefits of both virtual meeting etiquette. Your professor will give you
your look during a face-to-face meeting. Hence, take a few minutes to dress up on a clean cloth and specific instructions on the details of submitting your output.
well-brushed hair. Women may consider putting on a light make-up to look fresh on the screen.

Think that the best part of actually getting ready while working remotely is that you want to Writing Correspondence via Print or Email
be effective and productive.
Business transactions and negotiations are communicated effectively using different
. channels. In the advent of computer technology, most business organizations communicate through
the internet and platforms of social media. Despite the efficiency brought by the internet, some
Be an active listener. While attending a virtual meeting, devote your full attention to the companies still utilize the typical business letters to communicate with other businesses, their
meeting. clients, and other stakeholders.
Leave the computer keyboard alone. Remember that your typing may distract your focus. It
prevents you from devoting your full attention to the details of the meeting. Pick a good headset, Business letters are formal letters used for business-to-business, business-to-client, or client-
your notebook and pen to take essential notes. to-business correspondence. There are a number of elements to a business letter. These are date and

2017).

A business letter uses a formal language. The style of the letter depends on the relationship
When you are not going to talk, keep your microphone on the mute mode. The sound you
create from your audio annoys other people attending the virtual meeting. It is really frustrating to
request direct information or action from another party
hear echo noise or unnecessary sounds from the surrounding. Other attendees will appreciate you
because you want to save them from ear-splitting noise and help them productive. order supplies from a supplier
identify a mistake that was committed
Muting your audio when you are not speaking allows other attendees the chance to fit in and reply directly to a request
share their views and feelings. apologize for a wrong or simply to convey goodwill.

A business letter is also

When you join any virtual meeting, introduce yourself and say hello or hi. Make sure that produces a permanent record
the people in the meeting hear and notice your presence. Hence, make your voice clear. Modulate it is confidential and formal
well if necessary to make you sound pleasant to the ears. delivers persuasive and well-considered messages

If you come late in the meeting, you may use the chat box to greet the people and to let them
In writing a business letter, the most important element that you need is to ensure its accuracy.
know of your presence.
You should know the type of business letter you are writing to be able to determine the accuracy of
its details.

No eating is a strict rule that participants have to observe during the virtual meeting. Writing Center of the University of North Carolina explained that business writing should be
Chewing some food or sipping some drinks may show disinterest and may be perceived as clear and concise. Hence, in writing you take care that the documents would not turn out to be an
unprofessional. endless series of short, choppy sentences. Keep in mind that your purpose is to communicate the
information and be understood by your reader.
To avoid graving for food during virtual meeting, eat few minutes before the actual time of
meeting.

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alienate readers, nor too casual that your readers may feel you are insincere or unprofessional. In 4. If necessary, indicate the next step that should be taken or what will happen next. Include a
time frame, if appropriate.
should reflect the unique purpose and considerations involved, like the re 5. You may want to include your contact information and offer to give further information upon
character, when writing in a business context. request.
6. Conclude your letter by summarizing the reasons for the endorsement and by restating your
Uychoco and Santos (2018) of Communication for Society Purposive Communication, explained endorsement of the person or project, etc.
that business letters should be clear, concise, and organized. Its introductory paragraph should be
brief establishing the content and purpose of the letter. Its middle section should contain the details Writing a Follow-up Letter
of the message in logical order. Its concluding paragraph is short, politely requesting action,
thanking the reader, or providing additional important information. A follow-up letter is as important as other forms of communication. It is an effective means of
establishing a good relationship between you and the recipient.
For beginners, it is a good idea to read or review business letters and emails examples from your
office or from the internet before writing your own. Sample letters of different types are available in A follow-up letter is best written after a business meeting, or a job interview, or after making
many sites in the internet. Business communication books and manuals also provide good samples a great business contract. It provides an avenue for continued communication and connects the
for you to review. Examples can help you see what kind of content or how it is organized in the points discussed and agreed during the previous meeting.
letter. Examples can also help you learn about the layout and format of the letter.
When writing a follow-up letter, make sure to observe grammar flaws and spelling errors. A
well-written follow-up letter can make a great impact on your future career and expected success.
Preparing Endorsement and Follow-up Letters
A s you write the follow-up letter, bear in mind that it needs to be fairly formal. Use more
Preparing an endorsement and follow-up letter may be easy to some but, to others this appropriate words and phrases. Write your thoughts straight to the point. Do not go around the
writing tasks is challenging because these letters are rarely written or seldom required at work. bush. Read and proofread it thoroughly. Use grammar checking tool and a comprehensive spell
checker. Keep a good dictionary as your essential reference for words.
However, more often, still many people do not know how to write endorsement and follow-up
letters. If, in case, you are tasked to write endorsement or follow-up letter, follow the useful ways Let's consider some tips from to help you write a better follow-up letter:
below. Online source WriteExpress provides useful tips that you may consider in writing request
and give endorsement letters. Here are what you need to include:

Start with your name, address, city and zip code, telephone number. Include next the
-up letter you are going to write to the same person
1. State who you are, the name of your company or organization, and your position or role. you had originally written to or contacted with.
Remind the reader of your relationship to him/her, if necessary. Add the salutation.
2. Use clear, specific language to request the endorsement (clearly describe what it is that you In the first line, mention that you had written ea yet.
would like endorsed). -writing
3. Explain why you are requesting the endorsement, what it will be used for, why you feel that in this line.
the endorsement is necessary or why you merit receiving the endorsement, and so forth. State your request or interest. If you are writing inquiring about a job vacancy for which you
4. Include guidelines for the format, length, or content of the endorsement letter. Also, indicate had sent a job application, reiterate your key skills experiences and state why you think you
anything else that the reader needs to do to provide the endorsement, such as filling out are a great potential.
attached forms and the like. Invite for contact and thank for their attention.
5. Indicate by when you need the letter of endorsement. Close with signature.
6. Consider providing a preaddressed, stamped envelope with your request letter if the
endorsement letter is to be mailed. letter:
7. If you plan to make a follow-up call to the reader, indicate in your letter when you intend to
do so.
8. Thank the reader for considering the endorsement. Take at best 2 days after a meeting or a job interview to write a follow-up letter. Work while

-up letter. The employer is likely

very busy, hence the late response, so keep your letter short. Do not bring up your whole CV
1. Indicate what or who it is that you are endorsing. in the letter. Hold the interest and attention with nice wording, not boring.
2. Substantiate (or give reasons for) your endorsement. Do not convey negative sentiments in your letter, even if you are frustrated by their speed
3. If you are endorsing a person for a particular position, role, job, etc., include how long you and sincerity.
have known the person, in what capacity, the positive qualities of the person that make Indicate how you want to proceed next in your letter if you think it is needed.
him/her a suitable candidate for endorsement (including accomplishments and abilities), etc.
Be as specific as possible. letters.

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To look polished and professional, edit and proofread a couple of times before sending the
actual letter. ____________________________________________________________________________________________
If you want, you can attach copies to document proof that you had sent letters earlier. ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Follow up again if required.
____________________________________________________________________________________________
Sample Follow-up Letters ____________________________________________________________________________________________

Sample A ____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________

Sample B

WRITING NETIQUETTE

Whether you are writing text messages, emails, memos, letters and posts on social media in a
professional context, you should be familiar with proper etiquette for using the internet. It is called

What is netiquette? The term refers to THE

right manner or protocol for communication on the
Internet. What we create, post and do via online
technologies can leave a lasting image. The text
messages, emails, photographs or blogs we post on a
web page or social media accounts can create an
impression of your personality. The nasty remarks or
reactions you post on your Facebook page or Tweeter
newsfeed may come back to haunt you later.
Communicative Learning Activity Writing a Follow-up Letter

Study the example follow-up letter with a poorly written text. Improve it by following steps for In writing in an online environment, you do not only need tact and skill but also an
writing a follow-up letter. Write the improved version on the space provided below. impression that will boost you character. Awareness that what you are write or post online, which
may be there for a long time, should be considered before writing or posting. The text messages,
letters, business proposals, press releases, or any written communication will represent yourself and
your company. Hence, you should observe the etiquette or protocol of writings that are clear,
concise, constructive, and professional.

Listed on the next page are the several guidelines that you may consider before writing and
posting online.

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Texting

Always consider your audience and your company, and Memos

choose words, terms, or abbreviations that will deliver
your message appropriately and effectively. memos, are one of the most adaptable
document forms used in professional settings. They are usually used for asking and giving
Know your recipient. information, company policy, business reports and proposals. They are often used to inform but they
Use appropriate symbols and codes. are sometimes to persuade. Most companies nowadays use template for their memos and letters.
Never abuse text messaging.
.
outline policies, present short reports, and propose ideas. While they are often used to inform, they
Email can also be persuasive documents.
template that is used for documents such as letters and memos.
Email is very useful for messages for personal or business purposes. It contains slightly more
content than a text message. In more established companies, they prefer to use with fairly brief
messages for efficient and effective communication.

Start with proper salutation.

Use clear, short and specific subject line.
End with your name, company information and
signature.
Avoid abbreviations.
Observe conciseness and good format.
Reread, revise and review before sending to intended
recipients.
.
Avoid using all caps.
Give feedback or follow up.
Test provided links.
Avoid sending emails with large files.

The sample email below demonstrates the principles listed above.

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Follow strictly the institutional memo format.

Complete the memo header block. It appears at the top left side of the memo, immediately
under the word Memo or Memorandum. It is always in large, bold and capitalized letters.
Place a horizontal line under your header block, and place your message below.

TO: (Provide

FROM:

DATE: (Indicate the full date on which the memo is sent)

SUBJECT or RE: (A brief phrase that concisely describes the main content of your memo)

Do I have to read this? Why do I have to read this? What do I need to know? What
am I expected to do now or later?

The length of a memo can range from a few short sentences to a multi-page report that includes
figures, tables, and appendices. Whatever the length, there is a straightforward organizational
principal you should follow. Organize the content of your memo so that it answers the following
questions for the reader:

1. Opening: Do I have to read this? Why do I have to read this?

2. Details: What do I need to know?
3. Closing: What am I expected to do now?

Letters

Letters are written communications usually sent to intended recipients that are outside the
organization. They are usually printed on letterhead paper bearing the business name, address and In writing letters, observe the seven (7) main parts:
contact numbers.
1. Letterhead/logo:
Along with emails and memos, the company still uses letters to communicate formally with a 2. The heading: names the recipient, often including address and date
potential employer (application/cover letter) or introduce a product or service or other purposes 3. Salutation:
(Transmittal letters, Recommendation letters, Complaint letters, Petition letters etc.) 4. The introduction: establishes the overall purpose of the letter
5. The body: provdies the details of the message
There are many types of letters and carry different forms and contents. In this lesson, the 6. The conclusion: restates the main point and may include a call to action
fifteen elements of a traditional block-style letter are considered. 7. The signature line: often includes the contact information

Below is the sample letter of transmittal from Technical Writing Essentials by Suzan Last
meant to introduce a technical report to its recipient.

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Lesson 6: Communication for Academic Purposes Avoid using in-group jargons or specialized language used by groups of like-minded
individuals. You have to bear in mind that you only use in-group jargon when you are
writing for members of that group. You should never use jargon for a general audience
Learning Outcomes without first explaining it.

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to achieve the following:
Avoid using slang or idiomatic expressions in general academic writing.
1. Identify and apply the different stylistic elements of good academic writing.
2. Develop a socio-political analysis paper or a position paper. Avoid using euphemisms or words that veil the truth and other deceitful language.
3. Write a research-based documented essay observing stylistic conventions of academic
writing. Avoid using biased language including language with a racial, ethnic, group, or gender
bias or language that is stereotypical.

Academic Writing Academic Tone. The overall tone refers to the writer's voice in a written work. It is what the
readers might perceive as the writer's attitude, bias, or personality. When writing in an academic
Academic writing refers to a style of
tone, you must take into consideration the following points:
expression that researchers use to define the
intellectual boundaries of their disciplines and
Present the arguments of others
specific areas of expertise. It is designed to
objectively and with an appropriate
convey agreed meaning about complex ideas or
narrative tone.
concepts for a group of scholarly experts.
Describe these arguments accurately
and without biased or loaded language
whenever you present an argument or a
position that you disagree with.
STYLISTIC ELEMENTS OF GOOD ACADEMIC WRITING Investigate the research problem from
an authoritative perspective.
The accepted form of academic writing in diverse disciplines can vary considerably depending State the strong points of your
on the intended audience and the organizational outline. However, most university-level academic arguments confidently by using
papers require careful attention to the following stylistic elements: language that is neutral, not dismissive
or confrontational.
The Overall View. Unlike journalistic or fiction writing, the overall structure of academic Avoid making broad generalizations,
writing is formal and logical. Thus, it is important to take note of the following points: using over-sweeping adjectives, adverbs,
qualifiers, emotional language and
The paper must be cohesive and possess a logically organized flow of ideas -- this suggests inflammatory language.
that the various parts are connected to form a unified whole.
There should be transitional devices or narrative links between sentences and paragraphs Academic Diction. Academic diction refers to the linguistic choices a writer makes to
so that the reader will be able to follow your argument. effectively convey an idea or a standpoint. When writing in an academic diction, you must take note
The introduction should include an explanation of how the rest of the paper is organized of the following points:
Awareness of the words you use is vital
and all sources are properly cited throughout the paper.
because words that have almost the same
denotation or dictionary definition can have
Language. The analysis of research problems in diverse disciplines is often complex and very different connotations or implied
multi-dimensional. Hence, it is significant that you use language that fits your audience and meanings.
matches your purpose. Inappropriate language uses can undermine your argument, damage your
credibility, or alienate your audience. Here are some points to remember: Use concrete and specific words that convey
precise meaning.
The key to successful writing focuses on the levels of formality and conciseness that
Explain what you mean within the context
underscores writing in a style that your audience expects and that fits your purpose. of how that word or phrase is used within a
discipline.
Use clear topic sentences and well-structured paragraphs to enable readers to follow
your line of thinking without difficulty. Be consistent with your labels. Call people
what they want to be called. Use gender
inclusive language. Avoid placing gender
identifiers in front of nouns.

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Hyphens should be limited to connect -
Avoid the use of the following: - -of-
o slang expressions (very informal language that is usually spoken rather than Dashes should be limited to the insertion of an explanatory comment in a sentence.
written, used especially by particular groups of people); Exclamation points are rarely used to express a heightened tone because it can come
o cliché phrases (ideas or expressions that have been used too often and is often across as unsophisticated or over-excited.
considered a sign of bad writing or old-fashioned thinking);
o metaphors or figures of speech (words or phrases used in a non-literal sense for Academic Conventions
rhetorical or vivid effect);
o colloquialisms (common words or phrases used in a nontraditional and informal The most important aspect of academic writing is citing sources in the body of your paper and
way); providing a list of references as either footnotes or endnotes. When considering academic
o jargons (special words or expressions used by a particular profession or group and conventions, you must take into consideration the following points:
are difficult for others to understand);
o big words (difficult words or phrases used for the sake of sounding scholarly); It is essential to always acknowledge the
o meaningless words (words or phrases that hold little meaning when you consider source of any ideas, research findings, data,
the potentially diverse backgrounds of your reading audience); paraphrased, or quoted text that you have
o platitudes (clichés that also pretend to offer advice, lesson, or moral guidance); used in your paper as a defense against
o pejoratives (words or phrases that express the bias of the author); allegations of plagiarism.
o contractions (words made by shortening and combining two words), and text- With reference to academic writing purposes,
messages or short message service (SMS) spellings the guidelines for fair use are reasonably
o These casual expressions may be appropriate in informal or personal messages, but explicit. This means that you may quote from
they are inappropriate in academic research papers. or paraphrase material from previously
published works without formally obtaining
Use personal pronouns carefully. Generally, you also want to avoid using the personal "I"
in an academic paper unless you are writing a reflection paper or a reaction paper.

Writing from the third-person point of view is important in academic research writing
because it makes your paper sounds more assertive, more professional and credible.

Punctuation. To establish the narrative tone of their work, scholars rely on precise words and Rules concerning precise word structure and excellent grammar do not apply when
language. Thus, punctuation marks are used very deliberately. quoting someone. To set off and represent exact language either spoken or written that
has come from somebody else is the primary function of quotation marks. Direct
Semi-colons represent a pause that is quotations involve incorporating another person's exact words into your own writing.
longer than a comma, but shorter than a
period in a sentence. In general, there are The following covers the basic use of quotation marks:
four grammatical uses of semi-colons: - Quotation marks always come in pairs. Do not open a quotation and fail to close it
- when a second clause expands or at the end of the quoted material;
explains the first clause; - Capitalize the first letter of a direct quote when the quoted material is a complete
- to describe a sequence of actions or sentence;
different aspects of the same topic; - Do not use a capital letter when the quoted material is a fragment or only a piece
- placed before clauses which begin of the original material's complete sentence;
- If a direct quotation is interrupted mid-sentence, do not capitalize the second part
"nevertheless", and "therefore"; and of the quotation;
- to mark off a series of phrases or - Note that the period or comma punctuation always comes before the final
clauses which contain commas. quotation mark. However, it is important to realize also that when you are using
If you are not confident about when to some other form of documentation, this punctuation rule may change;
use semi-colons, rewrite using shorter - When quoting text with a spelling or grammar error, you should transcribe the
sentences or revise the paragraph. error exactly in your own text. However, also insert the term sic in italics directly
after the mistake, and enclose it in brackets. Sic is from the Latin, and translates
Colons should be limited to introducing, to "thus," "so," or "just as that." The word tells the readers that your quote is an
announcing or directing attention to a list, a exact reproduction of what you found, and the error is not your own;
noun or noun phrase, a quotation, or an
example/explanation; joining sentences; and
expressing time, in titles, and as part of
other writing conventions.
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A problem statement without the research questions does not qualify as academic writing
because simply identifying the research problem does not establish for the reader how you
will contribute to solving the problem, what aspects you believe are most critical, or suggest
a method for gathering data to better understand the problem.
- When there is a quote within a quotation, enclose the inner quote in single quotation
marks and the whole quotation in double quotation marks; Complexity and Higher-Order Thinking. Academic writing addresses multifaceted issues
- Direct quotations which run to less than five lines are integrated in the text and simply that require higher-order thinking skills applied to understanding the research problem such as
enclosed in quotation marks; creative, critical, logical, and reflective thinking as opposed to, for example, prescriptive or
- Quoted material that runs from five or more lines are indented seven spaces, italicized,
descriptive thinking. When considering complexity and higher-order thinking skills, you must take
and typed single space. The quotation is also indented at least four spaces from the
note of the following:
right-hand margin. No quotation marks are used; and
Cognitive processes that describe
- Quotations are most effective if you use them sparingly and keep them relatively short.
abstract ideas that cannot be
Too many quotations in a research paper will get you accused of not producing original
easily shown with images,
thought or material.
pointed to, or acted out and are
used to express concepts, to
The scholarly convention of citing sources allows readers to identify the resources you
comprehend, and to solve
used in writing your paper so they can independently verify and assess the quality of problems comprise higher-order
findings and conclusions based on your review of the literature.
thinking skills.

Other examples of academic conventions to follow include the appropriate use of headings Reflect on this: One of the most
and subheadings, properly spelling out acronyms when first used in the text, and avoiding significant attributes of a good
unsupported declarative statements. teacher is the ability to explain
complexity in a way that is
Evidence-Based Reasoning understandable and relatable to
Coursework often asks you to express your own
the topic being presented. This is
standpoint about the research problem. However,
also one of the main purposes of
what is valued in academic writing is that
academic writing -- examining
viewpoints or opinions are based on what is often
and explaining the significance
termed, evidence-based reasoning. This type of
of complex ideas as clearly as
reasoning underscores the following:
possible.

A sound understanding of the pertinent

As a writer, you must adopt the role of a good teacher by summarizing a lot of complex
body of knowledge and academic debates
that exist within, and often external to information into a well-organized synthesis of ideas, concepts, and recommendations that
your discipline; contribute to a better understanding of the research problem.

Refining Academic Writing

The need to support your opinion with evidence from scholarly sources;
To improve your academic writing
An objective stance presented as a logical argument; skills, you should focus your efforts on four
key areas:
The quality of your evidence will determine the strength of your argument; and

The challenge is to convince the reader of the validity of your opinion through a well- Clear Writing. The act of thinking
documented, coherent, and logically structured piece of writing, which is particularly about precedes the process of writing about.
important when proposing solutions to problems or delineating recommended courses of Good writers spend sufficient time distilling
action. information and reviewing major points
from the literature they have reviewed
Thesis-Driven. Academic writing is before creating their work. Writing detailed
-
outlines can help you clearly organize your
The starting point is a particular thoughts. Effective academic writing begins
perspective, idea, or position applied to with solid planning, so manage your time
the chosen topic of investigation, such carefully.
as, establishing, proving, or disproving
solutions to the research questions Excellent Grammar. Generally, English grammar can be difficult and complex; even the best
posed for the topic. scholars take many years before they have a command of the major points of good grammar. Take
the time to learn the minor and major points of good grammar to avoid presenting papers riddled
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with errors. Spend time practicing writing and seek detailed feedback from professors. Good
proofreading skills and proper punctuation can significantly improve academic writing.

Credible and Scholarly Sources. Credibility is defined as the quality or power of inspiring
belief. Credible sources, therefore, must be reliable sources that provide information that one can Education Resources Information
believe to be true. It is important to use credible sources in an academic research paper because Center (ERIC) is a database that
your audience will expect you to have backed up your assertions with credible evidence. The five primarily focuses on education, but it
also includes a number of related topics
Scholar, RefSeek, the Internet Public Library (ipl2), and the Education Resources Information such as psychology, social work, and
Center (ERIC). other social issues.

On the other hand, you must refrain from using the following sources when writing an
academic research paper: The Dictionary, About.com, and Wikipedia.com, as well as other Wikis.

access to several resources such as

The Dictionary is a good sources; however,
online databases, e-books, books,
it could not provide you with a more
journals, and other research articles.
specialized definition of terms needed in an
academic research paper.

Google Scholar is a resource that

provides you a list of journal articles,
portable document formats (pdfs), and
About.com could provide useful
websites focusing on much more credible
information such as novel ideas and
and scholarly sources appropriate for an
information related to fashion, health,
academic research paper.
sports, entertainment and the like.
However, such information is
irrelevant to academic research
writing.

RefSeek is a resource that allows you to

research specifically for documents,
giving you a better chance of finding
Wikipedia.com and other Wikis are also
credible information to help you write
good websites; however, the problem with
your research paper.
them is that anyone can write and edit
them, hence you cannot vouch for the
credibility of the given information.

Internet Public Library (ipl2) is a resource

that allows you to search by subject. It
links to websites, rather than scholarly
journals.
Consistent Stylistic Approach. When your professor expresses a preference to use the
American Psychological Association (APA) style, or the Modern Language Association (MLA) style
or the Chicago Manual of Style, choose the suggested style guide and stick to it. Each of these style
guides provide rules on how to write out numbers, references, citations, footnotes, and lists.
Consistent adherence to a style of writing helps with the narrative flow of your paper and improves
its readability.

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ACADEMIC PAPERS

SOCIO-POLITICAL ANALYSIS PAPER

A socio-political analysis paper can be

defined as an analysis of the economic, social, and
political factors that shape a particular country or
situation and how these factors impact the lives
and thoughts of the people. It is considered a
powerful tool for understanding how countries
work and what might be done to help them cope
with their challenges in order to reform and to set
their priorities in a way that make them more
likely to succeed.

Guidelines in Writing a Socio-Political Analysis Paper

Crafting a strong socio-political analysis paper depends largely on its structure and
understanding of the role of each component of the paper.

A Clear Introduction. The paper should begin with introductory paragraphs that introduce
your readers to the problem or question you are addressing; lay out the thesis statement; and

present a general background information or provide your own motivation for writing.

. The problem refers to the wider subject or question you are trying to address
with your paper. You may situate your more specific argument within a broader
problem that states why your paper is relevant economically, socially and politically.

An argumentative thesis statement is not synonymous to the topic of the paper,

nor a statement of fact, nor an observation about the text so obvious or general that
no one would dispute it. Rather, it is an argument or a declaration of what you will
accomplish in the paper. Typically, a thesis takes the form of one to two sentences
placed towards the end of the introductory paragraph.

The roadmap is a plan that follows the thesis statement. It operates like a
previ
highly encouraged on the account that it not only lends clarity to the structure of your
argument, but also provides a check for the logical coherence of the points you make. * Note: The
.
Sample Introduction: -
A Socio-political Analysis Paper written by John Bryden and Eric Silverman (2019) *

Introduction

A Well-organized Body. The body of the paper follows the introduction. It is in this part
where you develop your thesis and defend it with detailed evidence. The structure of the body
should follow the roadmap that you have provided in the introduction. It must be structured
logically so that each point and paragraph flows from the preceding one.

In writing the body, you should take into consideration the main defenses that you need to
make in order to substantiate your thesis and should think about what order makes the most sense;
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how does each proposition relate to the next; and their relationship to the main thesis. Frequently,
the last section of the body of the paper considers alternative explanations or counter-arguments to A Strong Conclusion. The last component of the paper is the conclusion. Here, you should
yours which you present and then argue against in further defense of your thesis. This is not always restate the main ideas; summarize the main concepts or key arguments of the paper and reinforce it
necessary, but in a socio-political analysis paper, it is often a good way to defend your thesis from without repeating or rewording the introduction or body of the paper; draw a conclusion based on
-arguments. the information; and include suggested courses of action and possible solutions or recommendations.

Sample: Conclusion of a Socio-Political Analysis Paper titled:

Sample: Body of a Socio-Political Analysis Paper titled: - A Socio-political Analysis Paper written by
- A Socio-political Analysis Paper written by John John Bryden and Eric Silverman (2019)
Bryden and Eric Silverman (2019)
Conclusion
An Excerpt of the Body of a Socio-Political Analysis Paper

effort amongst pollsters, political scientists and social scientists to unearth the
reasons for his unexpected success. Here, the authors provide a method to
follow the shifts in group membership and influence that can occur in political
parties, and in so doing provide indicators of impending moves toward
extremism within those parties. The results fit into a picture where the Trump

significant shift in the US political landscape. With that in mind, developing a

more robust understanding of how political factions can be identified and
analysed can give readers a way to follow these fast-appearing and highly-
motivated supporter groups, and their influence on politics.

Socio-Political Analysis Paper Performance Task Sheet: Prepare to Analyze, Defend, and Write

1. Prepare a Socio-Political Analysis Paper, following the aforecited structure. The topic is on

2. Proofread your work to ensure that:

a. There are no glaring grammatical or typographical errors that might affect your paper;
b. Sufficient supporting details have been provided for each paragraph.
c. All sources have been properly cited; follow the APA format for Page 2 onwards;
d. The third person perspective is used, since you are presenting statement of facts instead
of a personal belief or narrative; and
e. Your paper is not simply a summary of articles, evidence and authoritative references.

3. Reminders:
Limit your Socio-Political Analysis Paper to 500-600 words (short bond paper);
references excluded; the first page serves as your title page.
Use the font style Arial Narrow, font size 12, with 1.5 spacing
Your paper will be scored using the Rubric for Assessment of Academic Papers adapted
from Wha

Details of submission will be discussed by your professor.

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BatStateU Purposive Communication BatStateU Purposive Communication
POSITION PAPER

The position paper aims to generate

on an issue and the

rationale for that position. It is based on facts

argument.

In the position paper the authors should

use evidence to support position, such as
statistical evidence or indisputable dates and
events; validate position with authoritative
references or primary source quotations;
examine the strengths and weaknesses of the
position; and evaluate possible solutions and
suggest courses of action.

Guidelines in Writing a Position Paper

Just like a socio-political analysis paper, crafting a strong position paper depends largely on
its structure and understanding of the role of each component of the paper.
*
A Clear Introduction. The paper should begin with introductory paragraphs that introduce
your readers to the problem or question you are addressing, lay out the thesis statement or main
position, and provide readers with
introduction, you may likewise present a general background information or provide your own
A Well-organized Body. The body of the paper follows the introduction. It is the nerve center of the
motivation for writing.
paper where you develop your thesis and defend it with detailed evidences. The structure of the
body should follow the roadmap that you have provided in the introduction. It must be structured
The introduction should start with statements written in a way that
logically so that each point and paragraph flows from the preceding one.
paper but it will likewise make the readers want to learn more about the subject.
In writing the body, you should take into consideration the main defenses that you need to make
in order to substantiate your thesis and should think about what order makes the most sense, how
The third part of the introduction should show the main issue of the
does each proposition relate to the next, and their relationship to the main thesis.
paper. Here you give the highlight and interpretation of facts.

Frequently, the last section of the body of the paper considers alternative explanations or
The introduction should end with a solid thesis statement that
counter-arguments to yours which you present and then argue against in further defense of your
expresses your position on the topic. The thesis statement essentially serves as a
thesis. This is not always necessary, but in position paper, it is often a good way to defend your
mini-outline for the paper. It helps you to assert or articulate your ideas and helps
-arguments.
readers understand the purpose of the paper.

After providing a brief introduction of your organization or country and its history concerning
Sample: Introduction of a Position Paper titled:
the topic, present the following typical contents of a good position paper:

the issue and how it affects your organization or country;

olicies;

actions taken by your organization/government with regard to the issue;

ur
organization/country supported or opposed;
what your organization/country believes should be done to address the issue;

resolution;

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how the positions of other organizations/countries affect your
organiz position; and
your best alternative explanations or counter-arguments.

Sample: Body of Position Paper titled:

An Excerpt of the Body of a Position Paper

A Strong Conclusion. The last component of the paper is the conclusion. Here, you should
restate the main ideas; summarize the main concepts or key arguments of the paper and reinforce it
without repeating or rewording the introduction or body of the paper; draw a conclusion based on
the information; and include suggested courses of action and possible solutions or recommendations.

Sample: Conclusion of Position Paper titled:

Conclusion
Europe and the United States are currently the epicenter of the
epidemic, but the pandemic poses a huge risk of expanding the COVID-19
crisis to the global south and to areas of the world with low capacity of the
healthcare systems or fragile economic conditions. The
Union calls for a global response to the pandemic, with full access to reliable
information, discoveries on the virus, its remedies and vaccines, as well as a
common response to the developing economic crisis.
This needs to be ensured through the coordination of global
organisations such as the United Nations and the World Health Organisation,
as well as the intergovernmental economic coordination fora. The European

worldwide ceasefire to commonly fight against the virus. Furthermore, ESU

commits itself to engage with the student organisations of the other continents
to share the experience of students and the mistakes of the handling of the
epidemic in Europe and to shape a common position of the Global Students
Forum on how to protect students in this crisis and respond to it, and how to
ensure a socially fair, green and sustainable recovery for our society as a
whole.

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BatStateU Purposive Communication BatStateU Purposive Communication

Position Paper Performance Task Sheet: Prepare to Analyze, Defend and Write RESEARCH-BASED DOCUMENTED ESSAY

Socio-Political Analysis Paper Performance Task Sheet: Prepare to Analyze, Defend, and Write A research-based documented essay is a
piece of writing in which the authors
1. Prepare a Position Paper, following the aforecited structure. incorporate information such as facts,
a. Choose ONE topic from the following: arguments, and opinions taken from the
i. Fraternities and sororities in state universities writings of authorities in a particular field.
ii. Reviewing the K-12 Program in the Philippines
iii. Modernizing the traditional classroom This type of paper presents and
b. Take the position of a student of Batangas State University. supports the thesis by relying on outside or
secondary sources for development. It is similar
2. Proofread your work to ensure that: to a review of literature on the account that the
There are no glaring grammatical or typographical errors that might affect your paper; authors synthesize and identify the gaps in the
Sufficient supporting details have been provided for each paragraph. writings of authorities in specific fields and
All sources have been properly cited; follow the APA format for Page 2 onwards; then generate a new thesis statement out of
The third person perspective is used, since you are presenting statement of facts instead them.
of a personal belief or narrative; and
Your paper is not simply a summary of articles, evidence and authoritative references. Guidelines in Writing a Research-Based Documented Paper

Just like a socio-political analysis paper and a position paper, crafting a strong research-
3. Reminders:
based documented essay depends largely on its structure and understanding of the role of each
Limit your Position Paper to 500-600 words (short bond paper); references excluded; the component of the paper.
first page serves as your title page.
Use the font style Arial Narrow, font size 12, with 1.5 spacing rgin on all sides. A Clear Introduction. The paper should begin with introductory paragraphs that introduce
Your paper will be scored using the Rubric for Assessment of Academic Papers adapted your readers to the problem or question you are addressing, lay out the thesis statement, and

present a general background information or provide your own motivation for writing.
Details of submission will be discussed by your professor.
The introduction should start with two paragraphs written in a way that

paper but it will likewise make the readers want to learn more about the subject.

The third paragraph of the introduction should show the main issue of
the paper. Here, you give the highlight and interpretation of facts.

The introduction should end with a solid thesis statement that

expresses your position on the topic. The thesis statement essentially serves as a
mini-outline for the paper. It helps you to assert or articulate your ideas and helps
readers understand the purpose of the paper.

Sample: Introduction of a Research-based Documented Essay titled:

Introduction

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BatStateU Purposive Communication BatStateU Purposive Communication

*

A Well-organized Body. The body of the paper follows the introduction. It is the nerve center of the
paper where you develop your thesis and defend it with detailed evidences. The structure of the
body should follow the roadmap that you have provided in the introduction. It must be structured
logically so that each point and paragraph flows from the preceding one. In writing the body, you
may consider the two approaches in arranging your arguments.

You can start with the most significant points or with the strongest arguments and end with
the least significant arguments. Likewise, you can start by presenting the least significant points
and end with the strongest one. It is noteworthy to mention that every argument should be
expressed in a distinct paragraph to avoid confusion among readers.

Moreover, since documented articles entails evidence, facts, and opinion, you need to back up
your arguments with quotes extracted from a scholarly source to induce the target audie
You should accurately and thoroughly inform the readers what has already been published about
the issue or others related to it and noted important gaps in the research. You should provide
evidence to support your argument that the readers find convincing. The paper includes a
description of how and why particular evidence was collected and analyzed, and why specific
theoretical arguments or concepts were used.

The following structure is typical of a good research-based documented essay:

First Argument
- presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the writings
of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source, statistical
data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events;

- presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the

writings of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source,
statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events;

Second Argument
- presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the writings
of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source, statistical
data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events;

- presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the

writings of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source,
statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events;

Third Argument
- presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the writings
of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source, statistical
data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events;

- presents a synthesis and identifies the gap/s in the

writings of authorities in a specific field extracted from a scholarly source,
statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or events;

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BatStateU Purposive Communication BatStateU Purposive Communication

Counter-argument
- present syntheses and quotes extracted from a scholarly
source, statistical data, interviews with experts, and indisputable dates or
events as your best alternative explanations or counter-arguments;

to refute opposing view/s - present syntheses and quotes

extracted from a scholarly source, statistical data, interviews with experts, and
indisputable dates or events as your best alternative explanations or counter-
arguments; and

Finally, generate your new thesis statement based on the cited syntheses and gaps as
well as from the information that support your thesis statement.

Sample: Body of a Research-based Documented Essay titled:

An Except of the Body of a Research-Based Documented Essay

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Rubric for the Assessment of Academic Papers

Needs
Proficient /
Exceptional Average / Fair Improvement/
Criteria Very Good
Poor
4 Points 3 Points 2 Points 1 Point
The paper
demonstrates
that the author The paper
* fully demonstrates
understands that the author,
The paper
and has applied for the most
demonstrates The paper does
concepts learned part,
that the author, not demonstrate
A Strong Conclusion. The last component of the paper is the conclusion. Here, you should: in the course. understands and
to a certain that the author
Integration Concepts are has applied
extent, has fully
of integrated into concepts learned
restate the main ideas; understands understood and
Knowledge in the course.
summarize the main concepts or key arguments of the paper and reinforce it without and has applied applied concepts
insights. The Some of the
concepts learned in the
repeating or rewording the introduction or body of the paper; conclusions,
writer provides learned course.
draw a conclusion based on the information; and concluding however, are not
In the course.
include suggested courses of action and possible solutions or recommendations. remarks that supported in the
show analysis body of the
and synthesis of paper.
Sample: Conclusion of a Research-based Documented Essay titled:
ideas.
The topic is
focused
narrowly The topic is
enough for the focused but lacks
Conclusion scope of this direction. The
The topic is too
assignment. A paper is about
This documented essay aimed to answer the essential question: What broad for the The topic is not
Topic Focus thesis statement a specific topic
scope of this clearly defined.
provides but the writer
the two chief contending schools of thought designated as Decentralization: assignment.
direction for the has not
Federalism, Chinese Style and Foreign Investment were refuted and shown to be paper, either by established a
inappropriate and insu statement of a position.
economic growth. The argument of the decentralization school is flawed because position or
both the effect of decentralization on economic growth and the extent of hypothesis.
decentralization in China have been overstated and over-exaggerated. The fatal
weakness of the foreign investment school of thought was exposed by examining The writer has
the fundamental dependency of foreign investment upon the quality of human omitted
Cursory
capital in terms of stimulating economic growth. In reality, the principle driver pertinent
discussion in all
In-depth In-depth content or
the sections of
under the leadership of a strong and pragmatic central party. Effective central discussion and discussion and content runs-on
Depth of the paper or
leadership created a developmental state set to drive economic growth by elaboration in elaboration in excessively.
Discussion brief discussion
implementing gradual reforms through experimentation rather than neo-liberal all sections of most sections Quotations from
in
economic shock therapies. The gradual market-oriented reforms under pragmatic the paper. of the paper. others outweigh
only a few
sections.
in defiance of all conventions. ideas
excessively.
*

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BatStateU Purposive Communication BatStateU Purposive Communication

Ties together Sometimes ties

information For the most together Does not tie References
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Paper flows together from all information.
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