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SMD Unit3

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SMD Unit3

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kakashi hatake
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Chapter Solid Modeling SS vas Introduction, Geometry and Topology, Solid entities, Solid representation, Fundamentals of Sojig Modeling, Half spaces, Boundary representation (B-Rep), Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG), Sweep representation, Analytical solid modeling, Parametric solid modeling, feature based modeling, etc., Euler Equation (Validity of 3p Solids), Mass Property Calculations Introduction to Assembly Modeling, Assemblies (Top-down and Bottom-up approach), Design for Manufacturing [OFM], Design for Easy Assembly & Disassembly [DFA], Design for TOPICS 3.1 Solid Modeling 3.2 Methods of Solid Modeling 3.3 Solid Manipulations 3.4 Half Spaces 3.5 Assembly Modeling Approaches 3.6 Applications of Solid Modeling 3.7 Design for Manufacturing 3.8 Design for Assembly and Disassembly Design for Safety(OFS) Scanned with CamScanner sold Modeling and Drafting (SPPU_ Sem. 4 SOLID MODELING ‘The solid modeling is easiest and the most advanced method of geometric modeling, ‘The wireframe models and surface models contain only geometric data, The solid models contains both «geometric data and topological information ofthe object. Therefore, a solid model is a complete and most ‘nambiguous representation of an object. Fig. 3.1.1 shows a typical solid model. The use of solid modeling in CAD/CAM systems is growing rapidly. ‘The solid modeling has been considered as the technological solution to integrate and automate the design and manufacturing. 344 Fig. 3.1.1 : Solid Model ‘The solid models can be converted into the wire-frame models. This type of conversion is used to generate automatically the orthographic views. However, due to the incomplete and ambiguous nature of the wire-frame representation, it is not possible to cconvert the wire-frame models (orthographic views) to the solid models. Comparison Between Wire Frame Modeling and Solid Modeling : Comparison between wire-frame modeling and solid modeling is given in Table 3.1.1 Table 3.1.1. : Comparison Between Wire-Frame Modeling and Solid Modeling ‘Wire Frame Modeling Sr. No. Solid Modeling 1. | In wire frame modeling, a geometric model of an object is created by using two dimensional geometric entities such Points, lines, curves, Polygons, etc. 3.1.2 : Wire-Frame Model In solid modeling, a geometric model of on object is created by using three dimensional geometric entities, Fig. 3.1.3: Solid Mode! 2. | Wire-frame models contain only geometric data. Solid model contains both geometric data and topological information. Wire-ftame model is an ambiguous representation of Solid model is a complete and most unambiguous representation of an object. object. Ta Scanned with CamScanner 4. | Using wire-frame mode, it isnot possibl ‘automatically the properties sue! ie to calculate has ; mass, volume, a Mer, q solid Modeling — ig possible 0 caley , it is Po lg rode gg such 35: MAS, Yo’ . id Using SO prope lly automatically te FP nt of iets ; a be converted 10 wire-frame model, moment of inert, et. Fan A id mode je 5. | Wiresfame meds! cant be converted to solid model._| $2 Ting can be used 10 fully integrate ay, id. modelin 5 «| wiresiame modeling ean not be used to flly integrate | Solid ian design and manufactuhing i i om ‘and automate the design and manufacturing. aut 7 jooy that defines the object shown ; lo 3.4.2 Geometry and Topology : ‘The data required for the construction of solid models ccan be divided into wo categories Geometry ‘Topology ] 1. Geometry : * Geometry is the actual dimensions that define the entities of the object. + The geometry that defines the object shown in Fig. 3.1.4is 4) the lengths of lines Ly, La, Ly; b) the angles between the lines; 6) the radius R of halfcircle ; and 4) the center P, of half circle. 2. Topology : * Topology is the connectivity and associativity of the different entities of the object. It describes the way in which the different entities of the object are connected (6) Same Topology But Different Geometry Fig. 3.4.4 : Geometry and Topology «The topol Fig. 3.1.4 is stated a5 follows + tex (point) with line Ly an a) the Fine Ly shares @ Ye circle Cys ; 1 the ne L shares a vertex with fines Ly and L, ; Lyand circle C, ; shares a vertex with line and ) the fine Ly 4) the line L, and L, do not overlap 5 ¢) the point P, lies outside the object. «It is important to note that, neither geometry nor topology alone can completely define the solid model The solid modeling needs both the geometrical and topological data. 3.1.3 Advantages of Solid Modeling : 1. A solid modeling is the easiest and the most advanced method of geometric modeling. 2. The solid models store more information than wire- fame or surface models. The solid models contain both geometric data and topological information of the objects. Therefore, the solid models are regarded as the complete and most unambiguous representation of the objects. 3. The solid models provide better visualization as ‘compared to the wire-frame and surface models, 4. The solid models can be converted into wire-frame models. 5. Using solid models, it is possible to calculate automatically the properties such as : mass, volume moment of inertia, et. , 6. ic i ie oi a Produces accurate designs, improves A quality of design, and provides complete three- , imensional definition of the objects, . The soli ing is . id modeling isthe technological solution to fully integrate and automate the design and manufacturing. Scanned with Cambcanner sold Modeling and Dratin, (Spy Sema I) 314 Uilitons of Sot yo ; 0 iis Ot POSEE To create he go srmthe wire-frame op Suse ae Automatically a, The slid OBES require pyope e ls, ’ axit, or update the mode), PU time tp — ling : h 345 Solid Entities (Primigi, ; 8) a Solid Entities (Primitives); Te solid mete Of an object is created by os twve-dimensional geometric ses, krowm as vane the ar typeof soli Entities (Primitives ial 1. Block: The block [Fig 3.1.5] is defined by its height @), width (W), and depth (D). Its local coordinat i eed te system is (x, y, Fig. 3.1.5 : Block 2 Cylinder : ‘he right circular cylinder (Fig. 3.1.6] is defined by its radius (R) and length (H). Fig. 3.1.6 : Cylinder 3. Cone: The right circular cone (Fig. 3.1.7] is defined by its base radius (R) and height (H). Fig. 3.4.7 :Cone 4. Sphere: ‘The sphere (Fig. 3.1.8] is defined by its radius (R). Scanned with CamScanner ‘gaud Modoing and Drafting (SPPU,Sene UD) Soiig Torus | | ‘The torus [Fig. 3. circle about an axis laying in its plane. It 1.9} is generated by the revolution of a is defined by the inner radius ( R, ) and the outer radius (R,), or it can aso be defined by the radius of the center line of the torus body (R; ) andthe radius ofthe body (Ra )- 6 Wedge: 3.1.6 Mathematical Representation of Entities (Primitives) and their Surface 4 point set {(%, ys 2) solid enites (primitives), discussed above, andy. wp? Fig, 3.1.10: Wedge Sojiy Mathematically, each primitive is defined as 2 rep, le The mathematical representation o surfaces are given in Table 3.1.2. ‘The right-angled wedge [Fig. 3.1.10] is defined by its ‘eight (H, width CW), and depth (D). Table 3.1.2 : Mathematical Representation of Solid Entities (Primitives) and their Surfaces ‘Surface Representation Sr.No, | Primitive Solld Represeatation” 1 Block | { (x, y.2):0<¢xs W,0Sy Hybrid Modeling : The objects having regular shapes can be easily modeled by using Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) approsch However, the objects of unusual shapes are difficult to be modeled by the CSG approsch. In such cases B-rep approachis ‘suitable. © Because of the relative advantages and disadvantages of Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) approach and bounds, representation (B-rep) approach, the hybrid system has been developed by combining the features of CSG and Ber approaches. The hybrid system combines the features of CSG and B-rep approaches and hence it is more versatile 1-8¢8-120 1-120 | Vala Ina hybrid systems, the user has the option to construct the model by any of the two approaches whichever is mete convenient to the given problem. rant Scanned with CamScanner vr 10g 24 rating cg i - Ser ” oid Me check the vay of (a, bY usd Euler's equayen” "°% shownin | solution © Euler variables: Bind Hole Fig. P. 3.2.1(a) Fig. P.3.2.4(b) Refer Fig. P.3.2.1(6) ‘The various Euler variables are listed in Table P. 32.1. : Tablo P. 3.2.4: Euler Variables (ime | Numler at’) Number ot | ‘Numbitor | naste oh Pcamae | Naaman et Faees"P | Bages‘E | Vertces-v? | taope'L? | Bodies ‘Bt | Genus ‘G* Block 6 12 8 s 7 Boss 2 3 Z U ‘ - Blind Hole 2 3 2 uv . solid Total) | 10 8 2 : 2 : + Verification by Euler’s equation : General Euler's equation for 3D-object is, F-E+V-L = 2-6) (a) LHS. = F-E+V-L = 10-18+12-2 a LHS. = 2 Ab) RHS. = 2(B-G) = 20- or RHS. = 2 (0) From Equations (b) and (c), LHS. = RHS. Hence, the solid is topologically valid. SE plea ee Example 3.2.2 : Check the validity of B-rep model, shown in Fig. P. 3.2.2(a), by using Euler’s equation. Fig. P.3.2.2(b) Winn Scanned with CamScanner Refer Fig. P. 3.2210% = Variables: Number of fices, FU Number ofedges B= 14 Number of vertices, V'" 14 Number of oops, L #2 Number ofbodties, B= | Number of genus, G=2 Verification of Euler's equation : Euler's equation for 2D-object is att space in a direction perpendicuig, lar to sures (0 curve) (Fi. 3.27%), 9 sweep is also known as extrusion," se surteca tobe ‘Sweeped F-E+V-L = B-G mo) LHS, = F-E+V-L=1-14+14-2 or LHS. = tb) oo ‘Surface to be or RHS. = - Ae) ‘Sweeped From Equations (b) and (c), LHS. = RHS. 7 | ww Ans. Hence, the 2D-object is topologically valid. 3.2.3 Sweeping : = Sweeping: In a sweeping approach, a solid model of an object created by moving a surface (or curve) along a given path. © Types of Sweeps : There are three types of sweeps : () Linear Sweep : © Ina linear sweep, a surface (or curve) is moved in a linear or circular path, as shown in Fig. 3.2.7. Types of linear sweep : 8) Translational sweep : In a translational sweep, 2 surface (or curve) is moved by a given distance in (6) Rotational Sweep Fig. 3.2.7 : Linear Sweep by Rotational sweep : Ina rotational sweep, a surfs, (or curve) is rotated about an axis of rotation (or ay) of symmetry of the object to be created) by a givs| angle. (Fig. 3.2.7 (b)] 2) Non-Linear Sweep : In a non-linear sweep, a surface (or curve) is mov along the curved path, as shown in Fig, 3.2.8. Fig. 3.2.8 : Non-Linear Sweep 3) Hybrid Sweep : In a hybrid sweep, the two surfaces (or curves) ae swept in two different directions and then the two resulting swept volumes are gluid together to form the object motel (Fig. 3.2.9]. Scanned with CamScanner Fig. 3.2.9: Hybrid Sweep 4 Parametric (Analytical) Sotig Modeling : sna parametric solid modeling, the solid objects are igscribed matberatcally in a three dimensional space ty te parametric equations. The solid object is as an assembly of non-overlapping ppperatches, as shown in Fig, 3.2.10, Fig. 9.2.10 : Parametric Solid Model y = (a) Cartesian Representation (b) Parametric Representation Fig. 3.2.11 : Hyperpatch ‘* Parametric equation of point in interior or 07 boundary of hyperpateh : P(@yw) = buy,2) = [x(a v, Ww), yu, vs W), 2004 > I) Where, tig SS tpg} Vain SYS Var ? Wain SS Mae Fig. 32.11 shows the cartesian and parametric representations of a hyperpatch. ‘The parametric solid modeling was originally developed for the purpose of finite element analysis modeling. Now-a-days, in addition to the finite clement analysis, it is also widely used in applications such as computer animation, composite material modeling, and mass property calculations. 3.2.5 Primitive Instancing : ‘F Generic Primitive : In a primitive instancing approach, all the objects that have the same topology but different geometry are grouped into a family called generic primitive. The primitives are defined in terms of a parameter group. By inputting the values of parameters defining the primitive, the model can be generated. ‘ Example of Primitives : For example, a block primitive is defined by parameters : height (H), width (W), and depth (D). Wishes Scanned with CamScanner (porte shapes (sketches; apes (sketches) + Fist SED isto g 2.13 G@))- A shape (heey ra cross-section, Yh create : 9 oe cee) (FE - sensional profile 0 o-dimension i 2 In seeond stp, apply ures: by Create fea aes (sketches) 0 create the a to th ay 3 Gi The diferent Featre operation, ears fess a ade eva ve, 8 on haa different fe Combine features : In third step, dit attres 9 combined (added or subtracted) t0 form the solid my ofan object [Fig. 3.2.13 ())- Teo (I, D.P,tp tw) oe cain er ee Fig, 3.2.12 : Generic Primitive Model ena ect 3.2.6 Feature Based Modeling: bitrate (ocr Scene penaeranre fh ‘+ Nowea-days, feature based modeling is most widely used (Extrude Ske method of erating solid models. ‘+ Feature : Feature is defined asthe combination of shape ‘aad operation to build the parts ‘+ Shape : The shape is a two-dimensional sketch, The ‘examples of shape are : rectangle, square, triangle, circle, clips, etc. * Operation : The operation is an activity that converts the sketch into a three dimensional shape. The examples of operation are : extrude, revolve, sweep, fillet, shell, chamfer, et. ‘> Steps in Feature Based Modeling : (€)Combine Features Fig. 3.2.13 : Steps in Feature Based Modeling © Feature Operations : Following three steps are used in creating the models using features : The feature operations are carried out to create the features from the shapes (sketches), The commonly used feature operations in CAD systems are as follows : Scanned with CamScanner~ yr C—O sph ModeIng 204 Dating spn Fre Opera au 14 odeli InCAD eye ome solid Me 15) Spiral 16) Spring 17) Thread 1) Extrude: L° (a) Sketch (b) Extruded feature Extrude Fig. 3.2.4 © Extrude feature is used to create 25 D solid models of objects with uniform thickness (Fig. 3.2.14). * Input to extrude operation : The input to a sketch operation is a sketch and an extrusion veetor (length and Airection). The extrusion vector is always perpendicular to the plane of sketch. 2) Revolve: b ip] even cD \ || fst | I ! VW i T (2) Sketch () Revolved Feature Fig. 2.2.48: Revolve + Revolve feature is used to create 25D solid models of an axisymmetic objects [Fig.32.15 } Input to revolve operation + The input to revolve operation isa sketch and a revolution vector (exis and angle of revolution). The axis of revolution is always in the sketch plane. 3) Sweep: ‘Sweep feature sweeps a sketch or cross section along a guide curve (Fig. 3.2.16]. Input to Sweep operation : Input to Sweep operation is a sketch and a guide curve. The plane of sketch is perpendicular to the guide curve at the initial point of the guide curve. © Types of Sweep : a) Linear sweep : In linear sweep, the guide curve is a straight line [Fig. 3.2.16 (@)]. The linear sweep and extrusion produce the same feature. b) Non-linear sweep : In nonlinear sweep, the guide curve is any curve other than straight line [Fig. 3.2.16 (b)) ‘¢ _Inshort, sweep is a generalization of extrusion. Scanned with CamScanner (#) Linear Sweep / Guide uve Q {(b) Non-linear Sweep Fig. 3.2.16 : Sweep 4) Lott: + Loft is a generalization of sweep. Loft blends multiple cross-sections along a guide curve to create a solid Fig. 32.17). © Types of loft : ) Linear loft : In linear loft, the guide curve is a straight line (Fig. 3.2.17 (a)]. Non-linear loft : In non-linear loft, the guide curve ‘any curve other than straight line [Fig. 3.2.17 (b)]. + Itis important to note that, the loft can blend two cross- sections or more than two cross-sections along the guide curve. a) 6) Pipe: Pipe isa sweep of hollow crip guide curve [Fig, 3.2.18 } : cross-section / : Guide curve (a) 7) Boss: Cylinder Feature Bracket Feature a Fig. 3.2.19: Boss ition of an extruded or revolved feature t cut Cross-Section? Cras Sactont srionine — Q) (2) Linear Lot cross-section 2 cress Secton 1 Guide Curve QO (®) Non-tinear Loft Fig. 3.2.17 : Loft 5) Shaft: ‘Shaft is an extrusion of a circular cross-section along the straight line, Base Feature Fig. 3.2.20 : Cut Cut is the subtraction of an extruded or revolved feature from a base feature (Fig. 3.2.20]. 9) Hole: Hole is the subtraction of a cylinder from a solid or a base feature (Fig. 32.21]. Through Hole Blind Hole ‘Blind Hole Counterbore (Drill) (Mill) Hole Fig. 3.2.21 : Hole wie Scanned with CamScanner v ‘goid Model Drafi (SPPU slot m got iste subtraction OF an extrude fy ose feature (Fig, 3.2.22), ‘ture froma stig [7] =] ~y

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