BSC CYS 4th SEM
Python Programming
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What is a program?
A computer program is a set of instructions and as a term it can be
used as a verb as well as a noun. In terms of a verb, it is used as a
process of creating a software program by using programming
language. In terms of a noun, an application, program, or application
software is used to perform a specific task on the computer. For
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example, Microsoft PowerPoint is an application, which provides a way
to create documents related to the presentation. Furthermore, a
browser is also an application, which allows us to browse any website.
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Introduction to Python:
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What are Variables?
In Python, variables are used to store data values. You can think of a
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variable as a container that holds a specific value. Variables are
created by assigning a value to them using the assignment operator =.
Variable names should follow certain rules, such as starting with a letter
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or underscore, followed by letters, digits, or underscores.
Example:
x = 10
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_y = "Pritisha"
print(x)
print(y)
What is Casting?
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In Python, casting refers to the process of converting a variable from
one data type to another. This is also known as type conversion or
typecasting. Python provides several built-in functions for casting
between different data types.
Example:
float_num = 10.5
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int_num = int(float_num)
print(int_num) # Output: 10
string_num = "20"
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int_from_str = int(string_num)
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print(int_from_str) # Output: 20
How to know the Type of variable?
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We can get the data type of a variable with the type() function.
x = 10
y = "Subham"
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print(type(x))
print(type(y))
What should we use Single or Double Quotes in Python?
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String variables can be declared either by using single or double
quotes
What is Case-Sensitivity?
Variable names are case-sensitive.
a = 10.5
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A = "Saheli"
#In this case A will not overwrite a
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Rules for Python variables:
A variable can have a short name (like x and y) or a more descriptive
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name (age, carname, total_volume).
A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore character
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A variable name cannot start with a number
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters and
underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
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Variable names are case-sensitive (age, Age and AGE are three
different variables)
A variable name cannot be any of the Python keywords.
Example:
Legal variable names:
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myvar = "John"
my_var = "John"
_my_var = "John"
myVar = "John"
MYVAR = "John"
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myvar2 = "John"
Illegal variable names:
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2myvar = "John"
my-var = "John"
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my var = "John"
Multi Words Variable Names:
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Variable names with more than one word can be difficult to read.
There are several techniques you can use to make them more
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readable:
Camel Case
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Each word, except the first, starts with a capital letter:
myVariableName = "Sneha"
Pascal Case
Each word starts with a capital letter:
MyVariableName = "Ram"
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Snake Case
Each word is separated by an underscore character:
my_variable_name = "Shyam"
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Many Values to Multiple Variables
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Python allows you to assign values to multiple variables in one line:
x, y, z = "Orange", "Banana", "Cherry"
print(x)
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print(y)
print(z)
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One Value to Multiple Variables
And you can assign the same value to multiple variables in one line:
Example
x = y = z = "Orange"
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print(x)
print(y)
print(z)
What is Collection Unpack in Python?
If you have a collection of values in a list, tuple etc. Python allows you
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to extract the values into variables. This is called unpacking.
Example
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fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
x, y, z = fruits
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print(x)
print(y)
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print(z)
Output Variables in Python
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The Python print() function is often used to output variables.
Example:
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x = "Python is awesome"
print(x)
Or
x = "Python"
y = "is"
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z = "awesome"
print(x, y, z)
Or
x = "Python "
y = "is "
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z = "awesome"
print(x + y + z)
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For numbers, the + character works as a mathematical operator:
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Example
x=5
y = 10
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print(x + y)
In the print() function, when you try to combine a string and a number
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with the + operator, Python will give you an error:
Example
x=5
y = "Cat"
print(x + y)
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The best way to output multiple variables in the print() function is to
separate them with commas, which even support different data types:
Example
x=5
y = "John"
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print(x, y)
What are Global & Local Variables in Python?
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Variables that are created outside of a function (as in all of the
examples above) are known as global variables.
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Global variables can be used by everyone, both inside of functions and
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outside.
Example:
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Create a variable outside of a function, and use it inside the function
x = "awesome"
def myfunc():
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print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()
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If you create a variable with the same name inside a function, this
variable will be local, and can only be used inside the function. The
global variable with the same name will remain as it was, global and
with the original value.
Example:
Create a variable inside a function, with the same name as the global
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variable
x = "awesome"
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def myfunc():
x = "fantastic"
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print("Python is " + x)
myfunc()
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print("Python is " + x)
What is the global Keyword in Python?
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Normally, when you create a variable inside a function, that variable is
local, and can only be used inside that function.
To create a global variable inside a function, you can use the global
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keyword.
Example:
If you use the global keyword, the variable belongs to the global scope:
def myfunc():
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global x
x = "fantastic"
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)
Also, use the global keyword if you want to change a global variable
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inside a function.
Example
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To change the value of a global variable inside a function, refer to the
variable by using the global keyword:
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x = "awesome"
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def myfunc():
global x
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x = "fantastic"
myfunc()
print("Python is " + x)
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Conclusion
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