Review Questions

Directions: For each question, choose the letter of the choice that best completes the
statement or answers the question.

1. Organized sets of concepts that explain phenomena are

(A) independent variables
(B) dependent variables
(C) hypotheses
(D) theories
(E) statistics

Refer to the following and your knowledge of psychology to answer questions 2

and 3:
Students will be able to read a statement printed in the Comic Sans font faster than
the same statement written in the Lucida Calligraphy font.

2. This statement is a(n)

(A) hypothesis
(B) theory
(C) replication
(D) operational definition
(E) correlation

3. The dependent variable in an experiment based on the statement would be

(A) the statement written in the Comic Sans font
(B) the statement written in the Lucida Calligraphy font
(C) the length of time it takes students to read the statements
(D) the students who read the statements written in the Comic Sans font
(E) the number of students who participate in the experiment

4. A quasi-experiment cannot be considered a controlled experiment because

(A) subjects cannot be randomly selected
(B) subjects cannot be randomly assigned
(C) experimenter bias is unavoidable
(D) demand characteristics are unavoidable
(E) too few subjects participate in the procedure

Refer to the following and your knowledge of psychology to answer questions 5

and 6:
When subjects in the experimental group put a puzzle piece in the wrong place, the
experimenter unconsciously winced. The experimenter did not wince when subjects in
the control group put a piece in the wrong place.

5. The wincing of the experimenter must be eliminated because it is

(A) fraudulent
(B) a demand characteristic
(C) a placebo effect
(D) a confabulation
 (E) a confounding variable

6. One method to eliminate the wincing of the experimenter is by instituting

(A) the experimenter expectancy effect
(B) the single-blind procedure
(C) the double-blind procedure
(D) the placebo effect
(E) counterbalancing
7. Of the following, which research method is most effective for studying unusually
complex or rare phenomena?
(A) controlled experiment
(B) quasi-experiment
(C) test
(D) survey
(E) case study

8. Of the following, which research method would be most appropriate for investigating
the relationship between political party membership and attitude toward the death
penalty?
(A) controlled experiment
(B) quasi-experiment
(C) test
(D) survey
(E) case study

9. Of the following, the strongest positive correlation would most likely be shown
between
(A) an adult’s weight and running speed
(B) close friendships and happiness
(C) sense of humor and years of education
(D) poverty and good health
(E) visual acuity and salary

10. John wants to study the effects of alcohol on the behavior of college students. For his
study, he spends 5 hours every night for 2 weeks at a bar near a college watching how
the patrons act before and after drinking alcoholic beverages. The research method
John is employing is a
(A) controlled experiment
(B) quasi-experiment
(C) test
(D) naturalistic observation
(E) case study
11. Of the following, which can establish a cause and effect relationship?
I. controlled experiment
II. quasi-experiment
III. correlational research
(A) I only
(B) II only
 (C) I and II only
(D) I and III only
(E) I, II, and III

Refer to the following and your knowledge of psychology to answer questions 12

–14:
Ms. Costas owns a business with nine other employees. Ms. Costas’s annual salary is
$90,000. Her manager’s salary is $60,000. Of her other employees, three earn
$25,000 each and five earn $15,000 each.

12. The range of this distribution is

(A) $75,000
(B) $50,000
(C) $25,000
(D) $20,000
(E) $15,000

13. For this distribution, the mean is

(A) lower than both the median and the mode
(B) lower than the median, but higher than the mode
(C) lower than the mode, but higher than the median
(D) higher than both the median and the mode
(E) the same as the median

14. The frequency polygon for this distribution resembles a

(A) normal curve
(B) positively skewed line graph
(C) negatively skewed line graph
(D) bar graph
(E) scatterplot
 Answers and Explanations
1. D—This is the definition of theory.

2. A—A hypothesis predicts how two or more factors are related. This statement relates
the appearance of a font with the speed at which it can be read.

3. C—The dependent variable in an experiment is the factor that is measured. In this

experiment, the type of font is the factor the experimenter is manipulating, or the
independent variable. The speed at which it is read is the factor that is measured, or
the dependent variable.
4. B—Quasi-experiments deal with groups that have preexisting differences, such as
males and females, young and old, etc. Since the study is examining differences
associated with those preexisting differences, participants are assigned on the basis of
sex, age, etc. Thus, random assignment is not possible.

5. E—The wincing behavior of the experimenter is an unintentional difference between

the treatment of the experimental group and the treatment of the control group. An
additional difference between the experimental and control groups is a confounding
variable. If the wincing is deliberate, then it is considered dishonest, possibly even
fraudulent.
6. C—The double-blind procedure, in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects
know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group, would
probably eliminate the wincing behavior. A single-blind procedure in which only the
subjects do not know in which treatment group they have been placed would not
affect the experimenter’s behavior.
7. E—An in-depth examination, usually over an extended period of time, characterizes
the case study method.

8. D—Correlational research examines the relationship between two variables.

Questionnaires or interviews that ask questions about political party membership and
attitude toward the death penalty distributed to a large representative sample of the
population could gather appropriate data for the study. Questionnaires and interviews
are kinds of surveys.

9. B—People who have close friendships tend to be happy. Lonely people tend to be
unhappy. The presence of close friendships predicts happiness. An adult’s weight
and running speed (A), sense of humor and years of education (C), and visual acuity
and salary (E) are unrelated pairs of factors. Impoverished people are less likely to be
healthy than people who have more money, so (D) indicates an inverse relationship,
or negative correlation.

10. D—He is gathering information in the field about typical behavior of people without
manipulating any variables, which characterizes naturalistic observation.

11. A—Only controlled experiments can establish cause and effect relationships.
12. A—The range is $90,000 to $15,000, or $75,000. To find the range, deduct the lowest
score from the highest score.
13. D—The mean is determined by adding all of the scores and then dividing by the
number of scores. $300,000 ÷ 10 = $30,000. The median is the middle score in the
ordered distribution. Since there is an even number of scores in the distribution, the
median is halfway between the 5th and 6th scores, or $20,000. The most frequent
score or mode is $15,000, so the mean is higher than both the median and the mode.

14. B—A frequency polygon is a line graph. A positively skewed distribution has scores
clustered toward the low end of the range and a small number of unusually high
scores. If you draw the graph with the value of scores on the X axis and the frequency
of scores on the Y axis, you can see that the tail is on the right, or more positive, side
of the graph.
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