MAVHUNGU LUVHENGO
12760463
PLC2602
EXAM
06/11/2023
DECLARATION OF OWN WORK
I,
MAVHUNGU LUVHENGO
(NAME and SURNAME) confirm that:
• this MODULE contains my own, original ideas and work
• those ideas, or work, that are not my own, have been cited through the prescribed referencing
system which I have familiarised myself with in Tutorial Letter CMNALL/E/301
• I have not submitted the ideas or work contained in this MODULE for any other tertiary
education credit
Policy on Research
• I have read the University’s Policy of Research Ethics [Link]
• I have read and understood the PLAGIARISM POWERPOINT FOR UNDER- GRADUATE STUDIES
(available under “Additional Sources” on myUnisa)
• I have familiarised myself with the library guides ON PLAGIARISM AND ETHICS offered by
Unisa’s library: [Link]
• I have read and understood Unisa’s Policy for Copyright Infringement and
Plagiarism, and I am aware that plagiarism is punishable in terms of the Copyright Act 98 of 1978
and I have read the regulations of the University of South Africa in this respect, available online:
[Link]
ents/Policy_copyright_infringement_plagiarism_16November2005.pdf
12760463
_________________
STUDENT NUMBER
________________ 2023/11/06
_____________
SIGNATURE DATE
GIVEN
_________________ 2023/11/06
_____________
WITNESS DATE
QUESTION 1
1.C
2.A
3.B
4.A
5.D
6.B
7.B
8.A
9.C
10.D
11.B
12.B
13.C
14.B
15.C
16.C
17.D
18.E
19.A
20.E
QUESTION 2
According to Andreson (1984;85;87) the legislature, the courts, pressure groups and
community organisations may also be either directly involved or may act to influence
the implementation process.
Legislature’s main task is to decide on policy in the form of legislation, and the
legislation can vary in terms of the details it provides for implementation. And the
more the details it has the less discretion implementing agencies have, sometimes
legislation also includes an explanatory section.
The judiciary or courts they are important implementation instrument, courts must
interpret legislation and administrative rules and regulations and apply them, they
can also review administrative decisions and facilitate the implementation of the
policy, and in states where the judiciary can review the constitutionality of
implementation is even greater.
Pressure groups and community organisations can influence the implementation
process, especially if they are affected by the policy and they are given the fact that
policy implementation is always associated with officials, discretionary decision-
making opportunities exist for those groups to influence the decisions to promote
their interests, in the corporatist relations between interest groups and government
such an influence is highly conceivable.
Policy implementation is often associated with the public administration and it is
treated as a separate and distinct sphere from politics. The implementation of policy
starts with the requisition of funds appropriated by the budget, and we have the
aspects of bureaucracy’s role in implementation.
Regulation-making: Policies are normally formulated as principles, objectives, and
general provisions, but almost never specify the management process of
implementation, and they are rules and regulations that are associated with the
policies, and these rules and regulations are real source of the institutional power of
bureaucracy because they are not dependent on ratification or review by the
legislature. Courts usually do not overturn them unless they exceed the authority
granted by the law.
Bureaucratic adjudication: Adjudication is usually prerogative of the judiciary and the
public officials often must decide whether a person, an organisation, a business, or
an association has complied with laws and regulations, they also need to determine
the sanctions and the form of penalties or corrective actions such as an adjudication
is conducted in terms of established procedures for investigation hearing, decision
and appeal. The tribunals of a military regime constitute the form of adjudication that
deviates most from the norm.
Bureaucratic discretion: Most of the work of public officials is administrative routine
and directed by formal rules and regulations, it almost invariably requires on the part
of officials and the power performing even the routine tasks, and the individual cases
do not always fit the established procedures and they must determine which
procedures are the fairest in order to attain the same objectives as those attained in
convectional cases.
When the tenders are considered, predetermined criteria and procedures must be
applied in selecting the preferred provider of the required services.
QUESTION 3
According to Philippe (1974;96)
Pluralism: Is the premised on the prevalence and desirability of diversity and plurality
and it is mostly related to the free market that values competition and unimpaired
initiative as the driving forces of the humankind and as a guarantee against
authoritarianism and unchecked centralisation.
Pluralism prescribes a spontaneous formation of associations, a numerical increase
in associations, horizontal expansions in associations or interest groups and
competitive interaction between them depending on the desirability of such
interaction, and the focus is on the roles of the interest groups in policy making, its
main function is to act as a referrer or an arbiter between the interest groups and
they treat the public policy-making as a part of the political system based on the
inputs, conversion of the inputs, outputs or rule application and rule adjudication, and
feedback.
Neostatism is a part of a broader school of thought known as a new institutionalism
and it is often placed opposite pluralism because of its ostensible lack of the
emphasis on the state as political actor.
It serves to understand the failure of the countercultural movement of sixties and
seventies to establish a more prosperous society and in the search for the form of
order and stability in social life, the state is a strong locus of power, the policy
analysis movement of the seventies and the eighties found a collective term useful in
identifying the source of the public policy.
Neostatism has the assumptions that the state of political actor in its own right and is
potentially autonomous, it is not a neutral referee, and the state has interest of its
own, a distinction should be made between the state and the government. The
emphasis should be on government function of the governing and controlling, and
the less on pluralism’s focus on the allocation of resources.
DIFFERENT AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN PLURALISM AND NEOSTATISM
Neostatism is criticised from different perspectives, pluralist do not accept the
criticism that the state is not granted due to recognition for its role as an independent
political actor.
Corporatism and neostatism are critical of pluralism’s assumptions and they do not
accept the openness of the process and the state’s disinterest in it.
Pluralism has the system of David Easton and Gabriel and they are closely
associated with the pluralism and treat public policy making as a part of the political
system based on the inputs.
Neostatism can be used for determining the sources of public policy and for the
implementation of policy, the bureaucracy plays a very important role in the
framework of neostatism and it can also be linked to the public choice theory,
neostatism can also be related to corporatism.
