MIZAN-TEPI UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF COMMUPTING AND INFORMATICS
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
A
Seminar Report
On
"Cloud Computing: Current State and Future Prospects"
BY
NO NAME ID
1 Wosen Gashaw NSR/2211/13
2 Yohanis Gedif NSR/1752/13
3 Mulye Alelign NSR/2135/13
4 Minalu Atalay NSR/1244/13
5 Degu Teshale NSR/0524/13
6 Chilotaw kassa NSR/0532/12
Tepi, Ethiopia
11 /4/ 2016
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1. Introduction to Cloud Computing
The term “cloud”, as used in this white paper, appears to have its origins in
network diagrams that represented the internet, or various parts of it, as schematic
clouds. “Cloud computing” was coined for what happens when applications and
services are moved into the internet “cloud.” Cloud computing is not something
that suddenly appeared overnight; in some form, it may trace back to a time when
computer systems remotely time-shared computing resources and applications.
More currently though, cloud computing refers to the many different types of
services and applications being delivered in the internet cloud, and the fact that, in
many cases, the devices used to access these services and applications do not
require any special applicationsThe primary business service models being
deployed (such as software, platform, and infrastructure as a service) and common
deployment models employed by service providers and users to use and maintain
the cloud services (such as the
1.1 The history of cloud computing
The term “cloud computing” itself was coined in 1996 within a Compaq internal
document. The term “cloud” was originally linked to the concept of distributed
computing, which went mainstream at Apple-spawned General Magic in the early
1990s, with even earlier mentions in academic work before that. The concept was
initially discussed by J.C.R. Licklider, the first director of Information Processing
Techniques Office at the Pentagon’s ARPA division in the 1960s, according
to Computer world.
We live in the age of ubiquitous cloud computing. It offers agility, lower cost, and
better access to resources on a global scale. So how did we get here?
The social benefits of cloud-based data are still being discovered as we continue
to explore how our new technological era is evolving. As more and more complex
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applications are no longer confined to one physical location, this growth is
becoming exponential. In our lifetime, we have seen the progression from floppy
disc to zip drives, from CDs (and data DVDs) to USB storage drives and beyond.
While Millennials may believe that the cloud belongs to their generation, the roots
of non-local computing can be traced back to the early 1950s.
Licklider’s idea went on to revolutionize computing when, in 1969, Bob
Taylor and Larry Roberts developed ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects
Agency Networks) and, eventually, became the precursor of what we call the
internet.
The decades following the 1970s saw the development of various Virtual
Machines (VMs) like those created by computer giants like
IBM.elecommunications followed suit and started to offer virtual private networks
(VPNs) to the marketplace.
1.2 How does cloud computing work?
Cloud computing works by enabling client devices to access data and cloud
applications over the internet from remote physical servers, databases and
computers.An internet network connection links the front end, which includes the
accessing client device, browser, network and cloud software applications, with
the back end, which consists of databases, servers and computers. The back end
functions as a repository, storing data that is accessed by the front
end.Communications between the front and back ends are managed by a central
server. The central server relies on protocols to facilitate the exchange of data.
The central server uses both software and middleware to manage connectivity
between different client devices and cloud servers. Typically, there is a dedicated
server for each individual application or workload.
Cloud computing relies heavily on virtualization and automation technologies.
Virtualization enables the easy abstraction and provisioning of services and
underlying cloud systems into logical entities that users can request and utilize.
Automation and accompanying orchestration capabilities provide users with a
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high degree of self-service to provision resources, connect services and deploy
workloads without direct intervention from the cloud provider's IT staff.
Many companies are delivering services from the cloud. Some
notable examples include the following:
• Google — Has a private cloud that it uses for delivering Google Docs and many
other services to its users, including email access, document applications, text
translations, maps, web analytics, and much more.
• Microsoft — Has Microsoft® Office 365® online service that allows for
content and business intelligence tools to be moved into the cloud, and Microsoft
currently makes its office applications available in a cloud.
• Salesforce.com — Runs its application set for its customers in a cloud, and its
Force.com and Vmforce.com products provide developers with platforms to build
customized cloud services. But, what is cloud computing? The following sections
note cloud and cloud computing characteristics, services models, deployment
models, benefits, and challenges.
2 Characteristics
Cloud computing has a variety of characteristics, with the main ones being:
• Shared Infrastructure — Uses a virtualized software model, enabling the
sharing of physical services, storage, and networking capabilities. The cloud
infrastructure, regardless of deployment model, seeks to make the most of the
available infrastructure across a number of users.
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• Dynamic Provisioning — Allows for the provision of services based on current
demand requirements. This is done automatically using software automation,
enabling the expansion and contraction of service capability, as needed. This
dynamic scaling needs to be done while maintaining high levels of reliability and
security
. • Network Access — Needs to be accessed across the internet from a broad
range of devices such as PCs, laptops, and mobile devices, using standards-based
APIs (for example, ones based on HTTP). Deployments of services in the cloud
include everything from using business applications to the latest application on the
newest smartphones.
• Managed Metering — Uses metering for managing and optimizing the service
and to provide reporting and billing information. In this way, consumers are billed
for services according to how much they have actually used during the billing
period. In short, cloud computing allows for the sharing and scalable deployment
of services, as needed, from almost any location, and for which the customer can
be billed based on actual usage.
3 Service Models
Once a cloud is established, how its cloud computing services are deployed in
terms of business models can differ depending on requirements. The primary
service models being deployed (see Figure 1) are commonly known as:
• Software as a Service (SaaS) — Consumers purchase the ability to access and
use an application or service that is hosted in the cloud. A benchmark example of
this is Salesforce.com, as discussed previously, where necessary information for
the interaction between the consumer and the service is hosted as part of the
service in the cloud. Also, Microsoft has made a significant investment in this
area, and as part of the cloud computing option for Microsoft® Office 365, its
Office suite is available as a subscription through its cloud-based Online Services.
• Platform as a Service (PaaS) — Consumers purchase access to the platforms,
enabling them to deploy their own software and applications in the cloud. The
operating systems and network access are not managed by the consumer, and
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there might be constraints as to which applications can be deployed. Examples
include Amazon Web Services (AWS), Rackspace and Microsoft Azure.
• Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) — Consumers control and manage the
systems in terms of the operating systems, applications, storage, and network
connectivity, but do not themselves control the cloud infrastructure.
Figure 1. Service Model Type
4. Advantages of Cloud Computing
The following are some of the possible benefits for those who offer cloud
computing-based services and applications:
• Cost Savings — Companies can reduce their capital expenditures and use
operational expenditures for increasing their computing capabilities. This is a
lower barrier to entry and also requires fewer in-house IT resources to provide
system support.
• Scalability/Flexibility — Companies can start with a small deployment and
grow to a large deployment fairly rapidly, and then scale back if necessary. Also,
the flexibility of cloud computing allows companies to use extra resources at peak
times, enabling them to satisfy consumer demands.
• Reliability — Services using multiple redundant sites can support business
continuity and disaster recovery.
• Maintenance — Cloud service providers do the system maintenance, and
access is through APIs that do not require application installations onto PCs, thus
further reducing maintenance requirements.
• Mobile Accessible — Mobile workers have increased productivity due to
systems accessible in an infrastructure available from anywhere.
5.Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
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A list of the disadvantage of cloud computing is given below -
1) Internet Connectivity
As you know, in cloud computing, every data (image, audio, video, etc.) is stored
on the cloud, and we access these data through the cloud by using the internet
connection. If you do not have good internet connectivity, you cannot access these
data. However, we have no any other way to access data from the cloud.
2) Vendor lock-in
Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud computing. Organizations
may face problems when transferring their services from one vendor to another.
As different vendors provide different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving
from one cloud to another.
3) Limited Control
As we know, cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed, and monitored
by the service provider, so the cloud users have less control over the function and
execution of services within a cloud infrastructure.
4) Security
Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards to store
important information. But, before adopting cloud technology, you should be
aware that you will be sending all your organization's sensitive information to a
third party, i.e., a cloud computing service provider. While sending the data on the
cloud, there may be a chance that your organization's information is hacked by
Hackers.
6.Application Of Cloud Computing
Cloud service providers provide various applications in the field of art, business,
data storage and backup services, education, entertainment, management, social
networking, etc.
The most widely used cloud computing applications are given below -
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Figure 2 Application Of Cloud Computing
7.Types of Cloud Computing
Public Cloud: The cloud resources that are owned and operated by a third-party
cloud service provider are termed as public clouds. It delivers computing
resources such as servers, software, and storage over the internet
Private Cloud: The cloud computing resources that are exclusively used inside a
single business or organization are termed as a private cloud. A private cloud may
physically be located on the company’s on-site datacentre or hosted by a third-
party service provider.
Hybrid Cloud: It is the combination of public and private clouds, which is
bounded together by technology that allows data applications to be shared
between them. Hybrid cloud provides flexibility and more deployment options to
the business.
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Figure 3 Types Of Cloud Computing
8. The Future of Cloud Computing: A Forward-Looking
Perspective on Emerging Trends.
In today's digital age, cloud computing has emerged as a transformative force,
revolutionizing how businesses operate and deliver services. With its scalability,
flexibility, and cost-efficiency, cloud computing has become an essential
component of modern IT infrastructure. However, as technology evolves at an
unprecedented pace, businesses must stay informed about the emerging trends in
cloud computing and proactively adapt their strategies to remain competitive.
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Figure 4 Cloud Computing Future - Transformative technology domain.
Trend 1: Multi-Cloud Strategy
One of the key trends shaping the future of cloud computing is the adoption of
multi-cloud strategies. Instead of relying on a single cloud service provider,
businesses are increasingly leveraging multiple cloud platforms to diversify their
infrastructure, mitigate risks, and optimize performance.
Trend 2: Edge Computing
Edge computing is another transformative trend gaining momentum in the cloud
computing landscape. By processing and analyzing data closer to the source, at the
network edge, organizations can reduce latency, improve real-time decision-
making, and enhance overall performance. .
Trend 3: Serverless Computing
Serverless computing is revolutionizing how businesses develop and deploy
applications in the cloud. . This approach eliminates the burden of server
maintenance, optimizes resource utilization, and enables auto-scaling, resulting in
improved efficiency and reduced costs.
Trend 4: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are driving significant
advancements in cloud computing.
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Trend 5: Enhanced Security and Privacy
With the increasing reliance on cloud computing, ensuring robust security and
privacy measures has become a top priority for businesses. In the future, cloud
service providers will continue to invest in advanced security features such as
encryption, access controls, and threat detection to safeguard sensitive data.
Trend 6: Hybrid Cloud Environments
Hybrid cloud environments, which combine public and private cloud
infrastructure, are gaining popularity among organizations. This approach allows
businesses to leverage the benefits of both worlds: the scalability and cost-
effectiveness of public clouds and the control and security of private clouds.
Trend 7: Quantum Computing
While still in its nascent stages, quantum computing holds immense potential for
the future of cloud computing. Quantum computers can perform complex
calculations at unprecedented speeds, opening doors to cryptography,
optimization, and drug discovery breakthroughs. Cloud providers are already
exploring quantum computing as a service (QCaaS), enabling businesses to
harness the power of quantum computing without the need for specialized
infrastructure.
Trend 8: Sustainable Cloud Solutions
As environmental concerns continue to grow, sustainability becomes a crucial
aspect of cloud computing.
Trend 9: Containerization and Microservices
Containerization and microservices transform how applications are developed,
deployed, and managed in the cloud. Containers provide lightweight, isolated
environments that encapsulate an application and its dependencies. This allows for
easy deployment and scalability across different cloud platforms.
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Trend 10: Serverless Databases
In addition to serverless computing, the future of cloud computing will witness the
rise of serverless databases. Traditional databases require provisioning and
management of infrastructure, but serverless databases eliminate the need for
these tasks.
Trend 11: Cloud-Native Development
Cloud-native development involves building applications specifically designed to
run on cloud platforms. It leverages cloud services, microservices architecture,
and DevOps practices to create highly scalable and resilient applications. By
embracing cloud-native development, businesses can use cloud-specific features
and capabilities, optimize resource usage, and achieve faster time-to-market. This
approach aligns perfectly with the cloud computing paradigm and enables
organizations to leverage the cloud environment's benefits fully.
Trend 12: Continuous Cloud Innovation
Cloud computing is an ever-evolving field, and continuous innovation is essential
to stay ahead
Trend 13: Cloud Governance and Compliance
As businesses increasingly rely on cloud computing, cloud governance and
compliance become paramount.
Trend 14: Serverless AI
Combining the power of serverless computing and artificial intelligence,
serverless AI is poised to transform how businesses leverage AI capabilities. .
Trend 15: Data Analytics and Cloud
Data analytics plays a vital role in cloud computing, and the future will see an
even deeper integration of these two domains.
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Trend 16: Cloud-Native Security
As cloud-native applications and architectures become more prevalent, so does the
need for cloud-native security solutions.
Trend 17: Augmented Reality and Cloud Computing
The convergence of augmented reality (AR) and cloud computing is set to
revolutionize various industries, including gaming, e-commerce, healthcare, and
education.
Trend 18: Federated Cloud Computing
Federated cloud computing involves the collaboration of multiple cloud providers
to offer users a unified and seamless experience.
Trend 19: Cloud Skills Development
As cloud computing becomes more prevalent, the demand for skilled
professionals in cloud-related roles continues to rise.
Trend 20: Quantum-Safe Cryptography
With the rise of quantum computing, traditional cryptographic algorithms risk
being rendered insecure.
The future of cloud computing holds a myriad of transformative trends and
opportunities for businesses.
Conclusion
Overall, cloud computing offers many advantages. It is highly efficient, reliable,
flexible, and cost-effective. It allows applications to access and use resources in
the form of utilities. In addition, it provides online development and deployment
tools. One drawback is that there can be security and privacy issues.Various
features of cloud computing are helping both the host and the customer. A host
also has various advantages, which benefit the customers. These days, the
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organization is in dire need of data storage. The previously mentioned features of
cloud computing make it a popular choice among various organizations across
industries.
Reference
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(2010).
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Public Cloud Computing. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011.
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