IN-LB Inch-Pound Units

An ACI Standard

Building Code Requirements

for Structural Concrete
Reinforced with Glass Fiber-
Reinforced Polymer (GFRP)
Bars—Code and Commentary
Reported by ACI Committee 440
ACI CODE-440.11-22
 First Printing: September 2022
ERRATA as of March 13, 2023
ISBN: 978-1-64195-193-7

Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced
Polymer (GFRP) Bars—Code and Commentary

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 ACI CODE-440.11-22

Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete

Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer
(GFRP) Bars—Code and Commentary
An ACI Standard
Reported by ACI Committee 440

Maria Lopez de Murphy, Chair John J. Myers, Secretary

Ehab Ahmed Raafat El-Hacha Mark P. Henderson Sami H. Rizkalla

Tarek Alkhrdaji Ehab F. El-Salakawy Ravindra Kanitkar Rajan Sen
Charles E. Bakis Garth J. Fallis Yail Jimmy Kim Rudolf Seracino
Abdeldjelil Belarbi Amir Z. Fam Michael W. Lee Venkatesh Seshappa
Brahim Benmokrane Russell Gentry Eric MacFarlane Xavier Seynave
Luke A. Bisby William J. Gold Radhouane Masmoudi Carol K. Shield†
Gregg J. Blaszak Nabil F. Grace Antonio Nanni Pedro F. Silva
Hakim Bouadi Mark F. Green Ayman M. Okeil Jay Thomas
Timothy E. Bradberry Doug D. Gremel Carlos E. Ospina J. Gustavo Tumialan
Vicki L. Brown* Shawn P. Gross Maria A. Polak David White
John P. Busel Issam E. Harik Max L. Porter Sarah E. Witt
Lijuan Cheng Kent A. Harries Hayder A. Rasheed
Chair of Subcommittee responsible for developing this Code.
*

Vice Chair of Subcommittee responsible for developing this Code.

†

Consulting Members
P. N. Balaguru Koichi Kishitani Hajime Okamura Luc R. Taerwe
Lawrence C. Bank Howard S. Kliger Mark A. Postma Houssam A. Toutanji
C. J. Burgoyne Ibrahim M. Mahfouz Surendra P. Shah Taketo Uomoto
Rami M. Elhassan Kyuichi Maruyama Mohsen Shahawy Paul Zia
David M. Gale Amir Mirmiran Yasuhisa Sonobe
Srinivasa L. Iyer Antoine E. Naaman Minoru Sugita

The contributions of Peter H. Bischoff and Douglas G. Tomlinson to the development of this Code are acknowledged.

This Code was developed by an ANSI-approved consensus process Keywords: admixtures; aggregates; beam-column frame; beams (supports);
and addresses structural systems, members, and connections, cements; columns (supports); combined stress; composite construction
including cast-in-place, precast, nonprestressed, and composite (concrete to concrete); compressive strength; concrete; construction docu-
ments; continuity (structural); cover; curing; deflections; durability; flex-
construction. The “Building Code Requirements for Structural
ural strength; floors; footings; formwork (construction); GFRP reinforce-
Concrete Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) ment; inspection; joints (junctions); joists; load tests (structural); loads
Bars” (“Code”) provides minimum requirements for the mate- (forces); mixture proportioning; modulus of elasticity; moments; piles;
rials, design, and detailing of structural concrete buildings and, placing; precast concrete; quality control; reinforced concrete; roofs;
where applicable, nonbuilding structures reinforced with GFRP serviceability; shear strength; spans; splicing; strength analysis; stresses;
bars that conform to the requirements of ASTM D7957-22. Among structural analysis; structural design; structural integrity; structural walls;
the subjects covered are: design and construction for strength, T-beams; torsion; walls; water.
serviceability, and durability; load combinations, load factors, and
ACI CODE-440.11-22 became effective September 2, 2022, and was published
strength reduction factors; structural analysis methods; deflection
September 2022.
limits; development and splicing of reinforcement; construction Copyright © 2022, American Concrete Institute.
document information; field inspection and testing; and methods to All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by
evaluate the strength of existing structures. any means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic
or mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual
reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless
permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.

1
2 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REINFORCED W/ GFRP BARS (ACI CODE-440.11-22)

CONTENTS 6.9—Acceptability of finite element analysis.................61

6.8—Inelastic analysis....................................................61
PREFACE, p. 5
CHAPTER 7—ONE-WAY SLABS, p. 63
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL, p. 7 7.1—Scope......................................................................63
1.1—Scope of ACI CODE-440.11-22...............................7 7.2—General...................................................................63
1.2—General.....................................................................7 7.3—Design limits..........................................................63
1.3—Purpose.....................................................................8 7.4—Required strength...................................................64
1.4—Applicability.............................................................8 7.5—Design strength.......................................................64
1.5—Interpretation............................................................9 7.6—GFRP reinforcement limits....................................65
1.6—Building official......................................................10 7.7—GFRP reinforcement detailing................................66
1.7—Licensed design professional.................................10
1.8—Construction documents and design records..........11 CHAPTER 8—TWO-WAY SLABS, p. 69
1.9—Testing and inspection............................................11 8.1—Scope......................................................................69
1.10—Approval of special systems of design, construc- 8.2—General...................................................................69
tion, or alternative construction materials.......................11 8.3—Design limits..........................................................71
8.4—Required strength...................................................72
CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY, 8.5—Design strength.......................................................76
p. 13 8.6—GFRP reinforcement limits....................................77
2.1—Scope......................................................................13 8.7—GFRP reinforcement detailing................................78
2.2—Notation..................................................................13 8.8—Nonprestressed two-way joist systems—Out of
2.3—Terminology...........................................................20 scope................................................................................82
8.9—Lift-slab construction—Out of scope.....................82
CHAPTER 3—REFERENCED STANDARDS, p. 30
3.1—Referenced standards..............................................30 CHAPTER 9—BEAMS, p. 83
9.1—Scope......................................................................83
CHAPTER 4—STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 9.2—General...................................................................83
REQUIREMENTS, p. 32 9.3—Design limits..........................................................84
4.1—Scope......................................................................32 9.4—Required strength...................................................85
4.2—Materials.................................................................32 9.5—Design strength.......................................................87
4.3—Design loads...........................................................32 9.6—GFRP reinforcement limits....................................88
4.4—Structural system and load paths............................32 9.7—GFRP reinforcement detailing................................91
4.5—Structural analysis..................................................34 9.8—One-way joist systems..........................................100
4.6—Strength..................................................................34 9.9—Deep beams—Out of scope..................................101
4.7—Serviceability..........................................................35
4.8—Durability...............................................................35 CHAPTER 10—COLUMNS, p. 102
4.9—Sustainability..........................................................36 10.1—Scope..................................................................102
4.10—Structural integrity................................................36 10.2—General...............................................................102
4.11—Fire resistance and elevated service temperature.36 10.3—Design limits......................................................102
4.12—Requirements for specific types of construction..40 10.4—Required strength...............................................103
4.13—Construction and inspection.................................41 10.5—Design strength...................................................104
4.14—Strength evaluation of existing structures............41 10.6—GFRP reinforcement limits................................105
10.7—GFRP reinforcement detailing............................105
CHAPTER 5—LOADS, p. 42
5.1—Scope......................................................................42 CHAPTER 11—WALLS, p. 110
5.2—General...................................................................42 11.1—Scope..................................................................110
5.3—Load factors and combinations..............................42 11.2—General...............................................................110
11.3—Design limits.......................................................111
CHAPTER 6—STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS, p. 47 11.4—Required strength...............................................111
6.1—Scope......................................................................47 11.5—Design strength...................................................112
6.2—General...................................................................47 11.6—GFRP reinforcement limits.................................114
6.3—Modeling assumptions............................................50 11.7—GFRP reinforcement detailing............................115
6.4—Arrangement of live load........................................52 11.8—Alternative method for out-of-plane slender wall
6.5—Simplified method of analysis for continuous beams analysis—Out of scope..................................................116
and one-way slabs...........................................................53
6.6—First-order analysis.................................................54
6.7—Linear elastic second-order analysis......................60
6.8—Inelastic analysis—Out of scope............................61

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 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REINFORCED W/ GFRP BARS (ACI CODE-440.11-22) 3

CHAPTER 12—DIAPHRAGMS—NOT ADDRESSED, CHAPTER 21—STRENGTH REDUCTION

p. 117 FACTORS, p. 153
21.1—Scope..................................................................153
CHAPTER 13—FOUNDATIONS, p. 118 21.2—Strength reduction factors for structural concrete
13.1—Scope..................................................................118 members and connections.............................................153
13.2—General...............................................................120
13.3—Shallow foundations...........................................123 CHAPTER 22—SECTIONAL STRENGTH, p. 155
13.4—Deep foundations................................................125 22.1—Scope..................................................................155
22.2—Design assumptions for moment and axial strength
CHAPTER 14—PLAIN CONCRETE—NOT 155
APPLICABLE, p. 127 22.3—Flexural strength.................................................157
22.4—Axial strength or combined flexural and axial
CHAPTER 15—BEAM-COLUMN AND SLAB- strength..........................................................................160
COLUMN JOINTS, p. 128 22.5—One-way shear strength......................................161
15.1—Scope..................................................................128 22.6—Two-way shear strength......................................168
15.2—General...............................................................128 22.7—Torsional strength...............................................171
15.3—Transfer of column axial force through the floor 22.8—Bearing...............................................................178
system............................................................................128 22.9—Shear friction—Out of scope..............................180
15.4—Detailing of joints...............................................129
CHAPTER 23—STRUT-AND-TIE METHOD—NOT
CHAPTER 16—CONNECTIONS BETWEEN ADDRESSED, p. 181
MEMBERS, p. 131
16.1—Scope..................................................................131 CHAPTER 24—SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS,
16.2—Connections of precast members—Out of scope..... p. 182
131 24.1—Scope..................................................................182
16.3—Connections to foundations................................131 24.2—Deflections due to service-level gravity loads....182
16.4—Horizontal shear transfer in composite concrete 24.3—Distribution of GFRP flexural reinforcement in
flexural members...........................................................133 one-way slabs and beams..............................................187
16.5—Brackets and corbels—Out of scope..................134 24.4—GFRP shrinkage and temperature reinforcement.....
189
CHAPTER 17—ANCHORING TO CONCRETE—NOT 24.5—Permissible stresses in prestressed concrete flex-
ADDRESSED, p. 135 ural members—Out of scope.........................................190
24.6—Permissible tensile stresses in GFRP reinforce-
CHAPTER 18—EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT ment...............................................................................190
STRUCTURES—NOT ADDRESSED, p. 136
CHAPTER 25—GFRP REINFORCEMENT DETAILS,
CHAPTER 19—CONCRETE: DESIGN AND p. 192
DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS, p. 137 25.1—Scope..................................................................192
19.1—Scope..................................................................137 25.2—Minimum spacing of GFRP reinforcement........192
19.2—Concrete design properties.................................137 25.3—Standard hooks, crossties, and minimum inside
19.3—Concrete durability requirements.......................138 bend diameters...............................................................192
19.4—Grout durability requirements—Out of scope....146 25.4—Development of GFRP reinforcement................193
25.5—Splices................................................................196
CHAPTER 20—GFRP REINFORCEMENT 25.6—Bundled reinforcement—Out of scope..............198
PROPERTIES, DURABILITY, AND EMBEDMENTS, 25.7—GFRP transverse reinforcement.........................198
p. 147 25.8—Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers—Out of
20.1—Scope..................................................................147 scope..............................................................................205
20.2—GFRP bars..........................................................147 25.9—Anchorage zones for post-tensioned tendons—Out
20.3—Prestressing strands, wires, and bars—Out of of scope.........................................................................205
scope..............................................................................149
20.4—Headed shear stud reinforcement—Out of scope..... CHAPTER 26—CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
149 AND INSPECTION, p. 206
20.5—Provisions for durability of GFRP reinforcement.... 26.1—Scope..................................................................206
149 26.2—Design criteria....................................................207
20.6—Embedments.......................................................151 26.3—Member information..........................................208
26.4—Concrete materials and mixture requirements....208
26.5—Concrete production and construction................216

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4 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REINFORCED W/ GFRP BARS (ACI CODE-440.11-22)

26.6—GFRP reinforcement materials and construction 27.2—General...............................................................235

requirements..................................................................221 27.3—Analytical strength evaluation............................236
26.7—Anchoring to concrete—Out of scope................223 27.4—Strength evaluation by load test.........................237
26.8—Embedments.......................................................223 27.5—Monotonic load test procedure...........................238
26.9—Additional requirements for precast concrete....224
26.10—Additional requirements for prestressed APPENDIX—EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SI-
concrete—Out of scope.................................................225 METRIC, MSK-METRIC, AND U.S. CUSTOMARY
26.11—Formwork.........................................................225 UNITS OF NONHOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS IN
26.12—Evaluation and acceptance of hardended concrete. THE CODE, p. 241
227
26.13—Inspection.........................................................232 COMMENTARY REFERENCES, p. 244
Authored documents.....................................................245
CHAPTER 27—STRENGTH EVALUATION OF
EXISTING CONCRETE STRUCTURES, p. 235
27.1—Scope..................................................................235

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 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REINFORCED W/ GFRP BARS (ACI CODE-440.11-22) 5

PREFACE
This Code was developed by an ANSI-approved consensus process and addresses structural systems, members, and connec-
tions, including cast-in-place, precast, nonprestressed, and composite construction. The “Building Code Requirements for
Structural Concrete Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bars” (“Code”) provides minimum requirements
for the materials, design, and detailing of structural concrete buildings and, where applicable, nonbuilding structures reinforced
with GFRP bars that conform to the requirements of ASTM D7957-22, “Standard Specification for Solid Round Glass Fiber
Reinforced Polymer Bars for Concrete Reinforcement.” Among the subjects covered are: design and construction for strength,
serviceability, and durability; load combinations, load factors, and strength reduction factors; structural analysis methods;
deflection limits; development and splicing of reinforcement; construction document information; field inspection and testing;
and methods to evaluate the strength of existing structures.
This Code covers the design of reinforced concrete members that are reinforced entirely with GFRP; the design of “hybrid”
members with mixed types of reinforcement is outside the scope of this Code. However, this Code can be used for the design of
GFRP-reinforced concrete members that are part of a structure that also includes members that are not reinforced with GFRP.
In such a situation, this Code would cover the design of the GFRP-reinforced concrete members, and other suitable standards
(such as ACI 318) would cover the design of other types of members in the structure. This Code covers the design of GFRP-
reinforced concrete members in a structure assigned to Seismic Design Category (SDC) A. This Code also covers the design of
GFRP-reinforced concrete members not designated as part of the seismic-force-resisting system in Seismic Design Categories B
and C. This initial version of the Code, which has been developed from the body of GFRP-reinforced concrete research that has
been published over the past 30 years, does not cover GFRP-reinforced concrete members in any structure assigned to Seismic
Design Categories D, E, and F although subsequent editions of this Code are expected to incorporate additional SDCs as further
research becomes available. Other topics that are not addressed in this version of the Code but are expected to be covered
in subsequent editions include prestressed construction, lightweight concrete, shotcrete, connections of precast members,
diaphragms, deep beams, drilled piers and caissons, brackets and corbels, methods for designing discontinuity regions using
strut-and-tie theory where section-based methods do not apply, shear friction, and anchoring to concrete.
This Code is dependent on ACI 318-19 and adheres to the chapter and section numbering of ACI 318-19, with the exception
of Chapter 15 in which language and numbering is dependent on ACI 318-14. This Code does not include several chapters that
are addressed in ACI 318-19, specifically Chapter 12: Diaphragms, Chapter 17: Anchoring to Concrete, Chapter 18: Earth-
quake-Resistant Structures, and Chapter 23: Strut-and-Tie Method. These chapters have been identified as “Not Addressed”
in this version of the Code, but are expected to be included in future versions of this Code as additional research becomes
available. This Code also does not include Chapter 14: Plain Concrete from ACI 318-19 which has been identified as “Not
Applicable” because it is not related to design with GFRP reinforcement and is not expected to be included in future versions
of this Code, as ACI 318 is the applicable standard. Within chapters, the terms “out of scope” and “not applicable” are used
for numbered section headings from ACI 318-19 that are not covered by this Code, while the term “intentionally left blank” is
used as a place holder to maintain consistency with section numbering in situations where ACI 318-19 includes a numbered
provision that is not also in this Code.
For ease of use, language in common with ACI 318 has been reproduced in this document. Provisions that are identical to
ACI 318-19 are denoted with an equal sign (“=”). Accordingly, this Code follows the organizational philosophy of ACI 318,
which is to present all design and detailing requirements for structural systems or for individual members in chapters devoted to
those individual subjects, and to arrange the chapters in a manner that generally follows the process and chronology of design
and construction. Information and procedures that are common to the design of multiple members are located in utility chapters.
Uses of the Code include adoption by reference in a general building code. The Code is written in a format that allows such
reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or
intent of the Code provisions cannot be included within the Code itself. The Commentary is provided for this purpose. This
Code can supplement a current International Code Council (ICC) building code, supplement the codes governing new and
existing structures of a local jurisdiction authority, or act as a stand-alone code in a locality that has not adopted an existing
building code.
Some considerations of the committee in developing the Code are discussed in the Commentary, with emphasis given to the
explanation of differences in design between GFRP-reinforced concrete and steel-reinforced concrete. For example, GFRP
bars do not yield; rather, they are linear elastic until failure. Design procedures in this Code account for this difference from
the traditional steel-reinforced concrete design procedures adopted in ACI 318, and approach design from the perspective of
deformability (the ability of a member to undergo large displacements prior to failure) rather than from the steel-reinforced
concrete design focus on ductility. Consequently, this Code permits GFRP-reinforced concrete flexural members to have either
tension-controlled or compression-controlled failure modes.
Furthermore, GFRP bars possess high tensile strength only in the direction of the reinforcing fibers, which affects shear
strength, dowel action, and bond performance; thus, design equations for shear strength and development length are necessarily
different from the equations used for steel reinforcement in ACI 318, although the design procedures themselves are similar.
Other significant differences from ACI 318 occur in serviceability design for deflection and crack control, as the stiffness of
GFRP reinforcement can be as small as one-fourth that of steel reinforcement. Because the mechanical and bond properties of

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6 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REINFORCED W/ GFRP BARS (ACI CODE-440.11-22)

GFRP bars are more negatively impacted at elevated temperatures than are steel bars, and reports from ASTM E119 fire tests
on GFRP-reinforced concrete members are not yet available, this Code is only applicable where fire-resistance ratings are not
required or where approved by the building official under the alternative means and methods provisions of 1.10.1. Recommen-
dations for increasing the fire resistance of GFRP-reinforced concrete members have been included in the Commentary. Much
of the research data referenced in the Commentary is cited for the user desiring greater detail on this subject. Other documents
that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the Code are also cited in the Commentary.

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 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REINFORCED W/ GFRP BARS (ACI CODE-440.11-22) 7

CODE COMMENTARY
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL CHAPTER R1—GENERAL

1.1—Scope of ACI CODE-440.11-22 R1.1—Scope of ACI CODE-440.11-22

=
1.1.1 This chapter addresses (a) through (h): R1.1.1 This Code includes provisions for the design of
(a) General requirements of this Code nonprestressed glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP)-
(b) Purpose of this Code reinforced concrete used for structural purposes. This Code
(c) Applicability of this Code does not address concrete prestressed with GFRP. This Code
(d) Interpretation of this Code does not cover any applications of steel reinforcement of
(e) Definition and role of the building official and the concrete. The design of structural concrete reinforced with
licensed design professional steel is governed by ACI 318. This Code covers the design
(f) Construction documents of reinforced concrete members that are reinforced entirely
(g) Testing and inspection with GFRP; the design of “hybrid” members with mixed
(h) Approval of special systems of design, construction, or types of reinforcement is outside the scope of this Code.
alternative construction materials However, this Code can be used for the design of GFRP-
reinforced concrete members that are part of a structure that
also includes members that are not reinforced with GFRP.
Steel reinforcement may be present in GFRP-reinforced
concrete members designed using this Code, but the steel
reinforcement should not be considered as part of the rein-
forcement for that member for the purposes of strength or
serviceability calculations.
This Code is a dependent code on ACI 318-19. This
chapter includes a number of provisions that explain where
this Code applies and how it is to be interpreted.

1.2—General R1.2—General
1.2.1 ACI CODE-440.11, “Building Code Requirements
for Structural Concrete Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Rein-
forced Polymer (GFRP) Bars,” is hereafter referred to as
“this Code.”

=
1.2.2 In this Code, the general building code refers to the R1.2.2 The American Concrete Institute recommends
=

building code adopted in a jurisdiction. When adopted, this that this Code be adopted in its entirety.
Code forms part of the general building code.

=
1.2.3 The official version of this Code is the English R1.2.3 Committee 440 develops the Code in English,
language version, using inch-pound units, published by the using inch-pound units. Based on that version, Committee
American Concrete Institute. 440 approved a version in English using SI units.

=
1.2.4 In case of conflict between the official version of
this Code and other versions of this Code, the official version
governs.

1.2.5 This Code provides minimum requirements for the R1.2.5 This Code provides minimum requirements and
=

materials, design, construction, and strength evaluation of exceeding these minimum requirements is not a violation of
GFRP-reinforced concrete members and systems in any the Code.
structure designed and constructed under the requirements The licensed design professional may specify project
of the general building code. requirements that exceed the minimum requirements of this
Code.

=
1.2.6 Modifications to this Code that are adopted by a
particular jurisdiction are part of the laws of that jurisdiction,
but are not a part of this Code.

=
1.2.7 If no general building code is adopted, this Code
provides minimum requirements for the materials, design,

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8 CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE REINFORCED W/ GFRP BARS (ACI CODE-440.11-22)

CODE COMMENTARY
construction, and strength evaluation of members and
systems in any structure within the scope of this Code.

1.3—Purpose R1.3—Purpose
1.3.1 The purpose of this Code is to provide for public R1.3.1 This Code provides a means of establishing
health and safety by establishing minimum requirements for minimum requirements for the design and construction
strength, stability, serviceability, durability, and integrity of of GFRP-reinforced concrete, as well as for acceptance
GFRP-reinforced concrete structures. of design and construction of GFRP-reinforced concrete
structures by the building officials or their designated
representatives.
This Code does not provide a comprehensive statement of
all duties of all parties to a contract or all requirements of a
contract for a project constructed under this Code.

1.3.2 This Code does not address all design considerations.

=
R1.3.2 The minimum requirements in this Code do not
=

replace sound professional judgment or the licensed design

professional’s knowledge of the specific factors surrounding
a project, its design, the project site, and other specific or
unusual circumstances to the project.

1.3.3 Construction means and methods are not addressed

=

in this Code.

1.4—Applicability R1.4—Applicability
1.4.1 This Code shall apply to GFRP-reinforced concrete
structures designed and constructed under the requirements
of the general building code.

1.4.2 Provisions of this Code shall be permitted to be

= =
R1.4.2 Specific provisions for assessment, repair, and
used for the assessment, repair, and rehabilitation of existing rehabilitation of existing concrete structures are provided in
structures. ACI 562-19. Existing structures in ACI 562 are defined as
structures that are complete and permitted for use.

1.4.3 Applicable provisions of this Code shall be

=
R1.4.3 Structures such as underground utility structures
permitted to be used for structures not governed by the and sea walls involve design and construction requirements
general building code. that are not specifically addressed by this Code. Many Code
provisions, however, may be applicable for these structures
if approved by the authority having jurisdiction.

1.4.4 Intentionally left blank.

1.4.5 This Code shall apply to the design of slabs cast on

=
R1.4.5 In its most basic application, the noncomposite
stay-in-place, noncomposite steel decks. steel deck serves as a form, and the concrete slab is designed
to resist all loads, while in other applications the concrete
slab may be designed to resist only the superimposed loads.

1.4.6 Intentionally left blank.

1.4.7 This Code does not apply to the design and installa- R1.4.7 The design and installation of concrete piles fully
tion of concrete piles, drilled piers, and caissons embedded embedded in the ground is regulated by the general building
in ground, except as provided in (a) and (b): code.
(a) For portions of deep foundation members in air or
water, or in soil incapable of providing adequate lateral
restraint to prevent buckling throughout their length
(b) For precast concrete piles supporting structures
assigned to Seismic Design Categories A and B

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