BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
1. 2 kingdom classification- Carolus Linnaeus
2. 3 kingdom classification- Ernst Haeckel
3. 4 kingdom classification- Copeland
4. 5 kingdom classification- R.H. Whittaker
5. 6 kingdom classification- Carl Woese
SHORTCOMINGS IN 2 KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION:
PLANTS:
1. VIRUS
2. Prokaryotes
3. Algae (like Chlamydomonas)
4. Fungi
5. Lichens
ANIMALS:
1. Protozoans
2. Euglena
3. Sponges & corals
4. Tunicate
SLIME MOULDS
FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
5 KINGDOMS:
1. MONERA
2. PROTISTA
3. FUNGI
4. PLANTAE
5. ANIMALIA
Viruses have been left out
CHARACTERS KINGDOMS
MONERA PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA
CELL PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC
WALL PEPTIDOGLYCAN CELLULOSE CHITIN CELLULOSE ABSENT
NUCLEAR ABSENT PRESENT
MEMBRANE
CHLOROPLAST ABSENT PRESENT ABSENT PRESENT ABSENT
MITOCHONDRIA ABSENT PRESENT
TISSUE ABSENT PRESENT
NUTRITION AUT, HET PHO, HET HET PHO HET
NERVOUS ABSENT ONLY ABSENT ONLY PRESENTZ
SYSTEM CONDUCTION CONDUCTION
OF STIMULI OF STIMULI
MOTILITY FLAGELLA, CILIA, FLAGELLA
GLIDING/ NON- ABSENT IN
MOTILE HIGHER
FORMS
KINGDOM MONERA
Kingdom Monera includes bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and
archaebacteria.
Kingdom Monera is also known as Prokaryota.
1. BACTERIA
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek first saw bacteria.
Louis Pasteur gave germ theory of diseases.
Ehrenberg used the term bacterium.
Robert Koch found that diseases like tuberculosis and cholera in man, and anthrax in
cattle are caused by bacteria.
Science dealing with the study of bacteria is called bacteriology.
Characteristics of bacteria:
1. They are unicellular prokaryotic organisms.
2. Their cell wall is rigid and made of peptidoglycan also called murein or mucopeptide.
3. Food reserve is in the form of glycogen and fat globules.
4. Organised nucleus is absent, but a double stranded naked DNA lies in the cytoplasm,
called nucleoid.
5. Ribosomes are 70S type.
6. Like mitochondria, Golgi bodies, chloroplast & ER are absent respiratory enzymes
are located on the inner surface of the cell membrane.
7. Various modes of nutrition are found.
8. Photoautotrophic forms have bacteriochlorophyll, and chlorobium chlorophyll
instead of a typical chlorophyll.
9. Binary fission is the common mode of multiplication.
10.Sexual reproduction is absent; however, gene recombination occurs by conjugation.
Size and shape of bacteria:
1. Largest bacterium: Beggiatoa mirabilis.
2. Longest bacterium: Bacillus butschlii.
3. Smallest bacterium: Dialister pneumosintes.
BACTERIA
SHAPE
COCCI BACILLI
MICROCOCCUS DIPLOCOCCUS BACILLUS DIPLOBACILLUS
STREPTOCOCCUS STAPHYLOCOCCUS STREPTOBACILLUS EG:Lactobacillus
SARCINAE
SPIRILLA VIBRIO
EG: spirillum,
spirochaete
FILAMENTOUS STALKED
EG: Actinomycetes EG: Caulobactor
BUDDED
EG: Rhodo-
microbium
BACTERIA
FLAGELLATION
ATRICHOUS MONOTRICHOUS AMPHITRICHOUS CEPHALOTRICHOUS LOPHOTRICHOUS PERITRICHOUS
EG: Pseudomonas EG: Spirillum EG: Salmonella
EG: Lactobacillus EG: Vibrio Cholerae EG: Nitrosomonas
fluorescens volutans typhi
BACTERIAL STRUCTURE:
1. CELL WALL: Peptidoglycan: Polysaccharides cross-linked with amino acids [short-
chained];
Muramic acid: derivative of glucose.
2. Mesosomes are also called Chondrioids.
3. Food reserve consists of: polyhydroxy butyric acid, volutin granules.
4. F+: males, F-: females
BACTERIA
Types of
respiration
AEROBIC ANAEROBIC
OBLIGATE FACULTATIVE OBLIGATE FACULTATIVE
Bacillus Subtilis Photosynthetic bacteria Clostridium botulinum Clostridium tetani
