Electric
vehicle-
Study of
Battery Prepared By
Diksha Bhosale
Introduction:
Batteries have come a long way since the invention of the voltaic pile in
1800. Today, they are integral to modern life, powering everything from portable
electronic devices to grid-scale energy storage solutions. The demand for high-
performance batteries has grown significantly with the increasing prevalence of electric
vehicles and the need for efficient energy storage in renewable power systems.
Components of vehicles:
1. Engine
2. Transmission
3. Brakes
4. Wheels and Tires
5. Fuel System
6. Electrical System
7. Battery (in Electric Vehicles)
8. Fluids(Oil,Coolant,BrakeFluid)
Battery:
A battery is a device that stores and provides electrical energy through electrochemical
reactions. It typically consists of one or more electrochemical cells, each composed of two electrodes
(a positive and a negative) separated by an electrolyte. When a battery is connected to an external
circuit, a chemical reaction occurs within the cell, leading to the flow of electrons from the negative
electrode (anode) to the positive electrode (cathode) through the external circuit. This flow of
electrons constitutes an electric current, which can be utilized to power electronic devices or perform
work.
Types of battery:
1. Disposable Batteries: These are designed for single-use and are discarded after their energy is
depleted. Examples include alkaline batteries and zinc-carbon batteries.
2. Rechargeable Batteries: These batteries can be recharged by reversing the electrochemical reactions.
Common types include nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), and lithium-ion (Li-ion)
batteries.
3. Lead-Acid Batteries: Widely used in automotive applications, lead-acid batteries consist of lead
dioxide (positive electrode), sponge lead (negative electrode), and a sulfuric acid electrolyte.
4. Lithium-Ion Batteries: Commonly found in portable electronics and electric vehicles, these batteries
use lithium ions as the charge carriers. They are known for their high energy density and
rechargeability.
Lithium-Ion Battery:
A lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery is a type of rechargeable battery that uses lithium ions as the
charge carriers. It is widely used in various electronic devices, including smartphones, laptops, cameras,
and electric vehicles, due to its high energy density and long cycle life.
The basic structure of a lithium-ion battery includes several key components:
1. Cathode: The positive electrode of the battery. It is typically composed of a lithium metal oxide, such
as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), or lithium iron phosphate
(LiFePO4). The specific cathode material influences the performance characteristics of the battery, such
as energy density and stability.
2. Anode: The negative electrode, usually made of carbon, commonly in the form of graphite. During
discharging, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte and external
circuit. During charging, this process is reversed.
3. Electrolyte: The electrolyte is a conductive medium that allows the flow of lithium ions between the
cathode and anode. It is typically a lithium salt dissolved in a solvent. Common electrolyte materials
include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in a mixture of organic solvents.
4. Separator: A porous membrane that physically separates the cathode and anode, preventing direct
contact between them while allowing the flow of lithium ions. The separator is usually made of a
polymer material.
5. Current Collectors: Conductive materials, often made of metal foils (aluminium for the cathode and
copper for the anode), that facilitate the flow of electrons between the electrodes and the external
circuit.
Working of lithium-ion battery:
The working of a lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery involves a series of electrochemical reactions that occur
during both the discharge (when the battery provides electrical power) and the charge (when the
battery is being replenished) cycles. Here's a step-by-step explanation of how a lithium-ion battery
operates:
1. Discharge (Providing Power): a. Anode Reaction: When the battery is in use, lithium ions (Li+) in
the anode (typically made of graphite) release electrons (e-) and move towards the cathode.
b .Electron Flow: Electrons generated by the anode reaction flow through the external circuit,
providing electrical power to connected devices or systems.
c. Cathode Reaction: Lithium ions from the anode move through the electrolyte and separator to the
cathode, where they are absorbed.
d. Overall Discharge Reaction: The combination of the anode and cathode reactions results in the
release of electrical energy.
2. Charge (Replenishing Energy): a. Cathode Reaction: During charging, an external voltage is
applied to the battery, causing lithium ions in the cathode (commonly a lithium metal oxide) to release
electrons.
b. Electron Flow: Electrons move through the external circuit back to the anode.
c. Anode Reaction: Lithium ions from the cathode move through the electrolyte and separator to the
anode, where they are absorbed.
d. Overall Charge Reaction: The combination of the cathode and anode reactions stores electrical
energy in the battery.
