Question ID 140d2d15

Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 140d2d15
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Stars form in a galaxy when gravity causes a massive cloud of dust and gas to collapse.
A galaxy in a phase of rapid star formation is called a starburst galaxy.
Quenching is a process in which a galaxy loses star-forming gas.
A galaxy that no longer forms stars is called a quenched galaxy.
A quenched galaxy has entered the poststarburst phase.

The student wants to explain what a quenched galaxy is. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Before quenching, a starburst galaxy will form stars at a rapid rate.

B. When it becomes quenched, a starburst galaxy enters the poststarburst phase.

C. Having entered the poststarburst phase, a quenched galaxy is one that no longer forms stars.

D. A starburst galaxy will lose star-forming gas and eventually become quenched.

ID: 140d2d15 Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. This choice defines a quenched galaxy as “one that no longer forms stars.”

Choice A is incorrect. This choice only describes what happens before quenching. Choice B is incorrect. This choice only
describes what happens after quenching. Choice D is incorrect. This choice only describes what causes quenching.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 36783511
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 36783511
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The factors that affect clutch size (the number of eggs laid at one time) have been well studied in birds but not in
lizards.
A team led by Shai Meiri of Tel Aviv University investigated which factors influence lizard clutch size.
Meiri’s team obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species and analyzed the data with
statistical models.
Larger clutch size was associated with environments in higher latitudes that have more seasonal change.
Lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to take advantage of shorter windows of
favorable conditions.

The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Researchers wanted to know which factors influence lizard egg clutch size because such factors have
been well studied in birds but not in lizards.

B. After they obtained data for over 3,900 lizard species, researchers determined that larger clutch size
was associated with environments in higher latitudes that have more seasonal change.

C. We now know that lizards in higher-latitude environments may lay larger clutches to take advantage of
shorter windows of favorable conditions.

D. Researchers obtained clutch-size and habitat data for over 3,900 lizard species and analyzed the data
with statistical models.

ID: 36783511 Answer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale

Choice A is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the aim of the research study by highlighting what the
researchers conducting the study wanted to know—specifically, which factors influence clutch size among lizards.

Choice B is incorrect because the sentence emphasizes what researchers determined at the end of the study, not what
the study’s aim was. Choice C is incorrect because the sentence emphasizes a finding from the research study, not the
aim of the study. Choice D is incorrect because the sentence emphasizes the research study’s methodology, not its aim.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 46d91c77
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: 46d91c77
In 2009, the Craft and Folk Art Museum in Los Angeles hosted a special exhibition, Sueños/Yume,
showcasing the works of local sculptor Dora de Larios. As suggested by the show’s title (sueños and
yume mean “dreams” in Spanish and Japanese, respectively), de Larios’s art reflects a mix of cultural
influences. ______ her work is grounded in the artistic traditions of both Mexico and Japan.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In addition,

B. In contrast,

C. Specifically,

D. Therefore,

ID: 46d91c77 Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. “Specifically” logically signals that this sentence provides specific, precise details
elaborating on the previous sentence’s claim that de Larios’s art reflects a mix of cultures. This sentence specifies which
cultures the previous sentence is referring to: the artistic traditions of both Mexico and Japan.

Choice A is incorrect because “in addition” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a separate point that
follows the previous claim about de Larios’s art. Instead, it provides specific details elaborating on that claim. Choice B is
incorrect because “in contrast” illogically signals that the information in this sentence contrasts with the previous claim
about de Larios’s art. Instead, it provides specific details elaborating on that claim. Choice D is incorrect because
“therefore” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a result of the previous claim about de Larios’s art.
Instead, it provides specific details elaborating on that claim.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID c0adfc14
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: c0adfc14
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In North America, woodlands have expanded into areas that were once grasslands.
Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell of Wichita State University investigated whether woodland expansion is
related to changes in climate.
Rogers and Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not wooded in the past and indexed
the age of the trees with historical climate data to see if tree populations and climate were correlated.
Tree population growth was associated with dry intervals.
Droughts may have played a role in woodland expansion.

The student wants to emphasize the aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, researchers at Wichita State University, wanted to know if
woodland expansion is related to changes in climate.

B. Thanks to the work done by Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell, we now know that droughts may
have played a role in woodland expansion.

C. Wichita State University researchers have determined that tree population growth was associated with
dry intervals.

D. Thomas Rogers and F. Leland Russell analyzed core samples from oak trees on a site that was not
wooded in the past, indexing the age of the trees with historical climate data.

ID: c0adfc14 Answer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale

Choice A is the best answer. The sentence effectively emphasizes the aim, or goal, of the research study (in other words,
what the researchers hoped to learn from the study): Rogers and Russell wanted to know if woodland expansion is
related to changes in climate.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the researchers’ findings; it doesn’t emphasize the aim of the study.
Choice C is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the results of the study; it doesn’t emphasize the aim. Choice D is
incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the methodology of the study; it doesn’t emphasize the aim.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID c9ecaf7d
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: c9ecaf7d
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
One of history’s greatest libraries was the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, Iraq.
It was founded in the eighth century with the goal of preserving all the world’s knowledge.
Scholars at the House of Wisdom collected ancient and contemporary texts from Greece, India, and elsewhere
and translated them into Arabic.
Writings included those of the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata.
The House of Wisdom used Chinese papermaking technology to create paper versions to be studied and shared.

The student wants to explain how the House of Wisdom preserved the world’s knowledge. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The House of Wisdom was known for bringing together knowledge from around the world, including
from Greece, India, and China.

B. Founded in Iraq in the eighth century, the House of Wisdom employed many scholars as translators.

C. Writings from the Greek philosopher Aristotle and the Indian mathematician Aryabhata were preserved
at the House of Wisdom.

D. The House of Wisdom collected writings from different countries and created paper versions in Arabic
to be studied and shared.

ID: c9ecaf7d Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence explains how the House of Wisdom preserved the world’s knowledge, noting
that the library collected, translated, and printed writings from different countries.

Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence indicates that the House of Wisdom was known for bringing together
knowledge from around the world, it doesn’t explain how the library preserved this knowledge. Choice B is incorrect. The
sentence makes a generalization about the scholars who were employed by the House of Wisdom; it doesn’t explain how
the library preserved the world’s knowledge. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence identifies two authors whose writings
were preserved at the House of Wisdom; it doesn’t explain how the library preserved the world’s knowledge.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 5bb70279
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: 5bb70279
“Tulip mania”—the rapid rise and sudden fall of the price of tulip bulbs in seventeenth-century Amsterdam
—is often cited as an example of the perils of rampant market speculation. However, recent research has
demonstrated that the episode was neither as frenzied nor as disastrous as has been thought. The
popular myth surrounding it, ______ should be regarded with some skepticism.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. for example,

B. by contrast,

C. nevertheless,

D. therefore,

ID: 5bb70279 Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. This sentence is arguing that new evidence contradicting popular beliefs about “tulip mania”
should cast doubt on those beliefs. “Therefore” is a cause-and-effect transition, which fits perfectly in this context.

Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses an exemplification transition, which doesn’t make sense here. Skepticism about
the popular beliefs is not an example of recent evidence contradicting those beliefs—rather, skepticism is an effect of
that recent evidence. Choice B is incorrect. This choice uses a disagreement transition. But this sentence doesn’t
disagree with the previous sentence. Instead, it connects a cause from the previous sentence (new evidence that tulip
mania was not as disastrous as thought) to an effect (that we should look with skepticism upon the myth about its
disastrousness). Choice C is incorrect. This choice uses a disagreement transition. But this sentence doesn’t disagree
with the previous sentence. Instead, it connects a cause from the previous sentence (new evidence that tulip mania was
not as disastrous as thought) to an effect (that we should look with skepticism upon the myth about its disastrousness).

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 9f9050f6
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 9f9050f6
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
A commodity chain is the series of links connecting the production and purchase of a commodity on the world
market.
Chinese American anthropologist Anna Tsing studies the contemporary commodity chain of matsutake
mushrooms.
At one end of the matsutake chain are mushroom pickers in Oregon.
At the other end are wealthy consumers who buy the costly matsutake in Japan.
According to Tsing, “Japanese traders began importing matsutake in the 1980s, when the scarcity of matsutake
in Japan first became clear.”

The student wants to provide an overview of the matsutake commodity chain. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The contemporary matsutake commodity chain has its origins in the 1980s when, according to Tsing,
“the scarcity of matsutake in Japan first became clear.”

B. Commodity chains include the linked production and purchase of commodities, such as the matsutake
mushroom, on the world market.

C. Decades after the Japanese import of matsutake began, a commodity chain now links matsutake
pickers in Oregon with wealthy consumers of the costly mushrooms in Japan.

D. Wealthy consumers who buy the costly mushrooms in Japan are at one end of the matsutake
commodity chain.

ID: 9f9050f6 Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence provides an overview of the matsutake commodity chain, connecting the
Oregon mushroom pickers at one end to the Japanese consumers at the other.

Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the matsutake commodity chain, it focuses only on its origins; it does
not provide an overview. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence provides a general definition of commodity chains, not an
overview of the matsutake chain. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence mentions the matsutake commodity chain, it
focuses only on one end of the chain (the consumers); it does not provide an overview.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 2fbd7456
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: 2fbd7456
When soil becomes contaminated by toxic metals, it can be removed from the ground and disposed of in
a landfill. ______ contaminated soil can be detoxified via phytoremediation: plants that can withstand high
concentrations of metals absorb the pollutants and store them in their shoots, which are then cut off and
safely disposed of, preserving the health of the plants.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Alternatively,

B. Specifically,

C. For example,

D. As a result,

ID: 2fbd7456 Answer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale

Choice A is the best answer. “Alternatively” logically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this
sentence—removing toxic metals from the soil via phytoremediation—offers an alternative to the previously described
method (removing the contaminated soil from the ground).

Choice B is incorrect because “specifically” illogically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this
sentence specifies or elaborates on an aspect of the previously described method (removing the contaminated soil from
the ground). Instead, phytoremediation is an alternative to that method. Choice C is incorrect because “for example”
illogically signals that the soil decontamination method described in this sentence is an example of the previously
described method (removing the contaminated soil from the ground). Instead, phytoremediation is an alternative to that
method. Choice D is incorrect because “as a result” illogically signals that the soil decontamination method described in
this sentence is a result or consequence of the previously described method (removing the contaminated soil from the
ground). Instead, phytoremediation is an alternative to that method.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID e261a81f
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: e261a81f
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Million Song Dataset (MSD) includes main audio features and descriptive tags for popular songs.
Audio features include acoustic traits such as loudness and pitch intervals.
Many algorithms use these audio features to predict a new song’s popularity.
These algorithms may fail to accurately identify main audio features of a song with varying acoustic traits.
Algorithms based on descriptive tags that describe fixed traits such as genre are more reliable predictors of song
popularity.

The student wants to explain a disadvantage of relying on audio features to predict a song’s popularity.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Many popularity-predicting algorithms are based on a song’s audio features, such as loudness and
pitch intervals.

B. Algorithms based on audio features may misidentify the main features of a song with varying acoustic
traits, making such algorithms less reliable predictors of popularity than those based on fixed traits.

C. Audio features describe acoustic traits such as pitch intervals, which may vary within a song, whereas
descriptive tags describe fixed traits such as genre, which are reliable predictors of popularity.

D. The MSD’s descriptive tags are reliable predictors of a song’s popularity, as the traits they describe are
fixed.

ID: e261a81f Answer

Correct Answer: B

Rationale

Choice B is the best answer. This choice uses relevant information from the notes to explain a disadvantage of relying on
audio features to predict a song’s popularity—namely, that it may misidentify features of certain songs. It also contrasts
audio features with descriptive tags, which are more reliable predictors.

Choice A is incorrect. This choice only states a fact about the algorithms without evaluating their reliability or accuracy.
Choice C is incorrect. This choice only describes the difference between audio features and descriptive tags without
indicating why this difference matters for predicting popularity. Choice D is incorrect. This choice only mentions
descriptive tags, which are not the focus of the student’s rhetorical goal.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 7dfc7064
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 7dfc7064
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is in the billions.
81P/Wild is one of many comets whose orbit has changed over time.
81P/Wild’s orbit once lay between the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter.
The comet’s orbit is now positioned between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about the orbits of comets. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?

A. Astronomers estimate that the number of comets orbiting the Sun is in the billions; the comets’ orbits
may change over time.

B. Like Uranus, Jupiter, and Mars, billions of comets orbit the Sun.

C. One example of a comet is 81P/Wild, whose orbit around the Sun once lay between Uranus’s and
Jupiter’s orbits but is now positioned between those of Jupiter and Mars.

D. A comet’s orbit around the Sun may change over time: the orbit of comet 81P/Wild once lay between
the orbits of Uranus and Jupiter but is now positioned between those of Jupiter and Mars.

ID: 7dfc7064 Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence makes a generalization—that a comet’s orbit around the Sun may change over
time—and supports the generalization with the example of the orbit of comet 81P/Wild, which once lay between the
orbits of Uranus and Jupiter but is now positioned between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the number of comets orbiting the Sun and makes a generalization
about their orbits, but it doesn’t support the generalization with an example. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence makes a
generalization about comets and compares them to the planets Uranus, Jupiter, and Mars; it doesn’t make and support a
generalization about comets’ orbits. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence provides an example of a comet whose
orbit has changed, it doesn’t make a generalization about the orbits of comets.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 0a6b66b3
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: 0a6b66b3
In 1815, while in exile in Jamaica, Venezuelan revolutionary Simón Bolívar penned a letter praising
England’s republican government and expressing hope that Latin American nations seeking independence
from Spain might achieve something similar. The letter was addressed to a local merchant, Henry Cullen;
______ though, Bolívar’s goal was to persuade political leaders from England and Europe to support his
cause.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. additionally,

B. ultimately,

C. accordingly,

D. consequently,

ID: 0a6b66b3 Answer

Correct Answer: B

Rationale

Choice B is the best answer. “Ultimately” means “in the long run” or “at the highest level.” Although Bolívar wrote to a
local merchant, his ultimate goal was to send a message to political leaders in Europe. Therefore, “ultimately” fits
perfectly in this context.

Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates the addition of an agreeing idea. However, the second
part of the sentence actually disagrees with the first part. Bolívar addressed the letter to Cullen, but he was really sending
a message to someone else. Notice how the contrast word “though” also acts as a transition between these ideas.
Choice C is incorrect. This choice uses a cause-and-effect transition. Bolívar’s writing of the letter to Cullen would not
cause him to have a goal of persuading European powers to support him. Choice D is incorrect. This choice uses a
cause-and-effect transition. Bolívar’s writing of the letter to Cullen would not cause him to have a goal of persuading
European powers to support him.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID bc6c4fd8
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: bc6c4fd8
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Cambodia’s Angkor Wat was built in the 1100s to honor the Hindu god Vishnu.
It has been a Buddhist temple since the sixteenth century.
Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that enhances the contrast between colors in a
photograph.
Archaeologist Noel Hidalgo Tan applied decorrelation stretch analysis to photographs he had taken of Angkor
Wat’s plaster walls.
Tan’s analysis revealed hundreds of images unknown to researchers.

The student wants to present Tan’s research to an audience unfamiliar with Angkor Wat. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Tan photographed Angkor Wat’s plaster walls and then applied decorrelation stretch analysis to the
photographs.

B. Decorrelation stretch analysis is a novel digital imaging technique that Tan used to enhance the
contrast between colors in a photograph.

C. Using a novel digital imaging technique, Tan revealed hundreds of images hidden on the walls of
Angkor Wat, a Cambodian temple.

D. Built to honor a Hindu god before becoming a Buddhist temple, Cambodia’s Angkor Wat concealed
hundreds of images on its plaster walls.

ID: bc6c4fd8 Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence effectively presents Tan’s research to an audience unfamiliar with Angkor Wat,
explaining the results of the research and identifying Angkor Wat as a temple in Cambodia.

Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence presents Tan’s research, it fails to explain what Angkor Wat is for an audience
unfamiliar with the temple. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the role that decorrelation stretch analysis
played in Tan’s research; it doesn’t present the research, which would require specifying where it was conducted. Choice
D is incorrect. While the sentence explains what Angkor Wat is, it fails to present Tan’s research.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 52e1ba18
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 52e1ba18
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Gullah are a group of African Americans who have lived in parts of the southeastern United States since the
18th century.
Gullah culture is influenced by West African and Central African traditions.
Louise Miller Cohen is a Gullah historian, storyteller, and preservationist.
She founded the Gullah Museum of Hilton Head Island, South Carolina, in 2003.
Vermelle Rodrigues is a Gullah historian, artist, and preservationist.
She founded the Gullah Museum of Georgetown, South Carolina, in 2003.

The student wants to emphasize the duration and purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. At the Gullah Museums in Hilton Head Island and Georgetown, South Carolina, visitors can learn more
about the Gullah people who have lived in the region for centuries.

B. Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve the culture of the Gullah people,
who have lived in the United States since the 18th century.

C. Since 2003, Louise Miller Cohen and Vermelle Rodrigues have worked to preserve Gullah culture
through their museums.

D. Influenced by the traditions of West and Central Africa, Gullah culture developed in parts of the
southeastern United States in the 18th century.

ID: 52e1ba18 Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes both the duration (the length of time) and the purpose of Cohen’s
and Rodrigues’s work by noting that the women have been working since 2003 to preserve Gullah culture.

Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence emphasizes what visitors to Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s museums can learn, it
doesn’t mention the duration or purpose of the women’s work. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence emphasizes the
purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work, it doesn’t mention the duration of that work (the length of time the women
have been working to preserve Gullah culture). Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence emphasizes where and when
Gullah culture developed, it doesn’t mention the duration or purpose of Cohen’s and Rodrigues’s work.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID fbb805a4
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: fbb805a4
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The Atlantic Monthly magazine was first published in 1857.
The magazine focused on politics, art, and literature.
In 2019, historian Cathryn Halverson published the book Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly.”
Its subject is female authors whose autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s.
One of the authors discussed is Juanita Harrison.

The student wants to introduce Cathryn Halverson’s book to an audience already familiar with the Atlantic
Monthly. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Cathryn Halverson’s Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly” discusses female authors whose
autobiographies appeared in the magazine in the early 1900s.

B. A magazine called the Atlantic Monthly, referred to in Cathryn Halverson’s book title, was first
published in 1857.

C. Faraway Women and the “Atlantic Monthly” features contributors to the Atlantic Monthly, first published
in 1857 as a magazine focusing on politics, art, and literature.

D. An author discussed by Cathryn Halverson is Juanita Harrison, whose autobiography appeared in the
Atlantic Monthly in the early 1900s.

ID: fbb805a4 Answer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale

Choice A is the best answer. The sentence effectively introduces Cathryn Halverson’s book to an audience already
familiar with the Atlantic Monthly, noting the title of Halverson’s book and describing its content without providing
background information about the Atlantic Monthly.

Choice B is incorrect. The sentence introduces the Atlantic Monthly and mentions that it’s referred to in Cathryn
Halverson’s book title; it doesn’t effectively introduce Halverson’s book. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence assumes that
the audience is unfamiliar with the Atlantic Monthly, providing background information about the magazine; it doesn’t
effectively introduce Halverson’s book to an audience already familiar with the Atlantic Monthly. Choice D is incorrect.
While the sentence assumes that the audience is familiar with the Atlantic Monthly, it doesn’t effectively introduce
Cathryn Halverson’s book.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 6be089ec
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: 6be089ec
A 2017 study of sign language learners tested the role of iconicity—the similarity of a sign to the thing it
represents—in language acquisition. The study found that the greater the iconicity of a sign, the more
likely it was to have been learned. ______ the correlation between acquisition and iconicity was lower than
that between acquisition and another factor studied: sign frequency.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In fact,

B. In other words,

C. Granted,

D. As a result,

ID: 6be089ec Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. “Granted” logically signals that the following information—that iconicity is not as highly
correlated with acquisition as sign frequency—is true in spite of the information about the correlation between iconicity
and acquisition in the previous sentence.

Choice A is incorrect because “in fact” illogically signals that the sentence that follows either emphasizes or refutes the
information in the previous sentence regarding the correlation between iconicity and acquisition. Instead, the sentence
that follows provides additional information that is true in spite of the preceding information; it neither emphasizes nor
refutes that information. Choice B is incorrect because “in other words” illogically signals that the sentence that follows
is a restatement of the information in the previous sentence; instead, the sentence that follows provides additional
information that is true in spite of the preceding information. Choice D is incorrect because “as a result” illogically signals
that the sentence that follows is a result of the information in the previous sentence regarding the correlation between
iconicity and acquisition; instead, the sentence that follows is true in spite of the preceding information.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID a2941bd8
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: a2941bd8
Iraqi artist Nazik Al-Malaika, celebrated as the first Arabic poet to write in free verse, didn’t reject
traditional forms entirely; her poem “Elegy for a Woman of No Importance” consists of two ten-line
stanzas and a standard number of syllables. Even in this superficially traditional work, ______ Al-Malaika
was breaking new ground by memorializing an anonymous woman rather than a famous man.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. therefore,

B. in fact,

C. moreover,

D. though,

ID: a2941bd8 Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. The first sentence tells us that Al-Malaika sometimes used "traditional forms". The second
tells us that even when she used traditional forms, Al-Malaika was "breaking new ground". To connect these ideas, we
need a contrast word like "but." "Though" is a contrast word similar to "but."

Choice A is incorrect. This isn’t a logical transition. The first sentence tells us that Al-Malaika sometimes used "traditional
forms". The second tells us that even when she used traditional forms, Al-Malaika was "breaking new ground". To
connect these ideas, we need a contrast word like "but." "Therefore" doesn’t show contrast; it shows cause and effect.
Choice B is incorrect. This isn’t a logical transition. The first sentence tells us that Al-Malaika sometimes used "traditional
forms". The second tells us that even when she used traditional forms, Al-Malaika was "breaking new ground". To
connect these ideas, we need a contrast word like "but." "In fact" is a phrase that usually emphasizes the truth of the
previous statement. Choice C is incorrect. This isn’t a logical transition. The first sentence tells us that Al-Malaika
sometimes used "traditional forms". The second tells us that even when she used traditional forms, Al-Malaika was
"breaking new ground". To connect these ideas, we need a contrast word like "but." "Moreover" doesn’t show contrast—it
introduces additional information that continues or supports the previous idea.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID d600f35e
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: d600f35e
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Some powerful works of literature have so influenced readers that new legislation has been passed as a result.
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) is the autobiography of a man who endured
slavery on both sides of the Atlantic.
Equiano’s book contributed to the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807.
The Jungle (1906) is a fictional work by Upton Sinclair that describes unsanitary conditions in US meatpacking
plants.
Sinclair’s book contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between the two books. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Although both are powerful works of literature that contributed to new legislation, Equiano’s book is an
autobiography, while Sinclair’s is fictional.

B. They may have written about different topics, but Equiano and Sinclair both influenced readers.

C. The 1807 Slave Trade Act resulted in part from a book by Equiano, while the 1906 Pure Food and Drug
Act resulted in part from a book by Sinclair.

D. The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano and The Jungle are two works of literature that
contributed to new legislation (concerning the slave trade and food safety, respectively).

ID: d600f35e Answer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale

Choice A is the best answer. This choice emphasizes a difference between the two books by using relevant information
from the notes to contrast their genres.

Choice B is incorrect. This choice mentions a difference between the books (their different topics), but it emphasizes a
similarity between the books (their influence on readers). Choice C is incorrect. This choice provides information about
the books that reflects both a similarity (both resulted in new laws) and a difference (the specific laws that resulted),
without emphasizing either. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize a difference between the two books.
Instead, it emphasizes a similarity.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 004680af
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 004680af
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Freddie Wong (born 1985) is a director and special effects artist from the United States.
He is best known for the action-comedy web series Video Game High School (VGHS).
VGHS premiered in 2012 on RocketJump, a YouTube channel that Wong cocreated.
The series was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality special effects.
VGHS was nominated for a Producers Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.

The student wants to begin a narrative about Wong’s award-nominated web series. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. In 2012, director and visual effects artist Freddie Wong launched a new action-comedy web series:
Video Game High School.

B. Video Game High School was celebrated for its inventive video game–centric world and high-quality
special effects, and it was nominated for a Producer’s Guild Award for Outstanding Digital Series.

C. Wong, cocreator of the YouTube channel RocketJump, would go on to see his web series be
nominated for a Producers Guild Award.

D. In 2012, Video Game High School premiered on RocketJump; it would later be nominated for an award.

ID: 004680af Answer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale

Choice A is the best answer. This choice introduces Wong and VGHS in an active and specific way, as if to an audience
unfamiliar with the series. It also sets up the time and genre of the web series, which are useful ways to introduce the
series of events in a narrative.

Choice B is incorrect. This choice isn’t suited for beginning a narrative. A narrative is a story that follows a sequence of
events and creates interest and suspense for the reader. This choice jumps to the end, explaining the success of VGHS
without explaining what it is. Choice C is incorrect. This choice isn’t suited for beginning a narrative. It doesn’t actually
introduce the web series by name. It just jumps to later in the story without sufficient explanation. Choice D is incorrect.
This choice is not very effective for beginning a narrative. It doesn’t explain what VGHS is, and it doesn’t mention Wong.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID ff6dbb27
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: ff6dbb27
In response to adverse environmental conditions, many plants produce abscisic acid (ABA), a stress
hormone. ABA triggers a slowdown in the biological processes of most plants. ______ when the mustard
plant Schrenkiella parvula produces ABA in response to an environmental stressor, the hormone triggers
accelerated growth.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Moreover,

B. In contrast,

C. For example,

D. Thus,

ID: ff6dbb27 Answer

Correct Answer: B

Rationale

Choice B is the best answer. “In contrast” logically signals that the information in this sentence—that ABA triggers
accelerated growth in the mustard plant Schrenkiella parvula—contrasts with the previous information about ABA
triggering a slowdown in most plants’ biological processes.

Choice A is incorrect because “moreover” illogically signals that the information in this sentence about the mustard plant
merely adds to the previous information about the effects of ABA. Instead, it contrasts with that information. Choice C is
incorrect because “for example” illogically signals that the information in this sentence about the mustard plant provides
an example consistent with the previous information about the effects of ABA. Instead, it contrasts with that information.
Choice D is incorrect because “thus” illogically signals that the information in this sentence about the mustard plant is a
consequence, or result, of the previous information about the effects of ABA. Instead, it contrasts with that information.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 38a981d0
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 38a981d0
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Archaeologist Jon Erlandson and colleagues argue that humans first arrived in the Americas by sea.
They propose that humans traveled between Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines from northeast Asia to the
Americas.
Many of these islands and coastal zones were later submerged as glaciers melted and sea levels rose.
The researchers think that “a coastal route, including kelp forests and estuaries, would have provided a rich mix
of marine, estuarine, riverine, and terrestrial resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds.
This proposed scenario is known as the kelp highway hypothesis.

The student wants to summarize the kelp highway hypothesis. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Pacific Ocean islands and coastlines likely contained “a rich mix of marine, estuarine, riverine, and
terrestrial resources” such as seaweeds, fish, and birds, according to researchers.

B. One argument about how humans first arrived in the Americas is the kelp highway hypothesis
proposed by Jon Erlandson and colleagues.

C. Humans may have first arrived in the Americas by sea, traveling between Pacific Ocean islands and
coastlines and subsisting on a variety of resources.

D. As glaciers melted and sea levels rose, many Pacific Ocean islands and coastal zones were
submerged.

ID: 38a981d0 Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. This choice summarizes the main idea of the kelp highway hypothesis, providing a high-level
overview of how the hypothesis explains human migration to the Americas.

Choice A is incorrect. This choice describes one aspect of the proposed scenario but doesn’t discuss human migration,
which is the main focus of the kelp highway hypothesis. Choice B is incorrect. This choice introduces the kelp highway
hypothesis but doesn’t explain what it entails. Choice D is incorrect. This choice describes one element of the proposed
scenario but doesn’t discuss human migration, which is the main focus of the kelp highway hypothesis.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID aba812aa
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: aba812aa
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Nissologists are scientists who study islands.
Some nissologists define an island as any piece of land surrounded by water.
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 221,000 islands.
Other nissologists define an island as being 1 kilometer square, a certain distance from the mainland, and having
at least 50 permanent residents.
Using that definition, they determined that Sweden has 24 islands.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish these goals?

A. The definition of an island as any piece of land surrounded by water is supported by some
nissologists, scientists who study islands.

B. Multiple counts of Sweden’s islands have been based on different definitions of an island.

C. Based on a recent count, Sweden has a relatively small number of islands with at least 50 permanent
residents.

D. Nissologists’ different definitions can result in huge disparities in counts of islands, as the example of
Sweden shows.

ID: aba812aa Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence makes a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island—specifically,
that the use of one definition rather than another can result in huge disparities in the number of islands counted—and
supports that generalization by citing Sweden as an example.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence introduces one definition of an island to an audience unfamiliar with nissologists; it
doesn’t make a generalization about nissologists’ definition of an island. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence
synthesizes information from the notes about counts of Sweden’s islands, it doesn’t make and support a generalization
about nissologists’ definition of an island. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence makes an inference about islands in
Sweden; it doesn’t mention nissologists’ definition of an island or make a generalization about it.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID f99639a1
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: f99639a1
When one looks at the dark craggy vistas in Hitoshi Fugo’s evocative photo series, one’s mind might
wander off to the cratered surfaces of faraway planets. ______ it’s the series’ title, Flying Frying Pan, that
brings one back to Earth, reminding the viewer that each photo is actually a close-up view of a familiar
household object: a frying pan.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Consequently,

B. Alternatively,

C. Ultimately,

D. Additionally,

ID: f99639a1 Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. The first sentence describes an experience that the viewer has when they’re looking at the
photos: they imagine other planets. This sentence describes an experience that the viewer has afterward: the title
reminds them that the photos are of frying pans, bringing them back to reality. “Ultimately” is a transition that means
“eventually” or “in the end,” so it fits the context perfectly.

Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a cause-and-effect transition, which doesn’t make sense here. The viewer
imagining other planets when they’re looking at the photos doesn’t cause the title to bring them back to reality. Choice B
is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates another option or possibility, which doesn’t make sense here.
Rather, the viewer has both experiences: first the viewer imagines that they’re looking at another planet, and then the title
reminds them that it’s just a frying pan. Choice D is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates the addition of
an agreeing idea. But the viewer’s experience in the second sentence is actually the opposite of the viewer’s experience
in the first sentence. In the first sentence, the viewer is imagining that they’re seeing a landscape from another planet. In
the second sentence, the viewer is reminded that they’re looking at a frying pan.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID c6b6128f
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: c6b6128f
Seismologists Kaiqing Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz have proposed that the magma fueling Iceland’s
more than 30 active volcano systems emerges from deep within Earth. The great depths involved—nearly
3,000 km—mark Iceland’s volcanoes as extreme outliers; ______ many of Earth’s volcanoes are fed by
shallow pockets of magma found less than 15 km below the surface.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. indeed,

B. nevertheless,

C. in addition,

D. consequently,

ID: c6b6128f Answer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale

Choice A is the best answer. The second part of the sentence says that many volcanoes use shallow pockets of magma.
This is an elaboration of the same underlying idea from the first part of the sentence, which says that the super deep
magma of Icelandic volcanoes’ makes them outliers. “Indeed” is a transition used for elaborating on the same idea, so it
fits the context perfectly.

Choice B is incorrect. This choice uses a disagreement transition. But these two parts of the sentence agree with each
other, so “nevertheless” doesn’t make sense. Choice C is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates the
addition of a new idea. But the second part of the sentence isn’t adding a new idea: it’s elaborating on the same idea
expressed in the first part of the sentence. Choice D is incorrect. This choice uses a cause-and-effect transition, which
doesn’t make sense here. The fact that Iceland’s deep-magma volcanoes are outliers doesn’t cause many other
volcanoes to get fed by shallow pockets of magma.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 1572e3e1
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 1572e3e1
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
As engineered structures, many bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive.
A research team led by Yashraj Bhosale wanted to better understand the mechanics behind these structural
properties.
Bhosale’s team used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks into nest-like structures.
The researchers analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.
When pressure was applied to the model nests, the number of contact points between the sticks increased,
making the structures stiffer.

The student wants to present the primary aim of the research study. Which choice most effectively uses
relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Bhosale’s team wanted to better understand the mechanics behind bird nests’ uniquely flexible yet
cohesive structural properties.

B. The researchers used laboratory models that simulated the arrangement of flexible sticks and
analyzed the points where sticks touched one another.

C. After analyzing the points where sticks touched, the researchers found that the structures became
stiffer when pressure was applied.

D. As analyzed by Bhosale’s team, bird nests are uniquely flexible yet cohesive engineered structures.

ID: 1572e3e1 Answer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale

Choice A is the best answer. It describes the reason Bhosale’s team wanted to study the structures of bird nests—that is
to say, the study’s primary aim.

Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t present the primary aim of the research study. It describes how the study
worked, but not why it was done. Choice C is incorrect. This choice doesn’t present the primary aim of the research
study. It describes a result of the experiment, but not why it was carried out. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t
present the primary aim of the research study.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 4c6cff04
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 4c6cff04
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
British musicians John Lennon and Paul McCartney shared writing credit for numerous Beatles songs.
Many Lennon-McCartney songs were actually written by either Lennon or McCartney, not by both.
The exact authorship of specific parts of many Beatles songs, such as the verse for “In My Life,” is disputed.
Mark Glickman, Jason Brown, and Ryan Song used statistical methods to analyze the musical content of Beatles
songs.
They concluded that there is 18.9% probability that McCartney wrote the verse for “In My Life,” stating that the
verse is “consistent with Lennon’s songwriting style.”

The student wants to make a generalization about the kind of study conducted by Glickman, Brown, and
Song. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Based on statistical analysis, Glickman, Brown, and Song claim that John Lennon wrote the verse of
“In My Life.”

B. There is only an 18.9% probability that Paul McCartney wrote the verse for “In My Life”; John Lennon is
the more likely author.

C. It is likely that John Lennon, not Paul McCartney, wrote the verse for “In My Life.”

D. Researchers have used statistical methods to address questions of authorship within the field of
music.

ID: 4c6cff04 Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence uses information from the notes to make a generalization about the kind of
study Glickman, Brown, and Song conducted. Specifically, the sentence indicates that the study was of a kind that used
statistical methods to address questions of authorship within the field of music.

Choice A is incorrect because the sentence summarizes the methodology and findings of a particular analysis of a single
song; it doesn’t make a generalization about the kind of study conducted. Choice B is incorrect because the sentence
mentions the data and conclusion of a particular analysis of a single song; it doesn’t make a generalization about the
kind of study conducted. Choice C is incorrect because the sentence focuses on a specific conclusion from a particular
analysis of a single song; it doesn’t make a generalization about the kind of study conducted.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 867ceff8
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: 867ceff8
The Sun and other stars are powered by nuclear fusion reactions, in which two atoms collide to form a
single heavier atom, releasing energy. Scientists have long believed that fusion has the potential to meet
humanity’s clean energy needs. ______ prior to December 2022, no fusion reaction in a laboratory setting
had ever generated a net energy gain.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. For this reason,

B. Moreover,

C. Specifically,

D. That said,

ID: 867ceff8 Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. Scientists believe in fusion’s potential as an energy source, but have struggled to actually
make it work—in other words, there is a contradiction between scientists’ beliefs and their reality. “That said” is a
disagreement transition that works perfectly in this context.

Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a cause-and-effect transition, which doesn’t make sense here. Scientists not
being able to generate extra energy from lab fusion reactions isn’t an effect of them believing in fusion’s potential. Choice
B is incorrect. This transition indicates the addition of another supporting point. But this sentence is not adding a
supporting point to the previous sentence—scientists not being able to successfully generate energy from fusion isn’t
another point in favor of fusion meeting humanity’s clean energy needs. Choice C is incorrect. This choice uses a
transition that introduces or elaborates on a particular example. But this sentence doesn’t give an example of scientists’
belief in fusion’s potential to meet humanity’s clean energy needs—in fact, it contrasts that optimistic belief with the
reality of past failures to successfully employ fusion for energy production.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID cd75bd44
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: cd75bd44
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The popular wood-wide web theory posits that trees can communicate and exchange resources with one another
via common mycorrhizal networks (CMNs) of fungi.
Ecologist Dr. Suzanne Simard first suggested this theory in 1997.
She described trees as “super-cooperators.”
In the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” mycologist Dr. Justine Karst and colleagues evaluated
dozens of CMN studies.
They write that CMNs “have captured the interest of broad audiences. We are concerned, however, that recent
claims about CMNs in forests are disconnected from evidence.”

The student wants to use a quotation to emphasize a potential problem with the wood-wide web theory.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Describing trees as “super-cooperators,” Simard first suggested that trees can exchange resources
with one another in 1997.

B. In “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” Karst and colleagues note that common mycorrhizal networks
“have captured the interest of broad audiences.”

C. After evaluating dozens of CMN studies, Karst and colleagues expressed concern that recent claims
about common mycorrhizal networks are “disconnected from evidence.”

D. Despite the concerns expressed in the 2022 study “The Decay of the Wood-Wide Web?,” the wood-wide
web theory remains popular.

ID: cd75bd44 Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. This choice uses a quotation to convey the authors’ criticism and challenge to the wood-
wide web theory due to an absence of evidence.

Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t emphasize a potential problem with the wood-wide web theory. It uses a
quotation to introduce the theory and its originator. It doesn’t mention any criticism or challenge to the theory. Choice B
is incorrect. This choice uses a quotation, but it doesn’t emphasize a potential problem with the wood-wide web theory. It
uses a quotation to describe the appeal and interest of the theory, but it doesn’t indicate why the authors are concerned
or what evidence they have. Choice D is incorrect. This choice doesn’t use a quotation at all. It paraphrases the main idea
of the 2022 study, but it doesn’t include any specific words or phrases from the notes. It also doesn’t emphasize a
potential problem with the theory, but rather its popularity.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 21f19050
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 21f19050
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1971, experimental musician Pauline Oliveros created Sonic Meditations.
Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based exercises called meditations.
Each meditation consists of instructions for participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.
The instructions for Meditation V state, “walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears.”
Those for Meditation XVIII state, “listen to a sound until you no longer recognize it.”

The student wants to provide an explanation and an example of Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Sonic Meditations is not music but rather a series of sound-based meditations that consist of
instructions; Meditation XVIII, for instance, instructs participants to “listen to a sound until you no
longer recognize it.”

B. In 1971, Oliveros created Sonic Meditations, a series of meditations that consist of instructions for
participants to make, imagine, listen to, or remember sounds.

C. “Walk so silently that the bottoms of your feet become ears” is one example of the instructions found
in Oliveros’s Sonic Meditations.

D. While both meditations consist of instructions, Meditation XVIII instructs participants to “listen,”
whereas Meditation V instructs participants to “walk.”

ID: 21f19050 Answer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale

Choice A is the best answer. It describes what a “Sonic Meditation” is, and then gives an example in the form of
Meditation XVIII.

Choice B is incorrect. This choice describes what a “Sonic Meditation” is, but doesn’t give an example of one. Choice C is
incorrect. This choice gives an example of a “Sonic Meditation,” but doesn’t explain what the meditations are. Choice D is
incorrect. This choice doesn’t describe what a “Sonic Meditation” is.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 9579edb4
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: 9579edb4
Magnetic levitation (maglev) trains are suspended above a track by powerful electromagnets, reducing
friction and thus allowing for much faster speeds. Though maglev advocates in the US have long
imagined these trains crisscrossing the country, their dream remains unrealized. ______ of the handful of
maglev trains currently in operation, all are in Asia.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In fact,

B. To that end,

C. Nevertheless,

D. That said,

ID: 9579edb4 Answer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale

Choice A is the best answer. This sentence emphasizes just how far maglev advocates’ dreams are from coming true. “In
fact” is a transition used to emphasize the truth of a statement that modifies the previous statement and therefore fits
perfectly in this context.

Choice B is incorrect. This choice uses a cause-and-effect transition, which doesn’t make sense here. Maglev advocates’
dream remaining unrealized would not cause there to be only a few maglev trains, all located in Asia. Choice C is
incorrect. This choice uses a disagreement transition, which doesn’t make sense here. In fact, this sentence agrees with
the previous sentence—both talk about how maglev trains are far from becoming common in the US. Choice D is
incorrect. This choice uses a disagreement transition, which doesn’t make sense here. In fact, this sentence agrees with
the previous sentence—both talk about how maglev trains are far from becoming common in the US.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID c5423706
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: c5423706
In a heated debate in biogeography, the field is divided between dispersalists and vicariancists. ______
there are those who argue that dispersal is the most crucial determining factor in a species’ distribution,
and those who insist that vicariance (separation due to geographic barriers) is. Biogeographer Isabel
Sanmartín counts herself among neither.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Furthermore,

B. By contrast,

C. Similarly,

D. That is,

ID: c5423706 Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. “That is” logically signals that this sentence clarifies the terms of the scientific debate
introduced in the previous sentence by explaining the difference between dispersalists and vicariancists.

Choice A is incorrect because “furthermore” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is merely additional
to (and separate from) the information in the previous sentence about the scientific debate. Instead, the information
about dispersalists and vicariancists clarifies the terms of that debate. Choice B is incorrect because “by contrast”
illogically signals that the information in this sentence contrasts with the information in the previous sentence about the
scientific debate. Instead, the information about dispersalists and vicariancists clarifies the terms of that debate. Choice
C is incorrect because “similarly” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is merely similar to the
information in the previous sentence about the scientific debate. Instead, the information about dispersalists and
vicariancists clarifies the terms of that debate.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID bcb73490
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: bcb73490
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Neuroscientists Krishnan Padmanabhan and Zhen Chen sought to better understand the workings of the brain’s
olfactory system.
They devised a study using mathematical models.
They found that certain fibers allow the brain to toggle from one method of processing smells to another.
In one method, cells in the piriform cortex (where the perception of odor forms) capture olfactory information at
a given moment.
In the other, the cells track changes in olfactory information over time.

The student wants to summarize the study’s findings. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. To arrive at these findings, which describe dual methods of processing smells in the piriform cortex,
Padmanabhan and Chen devised a study using mathematical models.

B. Padmanabhan and Chen showed that olfactory information is captured by cells in the piriform cortex,
where the perception of odor forms.

C. Using mathematical models, Padmanabhan and Chen devised a study to better understand the
workings of the brain’s olfactory system.

D. According to Padmanabhan and Chen, the brain can toggle between capturing olfactory information at
a given moment and tracking changes in that information over time.

ID: bcb73490 Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. The sentence effectively summarizes the study’s findings, explaining what Padmanabhan
and Chen found: that the brain can toggle between one method of processing smells (capturing information at a given
moment) and another (tracking changes in information over time).

Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence mentions findings, it mainly focuses on Padmanabhan and Chen’s
methodology. It doesn’t effectively summarize the study’s findings. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence notes a fact
about the olfactory system—that the perception of odor forms in the piriform cortex—but doesn’t summarize the findings
of Padmanabhan and Chen’s study. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence presents the goal of Padmanabhan and Chen’s
study; it doesn’t summarize the study’s findings.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 9dcc184d
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: 9dcc184d
Plato believed material objects to be crude representations of unseen ideal forms. In his view, such
abstract, nonmaterial forms are the ultimate source of knowledge. Aristotle disagreed, positing that
knowledge is best obtained through direct engagement with the material world; ______ sensory experience
of the material is the ultimate source of knowledge.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. regardless,

B. admittedly,

C. in other words,

D. meanwhile,

ID: 9dcc184d Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. “In other words” logically signals that the claim about sensory experience that follows—that
sensory experience is the source of knowledge—is a restatement of Aristotle’s theory from earlier in the sentence.

Choice A is incorrect because “regardless” illogically signals that the claim about sensory experience that follows is true
in spite of Aristotle’s theory from earlier in the sentence. Instead, this claim is a restatement of his theory. Choice B is
incorrect because “admittedly” illogically signals that the claim about sensory experience that follows is an exception to
Aristotle’s theory from earlier in the sentence. Instead, this claim is a restatement of his theory. Choice D is incorrect
because “meanwhile” illogically signals that the claim about sensory experience that follows is separate from (while
occurring simultaneously with) Aristotle’s theory from earlier in the sentence. Instead, this claim is a restatement of his
theory.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 542f0235
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 542f0235
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Ducklings expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line behind their mother than when swimming
alone.
The physics behind this energy savings hasn’t always been well understood.
Naval architect Zhiming Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck’s wake.
The study revealed that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction by the wake’s waves.
Yuan determined this push reduces the effect of wave drag on the ducklings by 158%.

The student wants to present the study and its methodology. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. A study revealed that ducklings, which expend up to 62.8% less energy when swimming in a line
behind their mother, also experience 158% less drag.

B. Seeking to understand how ducklings swimming in a line behind their mother save energy, Zhiming
Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck’s wake.

C. Zhiming Yuan studied the physics behind the fact that by being pushed in a forward direction by
waves, ducklings save energy.

D. Naval architect Zhiming Yuan discovered that ducklings are pushed in a forward direction by the waves
of their mother’s wake, reducing the effect of drag by 158%.

ID: 542f0235 Answer

Correct Answer: B

Rationale

Choice B is the best answer. The sentence presents both the study and its methodology (that is, the researcher’s
approach to the problem), explaining that Yuan used computer simulations to study the effect of the mother duck’s wake
on the ducklings’ energy expenditure.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes the findings of Yuan’s study; it doesn’t present the study and its
methodology. Choice C is incorrect. While the sentence provides general information about Yuan’s study, it doesn’t
present the study’s methodology. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence describes the findings of Yuan’s study; it doesn’t
present the study and its methodology.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 990bd995
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 990bd995
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
A thermal inversion is a phenomenon where a layer of atmosphere is warmer than the layer beneath it.
In 2022, a team of researchers studied the presence of thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants.
Gas giants are planets largely composed of helium and hydrogen.
The team found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were also likely to contain heat-absorbing metals.
One explanation for this relationship is that these metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere, where their
absorbed heat causes an increase in temperature.

The student wants to present the study’s findings to an audience already familiar with thermal inversions.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Heat-absorbing metals may reside in a planet’s upper atmosphere.

B. The team studied thermal inversions in twenty-five gas giants, which are largely composed of helium
and hydrogen.

C. Researchers found that gas giants featuring a thermal inversion were likely to contain heat-absorbing
metals, which may reside in the planets’ upper atmospheres.

D. Gas giants were likely to contain heat-absorbing metals when they featured a layer of atmosphere
warmer than the layer beneath it, researchers found; this phenomenon is known as a thermal
inversion.

ID: 990bd995 Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. It describes the study’s findings in a way that assumes the audience is already familiar with
thermal inversions.

Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t fully describe the findings of the study, because it doesn’t include anything
about thermal inversions. Choice B is incorrect. This choice doesn’t describe the study’s findings. Choice D is incorrect.
This choice isn’t suited for an audience already familiar with thermal inversion. A familiar audience wouldn’t need to have
the term defined.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 64595457
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 64595457
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
The magnificent frigatebird (fregata magnificens) is a species of seabird that feeds mainly on fish, tuna, squid,
and other small sea animals.
It is unusual among seabirds in that it doesn’t dive into the water for prey.
One way it acquires food is by using its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey from the surface of the water.
Another way it acquires food is by taking it from weaker birds by force.
This behavior is known as kleptoparasitism.

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two ways a magnificent frigatebird acquires
food. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. A magnificent frigatebird never dives into the water, instead using its hook-tipped bill to snatch prey
from the surface.

B. Neither of a magnificent frigatebird’s two ways of acquiring food requires the bird to dive into the
water.

C. Of the magnificent frigatebird’s two ways of acquiring food, only one is known as kleptoparasitism.

D. In addition to snatching prey from the water with its hook-tipped bill, a magnificent frigatebird takes
food from other birds by force.

ID: 64595457 Answer

Correct Answer: B

Rationale

Choice B is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes a similarity between the two ways a magnificent frigatebird
acquires food, noting that neither way requires the seabird to dive into the water.

Choice A is incorrect. The sentence describes how a magnificent frigatebird captures prey without diving into water; it
doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two ways the seabird acquires food. Choice C is incorrect. The sentence
notes the term used to describe one of the two ways that magnificent frigatebirds acquire food; it doesn’t emphasize a
similarity between the two ways. Choice D is incorrect. The sentence describes the two ways that a magnificent
frigatebird acquires food; it doesn’t emphasize a similarity between the two ways.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID e5e5f6f6
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: e5e5f6f6
When designing costumes for film, American artist Suttirat Larlarb typically custom fits the garments to
each actor. ______ for the film Sunshine, in which astronauts must reignite a dying Sun, she designed a
golden spacesuit and had a factory reproduce it in a few standard sizes; lacking a tailor-made quality, the
final creations reflected the ungainliness of actual spacesuits.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Nevertheless,

B. Thus,

C. Likewise,

D. Moreover,

ID: e5e5f6f6 Answer

Correct Answer: A

Rationale

Choice A is the best answer. “Nevertheless” logically signals that the information in this sentence—that the spacesuits
Suttirat Larlarb designed for the film Sunshine were made in standard sizes in a factory—presents a notable exception to
Larlarb’s typical approach of custom-fitting garments to actors, which is described in the previous sentence.

Choice B is incorrect because “thus” illogically signals that the information in this sentence is a result or consequence of
the previous information about Larlarb’s typical approach of custom-fitting garments to actors. Instead, it presents a
notable exception to Larlarb’s typical approach. Choice C is incorrect because “likewise” illogically signals that the
information in this sentence is similar to the previous information about Larlarb’s typical approach of custom-fitting
garments to actors. Instead, it presents a notable exception to Larlarb’s typical approach. Choice D is incorrect because
“moreover” illogically signals that the information in this sentence merely adds to the previous information about
Larlarb’s typical approach of custom-fitting garments to actors. Instead, it presents a notable exception to Larlarb’s
typical approach.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID dffab2d7
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: dffab2d7
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
African American women played prominent roles in the Civil Rights Movement, including at the famous 1963
March on Washington.
Civil rights activist Anna Hedgeman, one of the march’s organizers, was a political adviser who had worked for
President Truman.
Civil rights activist Daisy Bates was a well-known journalist and advocate for school desegregation.
Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman was included in the lineup of speakers at the
march.
Bates was the sole woman to speak, delivering a brief but memorable address to the cheering crowd.

The student wants to compare the two women’s contributions to the March on Washington. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Hedgeman and Bates contributed to the march in different ways; Bates, for example, delivered a brief
but memorable address.

B. Hedgeman worked in politics and helped organize the march, while Bates was a journalist and school
desegregation advocate.

C. Although Hedgeman worked behind the scenes to make sure a woman speaker was included, Bates
was the sole woman to speak at the march.

D. Many African American women, including Bates and Hedgeman, fought for civil rights, but only one
spoke at the march.

ID: dffab2d7 Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence compares the two women’s contributions to the march: Hedgeman worked
behind the scenes to make sure a woman speaker was included, whereas Bates actually spoke at the event.

Choice A is incorrect. While it acknowledges that the two women both contributed to the march, it doesn’t indicate what
Hedgeman did, so no comparison is made. Choice B is incorrect. While the sentence provides information about the two
women, it doesn’t mention anything about Bates’s contribution to the march. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence
indicates that the two women both fought for civil rights, it doesn’t compare their individual contributions to the march.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 59aa305b
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 59aa305b
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
Ulaanbaatar is the capital of Mongolia.
The city’s population is 907,802.
Ulaanbaatar contains 31.98 percent of Mongolia’s population.
Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam.
The city’s population is 7,781,631.
Hanoi contains 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population.

The student wants to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’ populations. Which choice most
effectively uses information from the given sentences to emphasize the relative sizes of the two capitals’
populations?

A. Mongolia’s capital is Ulaanbaatar, which has 907,802 people, and Vietnam’s capital is Hanoi, which has
7,781,631 people.

B. Comparing Vietnam and Mongolia, 7,781,631 is 8.14 percent of Vietnam’s population, and 907,802 is
31.98 percent of Mongolia’s.

C. Even though Hanoi (population 7,781,631) is larger than Ulaanbaatar (population 907,802),
Ulaanbaatar accounts for more of its country’s population.

D. The populations of the capitals of Mongolia and Vietnam are 907,802 (Ulaanbaatar) and 7,781,631
(Hanoi), respectively.

ID: 59aa305b Answer

Correct Answer: C

Rationale

Choice C is the best answer. The sentence emphasizes the relative sizes of the capital cities’ populations, noting that
even though Hanoi has more people overall, Ulaanbaatar accounts for a larger percentage of the people in its country.

Choice A is incorrect. While the sentence indicates the population size of each capital, it fails to emphasize their sizes
relative to each other or to their countries’ overall population sizes. Choice B is incorrect. The sentence emphasizes the
population sizes of the two countries; it fails to mention the capitals. Choice D is incorrect. While the sentence indicates
the population size of each capital, it fails to emphasize their sizes relative to each other or to their countries’ overall
population sizes.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 410d7d28
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: 410d7d28
In her poetry collection Thomas and Beulah, Rita Dove interweaves the titular characters’ personal stories
with broader historical narratives. She places Thomas’s journey from the American South to the Midwest
in the early 1900s within the larger context of the Great Migration. ______ Dove sets events from Beulah’s
personal life against the backdrop of the US Civil Rights Movement.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Specifically,

B. Thus,

C. Regardless,

D. Similarly,

ID: 410d7d28 Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. “Similarly” logically signals that the information in the sentence—that Dove situates Beulah’s
life in the context of the US Civil Rights Movement—is similar to the previous information about Thomas and the Great
Migration. Both sentences support the first sentence’s claim that Dove portrays her characters in the context of broader
historical narratives.

Choice A is incorrect because “specifically” illogically signals that the information about Beulah in this sentence provides
specific details elaborating on the previous information about Thomas. Instead, it’s similar to the previous information
about Thomas. Choice B is incorrect because “thus” illogically signals that the information about Beulah in this sentence
is a result or consequence of the previous information about Thomas. Instead, it’s similar to the previous information
about Thomas. Choice C is incorrect because “regardless” illogically signals that the information about Beulah in this
sentence is true despite the previous information about Thomas. Instead, it’s similar to the previous information about
Thomas.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 29f5d8bd
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Rhetorical Hard

Synthesis

ID: 29f5d8bd
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
In 1978, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta River in Norway.
The dam would disrupt Sámi fishing and reindeer herding.
The dam was ultimately built, but the Alta conflict had a lasting impact.
It brought international attention to the issue of Sámi rights.
It led to a set of 2005 legal protections establishing Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources.

The student wants to make and support a generalization about the Alta conflict. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. During the Alta conflict, Sámi activists staged protests to block the construction of a dam on the Alta
River in Norway that would disrupt local fishing and reindeer herding.

B. Although the dam that the Sámi activists had protested was ultimately built, the Alta conflict had a
lasting impact.

C. Sámi rights to lands, waters, and resources received international attention and legal protections as a
result of the Alta conflict.

D. The Alta conflict had a lasting impact, resulting in international attention and legal protections for Sámi
rights to lands, waters, and resources.

ID: 29f5d8bd Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. It makes a generalization—the conflict had a lasting impact—and then supports it with
evidence—the attention and protections were results of the conflict.

Choice A is incorrect. This choice doesn’t make a generalization about the conflict. It describes a specific event from the
conflict. Choice B is incorrect. This choice makes a generalization about the Alta conflict, but doesn’t support it. Choice C
is incorrect. This choice makes a statement about the aftermath of the conflict, but doesn’t support it. The statement is
also a little too specific to be a generalization.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID 4e564c4f
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: 4e564c4f
With its clichéd imagery of suburban lawns and power lines, John Ashbery’s 2004 poem “Ignorance of the
Law Is No Excuse” may seem barren terrain for critical analysis. ______ cultural critic Lauren Berlant finds
fertile ground in just its first two stanzas, devoting most of a book chapter to deciphering the “weight of
the default space” Ashbery creates in this poem.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Likewise,

B. Nonetheless,

C. In turn,

D. That is,

ID: 4e564c4f Answer

Correct Answer: B

Rationale

Choice B is the best answer. “Nonetheless” is a transition that indicates disagreement. The first sentence describes the
unlikelihood of finding much for critical analysis in Ashbery’s poem (“barren terrain”), while the second sentence
describes how Berlant did in fact find much to analyze in Ashbery’s poem (“fertile ground”), so the transition
“nonetheless” fits perfectly.

Choice A is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates the addition of a new but similar idea, which doesn’t
make sense here. The idea in this sentence directly contradicts the idea in the previous sentence. Choice C is incorrect.
This choice uses a cause-and-effect transition, which doesn’t make sense in this context—a poem seemingly having little
opportunity for critical analysis would not cause someone to write an extensive critical analysis (in fact, we might expect
the opposite). Choice D is incorrect. This choice uses a transition that indicates a restatement of the same idea in other
words. But the text isn’t restating the first idea here. Instead, it’s offering a contradiction to the idea expressed in the first
sentence.

Question Difficulty: Hard

Question ID a56a50e6
Assessment Test Domain Skill Difficulty

SAT Reading and Writing Expression of Ideas Transitions Hard

ID: a56a50e6
Historically, most conductors of major orchestras and opera companies have been European men, but a
new, more diverse generation of artists is stepping up to the podium. Mexico’s Alondra de la Parra took
over as conductor for the Queensland Symphony Orchestra in 2017, ______ and Colombia’s Lina Gonzalez-
Granados did the same for the Los Angeles Opera in 2022.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. in addition,

B. lastly,

C. granted,

D. for instance,

ID: a56a50e6 Answer

Correct Answer: D

Rationale

Choice D is the best answer. “For instance” logically signals that the details in this sentence—that Mexican conductor
Alondra de la Parra and Colombian conductor Lina Gonzalez-Granados took new conducting positions—are examples
supporting the previous claim about the new generation of artists.

Choice A is incorrect because “in addition” illogically signals that the details in this sentence about de la Parra and
Gonzalez-Granados are merely additional facts related to the previous claim about the new generation of artists. Instead,
they are examples supporting that claim. Choice B is incorrect because “lastly” illogically signals that the details in this
sentence about de la Parra and Gonzalez-Granados are the last step or a concluding summary of the previous claim
about the new generation of artists. Instead, they are examples supporting that claim. Choice C is incorrect because
“granted” illogically signals that the details in this sentence about de la Parra and Gonzalez-Granados are exceptions to
the previous claim about the new generation of artists. Instead, they are examples supporting that claim.

Question Difficulty: Hard