www.logiqids.

com

Topic Note: Conclusions

The idea behind this category is to develop the ability of a child to derive a conclusion from a given
set of statements. The questions in this category can broadly be classified in two categories:

1) Logical Deduction: The questions in this category essentially test a student’s ability to deduce
conclusions on the basis of a set of premises. There are various types of questions in this sub-
topic.

2) Case Interpretation: The questions in this category usually focus on testing the ability of a
child to determine if the information given is sufficient to answer the question or not OR find
the option which provides the same information as given in the question but in a different way.
There could be various types of questions in this category. Some of these are as follows:

Please note that each topic note contains some questions which some children could find
relatively difficult. However we have preferred to keep them in the topic note to give the
student and parent an idea about various different type of questions. These relatively
difficult questions have been highlighted in red font.

LOGICAL DEDUCTION
In these type of questions, usually the student is given a set of statements and he is required to deduce
a conclusion on the basis of the given statements.
In order to solve most conclusion based questions, two key things are required:
1) Proceed in a systematic way by listing down all the given conditions in the question. Ideal
way to do this is either to form a list or a table which helps the child summarize all the
given information
2) For each piece of information / condition which the child lists down, it is important to
understand what that information concludes and right down all possible conditions in the
table
To understand this better, let’s try and solve the following question:
1. Three friends A, B and C go to eat an ice-cream. Each one of them buys 1 ice-cream, which he
likes. They bought Chocbar, Vanilla and Butterscotch. A does not like Chocbar. B does not
like Vanilla and Chocbar. Which ice-cream did A buy?
Now in this case, lets form a table to systematically capture all the information. Given in this
case the most important association which is being asked is “Which friend had which ice-cream”,
let’s make a table which correlates friends with ice-creams:

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

Friend Chocbar Vanilla Butterscotch

Name
A
B
C

Now let us use each information one by one:

Statement 1: Each one of them buys one ice-cream which they like ------> IMPLICATION: Since
there are three ice-creams and three friends and each one bought only one, that means no ice-
cream was bought by more than one friend. Also if the statement says A did not like something
means he did not buy it (as each person only bought the ice-cream they like)
Statement 2: Says A does not like chocbar. So A did not like Chocbar. So the table can be
populated as follows:

Friend Chocbar Vanilla Butterscotch

Name
A  ? ?
B ?
C ?

So A had vanilla or butterscotch. B or C had Chocbar.

Statement 3: B does not like Vanilla and Chocbar --- Implication is B likes Butterscotch. Now
from statement 1, since A can have only Vanilla or Butterscotch, and each person has a different
ice-cream than the other, A had Vanilla. So C had the third one i.e. Chocbar. The table now
looks as follows:

Friend Chocbar Vanilla Butterscotch

Name
A   
B   
C   

In most of the conclusion questions, the interplay of various given statements produces very
interesting conclusion and that should be a key focus area for a student.

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

2. There are 200 people working in a company. The first group of 60 workers work from
9:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. The second group of 30 workers work from 10:30 a.m. to 7:30
p.m. The third group of 50 workers work from 2:30 p.m. to 9:00 p.m. and the fourth
group of the remaining workers work from 4:00 p.m. to 8:00 p.m. At what time should
the company inspector come to inspect the warehouse so that he can take note of
maximum number of workers?
a) 5.00 pm
b) 12.10 pm
c) 1.10 pm
d) He can visit the warehouse any time
Solution: Out of the given options, the number of people working at 5:00 p.m., 12:10 p.m., 1:10 p.m.
are 140,90 and 30 respectively. Clearly maximum workers will be seen in the warehouse at 5:00 p.m.
Hence the inspector should come at 5:00 p.m. Hence the correct answer is option (A).

VENN DIAGRAMS / SYLLOGISM (This is generally tough for grade 4 kids, but we are just
introducing basic Venn diagrams here. Parents may have to help the child understand what a
Venn diagram really is)
The questions which are asked in this section contain two or more statements and these statements
are followed by two or more conclusions. You have to find out which of the conclusions logically
follow from the given statements. The statements have to be taken to be true even if they seem to
be at variance from the commonly known facts.
For such questions, you can take the help of Venn Diagrams. On the basis of the given statements,
you should draw all the possible diagrams, and then derive the solution from each of these diagrams
separately. Finally, the answer common to the all the diagrams is taken.

Below are given some statements along with the conclusions that can be deduced and the Venn
diagrams that can be made for each of these:
1. Statement: Some A is B
This statement means that there are some members in group A which are a part of B and WE CAN
ALSO SAY some members in group B which are a part of group A. As can be seen in the picture, this
part is highlighted in red in the below figure.

Conclusions:
 Some A is B

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

 Some B is A
2. Statement: All A is B
This statements means that All members of group A belong to group B. We do not know if All B is A
or not. So as we can see, there are two possible Venn Diagrams that can be made for this statement.
Either A is a part of B or A is equal to B. Please note that every element of group A belongs to group
B but we cannot say the same about B. Every element of B may or may not be a part of group A. As
can be seen in Fig 1 below, there could be some elements in the Red region which may not be a part
of group A.

Conclusions:
 All A is B
 Some B is A
 Some B may not be A

3. Statements : No A is B.
This statements means that No element of group A belongs to group B. Similarly, no element of group
B belongs to group A as well.

Conclusions:
 No A is B
 No B is A

Given below are some Venn Diagram Questions and the inferences that we can make on the basis of
the Venn Diagrams:

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

Venn Diagram 1 :

Inferences :
 All buses are vans
 Some vans are buses
 Some vans are cycles
 Some cycles are vans

Venn Diagram 2 :

Inferences :
 All buses are vans
 Some vans are buses
 Some vans are cycles
 Some cycles are vans
 Some buses are cycles
 Some cycles are buses
Venn Diagram 3 :

Inferences :
 No coin is a ring
 No ring is a coin

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

 No coin is a bangle
 No bangle is a coin
 All rings are bangles
 Some bangles are rings

Venn Diagram 4:

Inferences :
 No coin is a ring
 No ring is a coin
 All rings are bangles
 Some bangles are rings
 Some coins are bangles
 Some bangles are coins
Syllogism: There are some questions where a child is given a conclusion and then asked to choose
which of the statements in the question would lead to that conclusion. This is reverse of venn diagram
questions.

Using which of the pair of statements can we conclude this: No table is chair?
a) Some tables are wood. Some woods are chair.
b) Some tables are wood. No wood is chair.
c) All tables are wood. No wood is chair.
d) None of these
Solution: Third option says that anything that is wood cannot be a chair and a table is wood. Therefore
a table cannot be a chair.

RANKING TEST:
In this section, comparative information between things is given and a student is required to deduce
the rank of a particular person on the basis of the information. The best way to solve such problems is
to use "greater than", "less than" and “Equal to” signs to express each condition provided.
An important thing here is to arrive at the right conclusion. Lot of times we are coloured by our
thinking and hence end up making assumptions of our own. To give you an example, lets look at
the following cases:
For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345
 www.logiqids.com

Information Inferenence

A is taller than B A’s height is more than B (very straightforward)

A is not shorter than B Since we haven’t been told that A and B necessarily have unequal heights, A is
not shorter than B, could mean A is either equal in height to B or taller than B
(here lot of students assume that A is taller than B, which is not correct)
All A, B and C have unequal height and A is not Since A and B necessarily have unequal heights, A is not shorter than B, means A
shorter than B is either equal in height to B or taller than B

Some examples are as below:

1) If A is taller than B and B is taller than C, then who amongst them is the tallest?
a) A b) B c) C d) Cannot be determined
Solution: We know that A is taller than B (A > B) and B is taller than C (B>C). Merging the two
conditions, we get A>B>C which means A is the tallest. Hence, the correct answer is option a)
2) If A is not shorter than B and B is taller than C, then who amongst them is the tallest?
a) A b) B c) C d) Cannot be determined
Solution: We know that A is not shorter than B (A ≥ B) and B is taller than C (B > C). Merging the
two conditions, we get A ≥ B > C which means either A or B could be the tallest. So, the tallest person
cannot be determined on the basis of the given information. Hence, the correct answer is option d)
A Implies B (A→B):
Here, a conditional statement in the form of if A happens, B also happens (in short called A implies
B) is given and the student has to determine which of the given options will surely be true. Please note,
this does not mean that every time B happens, A also has to happen. But yes if B does not happen, then
we can surely say that A also did not happen (as whenever A happens, B will happen for sure). Lets
take an example as given below:

1) “If it is Tuesday, then I am not in school.” Assuming this statement is true, which of the
below is necessarily true?
a) If I am not in school, then it is Tuesday
b) If it is not Tuesday, then I am not in school
c) If I am in school, then it is not Tuesday
d) If it is Tuesday, then I am in school
Solution: Assume statement A as : “It is Tuesday” and statement B as “I am not in school”. So, the
given statement is if A happens, Then B also happens. Clearly if B happens, then it does not necessarily
mean A also happens. So if you do not go to school, it does not necessarily mean that it is Tuesday
only. It could be some other day. However if you went to school (ie. B did not happen), then we can
be sure that A also did not happen (i.e. it is not Tuesday). Hence, the correct answer is option c)

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

CASE INTERPRETATION
Here, the child has to find the option which provides the same information as given in the question but
in a different way. Or find whether a particular set of data given is sufficient to answer the question.
In some cases the child may be given a statement and asked to find out the underlying assumption
made in the question or the conclusion that may be derived from it.

1) Soha has two siblings: a sister and a brother. From which of the given options can we
conclude that Soha has an elder brother?
a) Soha has two siblings: one of them is her twin and other one is elder to her
b) Soha has two siblings: one twin sister and a brother
c) Soha has two siblings: both elder to her
d) None of these
Solution: If Soha has two siblings - one brother and one sister and if both of them are elder to her,
then she surely has an elder brother. Therefore option C can help us conclude that Soha has an elder
brother.

2) Not everyone is strong. Which of these statements gives the same information as the given
statement?
a) Someone is not strong
b) All are strong
c) Nobody is strong
d) None of these
Solution: If not everyone is strong, then there are some that are not strong, or similarly, someone
is not strong. Hence option A is correct
DATA SUFFICIENCY:
In this section, a problem is put forward, followed by certain statements containing facts providing
clues to solve the question. The child is required to find out which of the given statements is/are
sufficient to answer the given question or what would be the additional information needed to answer
the question.
The best way to solve these questions is for the child to take one statement at a time. First take
statement 1 and see if it helps answer the question (important point to note is that please do not
assume any information on your own here and use only the information given in the particular
statement to check if it helps answer the question). Then try the same thing with statement 2 and
check if that alone helps answering the question. And if you still cannot answer it, try combining
both statements 1 and 2.

1) How is D related to A?
Statement 1 : B is the brother of A
Statement 2 : B is D’s son

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

You have to decide if the information given in the statements is sufficient to answer the
above problem. Indicate your answer as :
a) Statement 1 alone is sufficient to answer the question
b) Statement 2 alone is sufficient to answer the question
c) Both statements 1 and 2 together are needed to answer the question
d) Both statements 1 and 2 together are not sufficient to answer the question
Solution: Using statement 1 we know that B is the brother of A. But we can’t say anything about the
relationship between D and A. Using statement 2, we see that B is D’s son. Again, we don’t know
about D and A. Using the information in both the statements together, we can find the relationship
between D and A. Hence, the correct answer is option c)
2) How many visitors saw the exhibition yesterday?
Statement 1 : Each entry pass holder can take up to three persons with him/her
Statement 2 : In all, 243 passes were sold yesterday
You have to decide if the information given in the statements is sufficient to answer the
above problem. Indicate your answer as :
a) Statement 1 alone is sufficient to answer the question
b) Statement 2 alone is sufficient to answer the question
c) Both statements 1 and 2 together are needed to answer the question
d) Both statements 1 and 2 together are not sufficient to answer the question
Solution: Using statement 1, we do not know the total number of visitors. Statement 2 gives us
information on the number of passes sold and not the visitors. If we use the information in both the
statements together, we would still not be able to answer the question as we only know that number of
passes sold and the number of visitors per pass varies from 1 to 3. Hence, the correct answer is option
d)
In some questions, the child may be given 3 statements instead of 2 and asked to check if they are
sufficient to answer the question or not.
3) In which year was Sanjay born?
Statement 1 : Sanjay is six years older than Gopal
Statement 2 : Gopal’s brother was born in 1982
Statement 3 : Sanjay’s brother is two years younger than Gopal’s brother who was eight years
younger than Gopal
You have to decide if the information given in the statements is sufficient to answer the
above problem. Indicate your answer as :
a) Only Statement 1 and 2 together are sufficient to answer the question
b) Only Statement 2 and 3 together are sufficient to answer the question
c) Only Statement 1 and 3 together are sufficient to answer the question
d) All statements 1, 2 and 3 are needed to answer the question
Solution: Using statement 1, we do not know the year in which Sanjay was born. Statement 2 only
gives information about the year in which Gopal’s brother was born. Similarly, statement 3 does not
give information about Sanjay’s year of birth. If we combine all 3 statements together, we find that we
have all the information to determine Sanjay’s year of birth. Hence, the correct answer is option d)

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

REDUNDANCY ANALYSIS:
In this section, given is a statement or a set of statements and the child has to determine the statement
which is redundant and provides no extra information. Some examples are as below:

In this case you are not asked any separate question, but just if any of the given statements
provide the same information as the other and hence is not required.

1) Below is given a set of five statements. Mark the statement as your answer which does not
provide any extra information.
A. Anuj is taller than Manish
B. Simran is heavier as well as taller than Shikhar
C. Shikhar is shorter than Simran
D. Anuj is lighter but taller than Shikhar
E. Avinash is shorter than Manish
a) A b) B c) C d) None of these

Solution: Statement B tells us that Simran is taller and heavier than Shikhar. Statement C tells us that
Shikhar is shorter than Simran which is redundant information. Hence, the correct option is C.
Between B and C, B does provide additional information to C and hence between B and C, B is
not redundant.

2) Below is given a set of four statements. Mark the statement as your answer which does not
provide any extra information.
A. A test is held every Wednesday in a school
B. If Wednesday is a holiday, then test is held on a Thursday
C. The first day of this year was a Monday
D. This year is a leap year
b) A b) B c) C d) None of these

Solution: Each statement provides a unique information that cannot be derived from other statements.
Hence, the correct option is D.

FINDING THE RIGHT QUESTION:

In this section, given is a statement or a set of statements and the child has to determine the question
which can be answered with the help of these statements.

This is reverse of data sufficiency questions and would need to be approached in a similar way.

Some examples are as below:

1) Which of the questions from the given options can be answered using the below statements?
A. Sachin did not score more than 150 runs in the match

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

B. Whenever Sachin scores 150 or more runs in a match, India wins the match
a) How many boundaries did Sachin score?
b) How many EXACT runs did Sachin score in the match?
c) Who won the match?
d) None of these

Solution: Using statements A and B, we cannot determine the number of boundaries and nor can we
determine the exact number of runs Sachin scored (we know he scored 150 or less but don’t have the
exact number). Similarly we also do not know if India won the match (it says if Sachin scores 150 or
more then India wins for sure, but does not say what happens if Sachin scores less than 150). Hence,
the correct option is D.

2) Which of the questions from the given options can be answered using only one of the below
statements?
A. Ravi goes to school only on Fridays
B. Shilpa is elder sister of her brother Ravi
C. Ravi has no brothers
D. Shilpa has only two sisters, Megha and Radha
1) How many brothers Megha has?
2) How many sisters does Shilpa has?
3) How many brothers Ravi has?
4) More than one of the above questions

Solution: Lets look at each question one by one. Q1 asks about number of brothers of Megha. We
cannot answer Q1 using only one of the statements. We need two statements – statement D and
statement B to deduce that Shilpa and Megha are sisters and they have one brother Ravi. For Q2, we
can deduce from Statement D that Shilpa has 2 sisters. For Q3, we can deduce from Statement C that
Ravi has no brother. So, we can answer all three questions. Hence, the correct option is D.

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1. Which of the statements in the given options will provide no extra information than the
given statement: Shakti is 10 years elder to his sister Shruti?
a) Shruti is younger to Shakti b) Shruti has two more brothers
c) Shakti and Stuti have three more siblings d) None of these

2. Which day of the week would be 27th January 2017?

Information 1 – 14th January of 2016 was a Saturday or Sunday
Information 2 – 16th September of 2016 was a Thursday
To answer the given question, which of the given information is/are sufficient?

a) Only 1 b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2 together d) Question cannot be answered
even if both information are used

3. How many sisters does the girl Nitika have?

Information 1 – Nitika’s father has four daughters.
Information 2 – The number of sisters Nitika has is thrice the number of brothers she has.
To answer the given question, which of the given information is/are sufficient?
a) Only 1 b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2 together d) Question cannot be answered
even if both information are used

4. Out of P, Q, R and S, who ate the maximum sandwiches?

Information 1 – Q ate lesser sandwiches than P and S.
Information 2 – P did not eat maximum sandwiches.
To answer the given question, which of the given information is/are sufficient?

a) Only 1 b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2 together d) Question cannot be answered
even if both information are used

5. From which of the options the given statement can be concluded: Kiran's house has at least
two doors?
a) Kiran has a bungalow b) There is a garden in front of Kiran's house
c) There are doors at front and back of Kiran's house d) None of these

6. One third of the fifteen banks are closed today. Which of these statements gives the same
information as the given statement?
a) All banks are closed today b) Five banks are closed today
c) Five of the fifteen banks are closed today d) None of these

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

Directions for Questions from 7 and 8: Based on the Venn diagram given, answer the pair of
questions.

7. Select the option that will definitely be true?

a) Some circles are pencils b) No pencil is figure
c) All figures are circles d) All ellipses are pencils

8. Select the option that will definitely be false?

a) All circles are ellipses b) No pencil is ellipse
c) Some figures are ellipses d) All figures are circles

9. Which of the given options is not true for the given Venn diagrams?

a) All juice is either tea or coffee b) Some juice is tea

c) Some juice is coffee d) None of these

10. Akhilesh is a teacher of Ganesh. Which of these statements gives the same information as
the given statement?
a) Ganesh is a student of Akhilesh b) Ganesh studies in a school
c) Ganesh likes English d) Akhilesh likes to teach

Directions for Questions from 11 and 12: Based on the Venn diagram given, answer the pair
of questions.

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

11. Select the option that will definitely be true?

a) Some orbits are latitudes b) All latitudes are longitudes

c) Some longitudes are orbits d) Some revolutions are orbits

12. Select the option that will definitely be false?

a) No orbits are longitudes b) No revolutions are latitudes

c) Some longitudes are revolutions d) None of these

13. Is Rina taller than Shyam?

Information 1 – Rina is taller than Micky.
Information 2 – Micky is shorter than Shyam.
To answer the given question, which of the given information is/are sufficient?

a) Only 1 b) Only 2
c) Both 1 and 2 together d) Question cannot be answered
even if both information are used
14. Three statements made by three people are as follows:
A: Either Congress or AAP will win the elections.
B: Congress will win the elections.
C: Neither Congress nor AAP will win the elections.
If only one out of these three statements is wrong, who wins the election?
a) AAP b) Congress
c) BJP d) None of these

15. If Sumit is taller than Mohit and Mohit is not as tall as Rishab. Satish is taller than Sumit
but shorter than Rishab. Who is the shortest?
a) Sachin b) Mohit
c) Sumit d) Rishab

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

16. It rains for 3 continuous months in a year in Srilanka. If this statement is true, which of
the given options will surely be true?
a) If it rained in June, then it surely rained in either July or August
b) It rained in January
c) It rained in February
d) If it rained in June, then it surely rained either in May or July

17. Four balls of different colours are taken and were distributed to Vansh, Samesh, Akash
and Daman such that each of them has a ball each. The four balls are of green, red, grey
and brown colour. The balls are distributed in such a manner that no alphabet in the name
of boy and colour of ball given to him is same. What is the colour of ball given to Vansh?
a) Red b) Grey
c) Green d) Brown

18. In the month of July, no two holidays are on consecutive days. Which of the given options
can be understood from the given statement?
a) There cannot be more than 11 holidays in the month of July
b) There cannot be more than 16 holidays in the month of July
c) There cannot be more than 7 holidays in the month of July
d) None of these

19. R is father of A. Which of these statements gives the same information as the given
statement?
a) A is father of R
b) A is son of R
c) A is daughter of R
d) None of these

20. The perimeter of a square X is 16 cm. Which of these statements gives the same
information as the given statement?
a) A circle M will lie inside this square
b) The side length of square X is 4 cm
c) Square X can be drawn on a page
d) None of these

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345

 www.logiqids.com

ANSWERS

1) A
2) B
3) A
4) D
5) C
6) C
7) B
8) D
9) A
10) A
11) D
12) C
13) D
14) B
15) B
16) D
17) A
18) B
19) D
20) B

For any queries, contact us on [email protected] or whatsapp us on +91-7045345345