CAM 8 TEST 4: Land of the Rising Sun

accuracy (n) /'ækjərəsɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự chính xác =the fact of being exact or correct

Ví dụ:

 We can predict changes with a surprising degree of [accuracy].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important

compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on

accuracy.

a focus on (n) /eɪ 'fəʊkəs ɒn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

chú trọng vào =the thing or person that people are most interested in; the act of paying special attention to

something and making people interested in it

Ví dụ:

 We shall maintain our [focus on] the needs of the customer.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important

compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on

accuracy.

attainment (n) /ə'teɪnmənt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thành tựu =success in achieving something

Ví dụ:
  The [attainment] of his ambitions was still a dream.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than

England and Wales.

attitude towards (n) /'ætɪtjuːd

tə'wɔːdz/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

thái độ đối với =the way that you think and feel about somebody/something; the way that you behave

towards somebody/something that shows how you think and feel

Ví dụ:

 These societies have to change their [attitudes towards] women.

Ghi chú:

In passage: However, the Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines of ‘if you work hard

enough, you can do almost anything’.

centralized (adj) /'sentrəlaɪzd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tập trung =controlled by one main system or authority

Ví dụ:

 Their beliefs in individual freedom over [centralized] government were strong

Ghi chú:

In passage: Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralised national curriculum

and how it is to be delivered.

circulate (v) /'s3ːkjʊleɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đi vòng quanh lớp =move around a social function in order to talk to many different people

Ví dụ:

 The couple [circulated], chatting to their guests

Ghi chú:

In passage: At this point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were coping well.

combine with (v) /kəm'baɪn wɪð/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

kết hợp với =to come together to form a single thing or group; to join two or more things or groups together

to form a single one

Ví dụ:

 Hydrogen [combines with] oxygen to form water.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of

different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets

unnecessary.

comprehensive (adj) /ˌkɒmprɪ'hensɪv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bao hàm, toàn diện =complete and including everything that is necessary

Ví dụ:

 He has written a fully [comprehensive] guide to Rome.

Ghi chú:
In passage: The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of

different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets

unnecessary.

concentrate on (v) /'kɒnsəntreɪt ɒn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tập trung/chuyên tâm vào =to give all your attention to something and not think about anything else

Ví dụ:

 I struggled to [concentrate on] my job because I was worried about my son.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Teachers begin with a formal address and mutual bowing, and then concentrate on whole-class

teaching.

consistent (adj) /kən'sɪstənt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

ổn định =always behaving in the same way, or having the same opinions, standards, etc.

Ví dụ:

 He has been Milan's most [consistent] player (= who plays well most often) this season.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two

countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?

demonstrate (v) /'demənstreɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

minh họa =to show something clearly by giving proof or evidence

Ví dụ:
  New research convincingly [demonstrates] that age-related memory loss is not inevitable.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first

with the class, and then the class is set questions from the textbook to do individually

elaboration (n) /ɪˌlæbə'reɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

kĩ lưỡng =the addition of more information to or an explanation of something that you have said

Ví dụ:

 The importance of the plan needs no further [elaboration].

Ghi chú:

In passage: After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly

and with a lot of repetition and elaboration

emphasis (n) /'emfəsɪs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự nhấn mạnh =pecial importance that is given to something

Ví dụ:

 Since the elections there has been a greater [emphasis] on education.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important

compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on

accuracy.

homogeneity (n) /ˌhəʊmədʒɪ'nɪətɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
Tính đồng nhất, tình đồng đều, tính thuần nhất =the quality in a group of people or things of being all the

same or all of the same type

Ví dụ:

 Cultural [homogeneity] is created by education and the media.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of

different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets

unnecessary.

incidentally (adv) /ˌɪnsɪ'dentəlɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tình cờ =in a way that was not planned but that is connected with something else

Ví dụ:

 The information was only discovered [incidentally].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Large sample international comparisons of pupils’ attainments since the 1960s have

established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there

was also a larger proportion of ‘low’ attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment

scores was much greater.

inspirational (adj) /ˌɪnspə'reɪʃənl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

truyền cảm hứng =providing exciting new ideas; making somebody want to create something, especially in

art, literature or music

Ví dụ:

 an [inspirational] leader

Ghi chú:
In passage: They were mainly good and one or two were inspirational.

keen to (adj) /kiːn tuː/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thích, hào hứng =wanting to do something or wanting something to happen very much

Ví dụ:

 John was very [keen to] help.

Ghi chú:

In passage: (One teacher was particularly keen to introduce colour and pictures into maths textbooks: he

felt this would make them more accessible to pupils brought up in a cartoon culture.)

keep (v) /kiːp/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

giữ nguyên =to stay in a particular condition or position; to make somebody/something do this

Ví dụ:

 I could not [keep] silent any longer.

Ghi chú:

In passage: It is remarkable that large, mixed-ability classes could be kept together for maths throughout all

their compulsory schooling from 6 to 15.

keep informed of (phrase v) /kiːp ɪn'fɔːmd

ɒv/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

thông tin kịp thời =to give someone the latest news and details about a situation

Ví dụ:

 [Keep me informed of] any developments.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Parents are kept closely informed of their children’s progress and will play a part in helping their

children to keep up with class, sending them to ‘Juku’ (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and

encouraging them to work harder.

keep up with (phr v) /kiːp ʌp wɪð/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bắt kịp/theo kịp =to do whatever is necessary to stay level or equal with someone or something

Ví dụ:

 Wages are failing to [keep up with] inflation.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Parents are kept closely informed of their children’s progress and will play a part in helping their

children to keep up with class, sending them to ‘Juku’ (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and

encouraging them to work harder.

let off steam (idiom) /let ɒf stiːm/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thư giãn/nghỉ ngơi =to get rid of your energy, anger or strong emotions by doing something active or noisy

Ví dụ:

 I went for a long walk to [let off steam].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Classrooms are large and pupils sit at single desks in rows. Lessons last for a standardised 50

minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam.

mutual (adj) /'mjuːtʃʊəl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
lẫn nhau, qua lại =(of two or more people or groups) feeling the same emotion, or doing the same thing to

or for each other

Ví dụ:

 We let the subject drop, by [mutual] agreement.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Teachers begin with a formal address and mutual bowing, and then concentrate on whole-class

teaching.

presumably (adv) /prɪ'zjuːməblɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

có vẻ =used to say what you think is the likely situation

Ví dụ:

 [Presumably] he just forgot to send the letter

Ghi chú:

In passage: These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out

and logically developed.

recognise as (v) /ˈrɛkəgˌnaɪz æz/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

được coi là =to accept that something is legal, true, or important

Ví dụ:

 He [recognized the man as] one of the police officers.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important

compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on

accuracy.
relate to (phr v) /rɪ'leɪt tuː/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

liên quan đến/có sự liên hệ với =to be connected with something/somebody; to refer to

something/somebody

Ví dụ:

 We shall discuss the problem as it [relates to] our specific case.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Other relevant points relate to the supportive attitude of a class towards slower pupils, the lack

of competition within a class, and the positive emphasis on learning for oneself and improving one’s own

standard.

remarkably (adv) /rɪ'mɑːkəblɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đáng chú ý =in a way that is unusual or surprising and causes people to take notice

Ví dụ:

 The car is in [remarkably] good condition for its age.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Traditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lesson and the remarkably quiet classes take

their own notes of the points made and the examples demonstrated.

render (v) /'rendər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

làm cho =to cause someone or something to be in a particular state

Ví dụ:

 His rudeness [rendered] me speechless.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of

different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets

unnecessary.

seek (v) /siːk/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tìm kiếm =to look for something/somebody

Ví dụ:

 Drivers are advised to [seek] alternative routes.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from

their neighbour

set out (phr v) /set aʊt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

trình bày =to present ideas, facts, etc. in an organized way, in speech or writing

Ví dụ:

 He [set out] his objections to the plan.

Ghi chú:

In passage: These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out

and logically developed.

set well back from (phr v) /set wel bæk

frɒm/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

cách rất xa =to place something, especially a building, at a distance from something
Ví dụ:

 The house is [set well back from] the road.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside.

solution (n) /sə'luːʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

giải quyết =a way of solving a problem or dealing with a difficult situation

Ví dụ:

 There's no simple [solution to] this problem.

Ghi chú:

In passage: At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers

comment, correct or elaborate as necessary.

standardise (v) /standardise*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tiêu chuẩn =to make objects or activities of the same type have the same features or qualities; to make

something standard

Ví dụ:

 a [standardized] contract/design/test

Ghi chú:

In passage: Classrooms are large and pupils sit at single desks in rows. Lessons last for a standardised 50

minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam.

struggler (n) /struggler*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
học sinh gặp khó khăn =a person who struggles with difficulties or with great effort

Ví dụ:

 Dunnington improved their survival chances after beating fellow [strugglers] Huntington 6-3.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from

their neighbour

supplementary (adj) /ˌsʌplɪ'mentrɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bổ sung, phụ =that is provided, needed, or asked for in addition to something else

Ví dụ:

 A [supplementary] budget may be needed to cover the cost of repairs.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class

take note of (idiom) /teɪk nəʊt ɒv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

ghi chép lại =to pay attention to something and be sure to remember it

Ví dụ:

 Under the new rules the penalty for illegal play is increased. Players [take note].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Traditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lesson and the remarkably quiet classes take

their own notes of the points made and the examples demonstrated.

unjustified (adj) /ʌn'dʒʌstɪfaɪd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

phi lý =wrong and/or not deserved

Ví dụ:

 There were admittedly some [unjustified] delays in some Olympic projects

Ghi chú:

In passage: And the view of repetitively boring lessons and learning the facts by heart, which is sometimes

quoted in relation to Japanese classes, may be unfair and unjustified

unstreamed (adj) /unstreamed*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

không chia lớp theo năng lực =British education (of children) not divided into groups or streams according

to ability

Ví dụ:

 an [unstreamed] class

Ghi chú:

In passage: Classes are large – usually about 40 – and are unstreamed.

variation (n) /ˌveərɪ'eɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự biến đổi =a difference, or a thing that differs slightly from another of its type

Ví dụ:

 Her movies are all [variations] on the same theme.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Large sample international comparisons of pupils’ attainments since the 1960s have

established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there
was also a larger proportion of ‘low’ attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment

scores was much greater.

CAM 8 TEST 4: Biological control of pests

account for (phr v) /ə'kaʊnt fɔːr/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

chiếm =to form the total of something

Ví dụ:

 The differences in achievement between the pupils are partly [accounted for] by differences in age.

Ghi chú:

In passage: By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests,

necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was

accounted for by pesticides.

adverse (adj) /'ædv3ːs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bất lợi =having a negative or harmful effect on something

Ví dụ:

 The match has been cancelled because of [adverse] weather conditions

Ghi chú:

In passage: Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause

cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, says a study by United States

environmental agencies.

agroecologist (n) /agroecologist*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
nhà nông nghiệp sinh thái =a person who specializes in agroecology (= the science or the activity of

following the principles of ecology (= the study of how different parts of the environment relate to one

another) in farming systems)

Ví dụ:

 [Agroecologists] will work with farmers to design and manage agricultural ecosystems

Ghi chú:

In passage: This results in what agroecologists call the ‘treadmill syndrome’

apart from (phrase) /ə'pɑːt frɒm/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

ngoài việc =except for

Ví dụ:

 I've finished [apart from] the last question.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the

emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.

a variety of (phrase) /eɪ və'raɪətɪ

ɒv/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

nhiều loại =several different sorts of the same thing

Ví dụ:

 There is [a variety of] patterns to choose from.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have

become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.

avidly (adv) /'ævɪdlɪ/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

say sưa =in an extremely eager or interested way

Ví dụ:

 She reads [avidly]

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical- based intensive agriculture, the farmers

avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield.

a wide range of (phrase) /eɪ waɪd reɪndʒ

ɒv/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

một loạt/đa dạng các loại =several different sorts of the same thing

Ví dụ:

 Consequently, we reviewed and tested [a wide range of] possible factors for possible use as

controls.

Ghi chú:

In passage: According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 300

species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals.

bask (v) /bɑːsk/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đắm chìm =revel in and make the most of (something pleasing)

Ví dụ:

 He positively [basks] in this news, delighted at the thought.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical- based intensive agriculture, the farmers

avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield.

beetle (n) /'biːtl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bọ cánh cứng =an insect with a hard shell-like back

Ví dụ:

 Among all the insects only [beetles] have these specialized fore-wings.

Ghi chú:

In passage: By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agricultural University

freed a 12- kilometre- long canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta, popularly called ‘African

Payal’ in Kerala

bring about (phr v) /brɪŋ ə'baʊt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

gây ra =to cause something to happen

Ví dụ:

 He [brought about] his company's collapse by his reckless spending.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The havoc that the ‘treadmill syndrome’ can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to

cotton farmers in Central America.

chemical-resistant (adj) /chemical-resistant*/

UK US
Định nghĩa:

chống chịu/kháng hóa chất =not harmed or affected by chemicals

Ví dụ:

 [chemical- resistant] gloves

Ghi chú:

In passage: Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the

emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.

clutch (n) /klʌtʃ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

"nanh vuốt" =the control of someone

Ví dụ:

 He is in/has fallen into the [clutches] of that woman.

Ghi chú:

In passage: By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agricultural University

freed a 12- kilometre- long canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta, popularly called ‘African

Payal’ in Kerala

counterproductive (adj) /ˈkaʊnərprəˌdəktɪv/ UK

US
Định nghĩa:

phản tác dụng =having the opposite effect to the one that was intended

Ví dụ:

 Increases in taxation would be [counterproductive].

Ghi chú:

In passage: The continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a

threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive.

defoliant (n) /ˌdiː'fəʊlɪənt/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

loài gây rụng lá =a chemical that removes the leaves from plants, sometimes used as a weapon in war

Ví dụ:

 To minimize the trash collected, the plants are sometimes sprayed with a chemical [defoliant]

causing the leaves to drop prior to picking.

Ghi chú:

In passage: CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on ‘disapene scale’

insects – notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.

detrimental (adj) /ˌdetrɪ'mentl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

có hại, nguy hiểm =causing harm or damage

Ví dụ:

 Their decision could be [detrimental] to the future of the company.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively

low-cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects.

devour (v) /dɪ'vaʊər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

ngấu nghiến, tàn phá =to eat all of something quickly, especially because you are very hungry

Ví dụ:

 He [devoured] half of his burger in one bite.

Ghi chú:
In passage: A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling

the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US

disorder (n) /dɪs'ɔːdər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự rối loạn =a state of untidiness or lack of organization

Ví dụ:

 The whole office was in a state of [disorder].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the

emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.

engaged in (adj) /ɪn'geɪdʒd ɪn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tham gia vào =busy doing something; involved with somebody/something in an active and interested way

Ví dụ:

 They were [engaged in] conversation.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global network

of research laboratories and field stations, is one of the most active, non-commercial research agencies

engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites.

engender (v) /ɪn'dʒendər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

gây ra =to cause something to come into existence

Ví dụ:
  Your book has [engendered] much controversy.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the

emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.

eradication (n) /ɪˌrædɪ'keɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự loại bỏ =the process of getting rid of something completely or of destroying something bad

Ví dụ:

 The department faces either a budget cut or [eradication].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is

now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which

has become a nuisance in many parts of the world.

exert (v) /ɪg'z3ːt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tạo ra, gây ra =to use something such as authority, power, influence, etc. in order to make something

happen

Ví dụ:

 If you were to [exert] your influence they might change their decision.

Ghi chú:

In passage: CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious

parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and

Australia

forage (n) /'fɒrɪdʒ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thức ăn cho súc vật =food for horses and cows

Ví dụ:

 [forage] crops/grass

Ghi chú:

In passage: A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling

the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US

havoc (n) /'hævək/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự tàn phá =confusion and lack of order that result in damage or trouble

Ví dụ:

 The storm created complete [havoc] in the park.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The havoc that the ‘treadmill syndrome’ can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to

cotton farmers in Central America.

hyacinth (n) /'haɪəsɪnθ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

cây lan dạ hương =a pleasant-smelling plant with a lot of small flowers that grow close together around one

thick stem

Ví dụ:

 In Europe, winter holiday parties are resplendent with fragrant [hyacinths].

Ghi chú:
In passage: Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is

now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which

has become a nuisance in many parts of the world.

immune (adj) /ɪ'mjuːn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

miễn dịch =protected against a particular disease by particular substances in the blood

Ví dụ:

 He seems to be [immune] to colds - he just never gets them.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have

become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.

indigenous (adj) /ɪn'dɪdʒɪnəs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

có (nguồn) gốc từ =(of plants and animals) having originally developed in a particular place, rather than

having been brought there from somewhere else

Ví dụ:

 The kangaroo is [indigenous] to Australia.

Ghi chú:

In passage: A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling

the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US

indiscriminate (adj) /ˌɪndɪ'skrɪmɪnət/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Không phân biệt, bừa bãi =action is done without thought about what the result may be, especially when it

causes people to be harmed

Ví dụ:

 the [indiscriminate] nature of nuclear weapons

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more

effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies

of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity – though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential.

infest (v) /ɪn'fest/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tràn vào phá hoại =(of animals and insects that carry disease) to cause a problem by being present in large

numbers

Ví dụ:

 The barn was [infested] with rats.

Ghi chú:

In passage: About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.

in the glory of (phrase) /ɪn ðə 'glɔːrɪ

ɒv/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

trong sự huy hoàng =great admiration, honour, and praise that you earn by doing something successfully

Ví dụ:

 He revelled [in the glory of] scoring three goals in the final eight minutes.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical- based intensive agriculture, the farmers

avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield.

invasion (n) /ɪn'veɪʒn/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

sự xâm lấn =an occasion when a large number of people or things come to a place in an annoying and

unwanted way

Ví dụ:

 the annual [invasion] of foreign tourists

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the early 1970s, the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were

pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.

larval (adj) /'lɑːvl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

ấu trùng =relating to a form of an insect or an animal such as a frog that has left its egg but is not yet

completely developed

Ví dụ:

 Strong winds can catch this early [larval] form of the insect and carry it up to 50 miles.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the late 1960s, when Sri Lanka’s flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining

hispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control.

leave behind (phr v) /liːv bɪ'haɪnd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bỏ lại =to forget to take something or someone with you

Ví dụ:

 I think I must have [left my keys behind].

Ghi chú:
In passage: Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have

become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.

lethal (adj) /'liːθl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

gây chết người =able to cause or causing death; extremely dangerous

Ví dụ:

 Three minutes after the fire started, the house was full of [lethal] fumes.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the

emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.

mutation (n) /mjuː'teɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đột biến =a process in which the genetic material of a person, a plant or an animal changes in structure

when it is passed on to children, etc., causing different physical characteristics to develop; a change of this

kind

Ví dụ:

 These cells have been affected by [mutation].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause

cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, says a study by United States

environmental agencies.

necessitate (v) /nɪ'sesɪteɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đòi hỏi phải =to cause something to be needed, or to make something necessary
Ví dụ:

 An important meeting [necessitates] my being in Boston on Friday.

Ghi chú:

In passage: By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests,

necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was

accounted for by pesticides.

nuisance (n) /'njuːsns/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

mối phiền toái =a thing, person or situation that is annoying or causes trouble or problems

Ví dụ:

 It's a [nuisance] having to go back tomorrow.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is

now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which

has become a nuisance in many parts of the world.

obnoxious (adj) /əb'nɒkʃəs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

khó chịu, độc =very unpleasant or rude

Ví dụ:

 Some of his colleagues say that he's loud and [obnoxious].

Ghi chú:

In passage: CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious

parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and

Australia
offspring (n) /'ɒfsprɪŋ/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

con cái, thế hệ sau =the young of an animal

Ví dụ:

 In the case of the guinea pig, the number of [offspring] varies between two and five.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to

withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.

outlay (n) /'aʊtleɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

kinh phí =an amount of money spent for a particular purpose, especially as a first investment in something

Ví dụ:

 Few are able to afford the cash [outlay].

Ghi chú:

In passage: By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests,

necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was

accounted for by pesticides.

parthenium (n) /parthenium*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thực vật họ cúc =a genus of North American shrubs in the sunflower tribe within the daisy family and

subfamily Asteroideae

Ví dụ:

 [Parthenium] is an annual herb with a deep taproot and an erect stem that becomes woody with

age
Ghi chú:

In passage: CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious

parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and

Australia

peril (n) /'perəl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hiểm họa =great danger, or something that is very dangerous

Ví dụ:

 Teenagers must be warned about the [perils] of unsafe sex.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more

effective and ecologically sound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies

of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity – though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential.

perpetual (adj) /pə'petʃʊəl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thường xuyên, liên tục =continuing for a long period of time without stopping or being interrupted

Ví dụ:

 We lived for years in a [perpetual] state of fear.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively

low-cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects.

plague (v) /pleɪg/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

gặp bệnh dịch =to cause pain or trouble to somebody/something over a period of time
Ví dụ:

 Economic problems continued to [plague] the country.

Ghi chú:

In passage: In the late 1960s, when Sri Lanka’s flourishing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mining

hispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control.

pose a threat to (v) /pəʊz eɪ θret

tuː/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

đe dọa đến... =a statement in which you tell somebody that you will punish or harm them, especially if they

do not do what you want

Ví dụ:

 Drugs [pose a major threat to] our society.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a

threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive.

predator (n) /'predətər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thiên địch, thú săn mồi =an animal that hunts, kills, and eats other animals

Ví dụ:

 lions, wolves, and other [predators]

Ghi chú:

In passage: The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global network

of research laboratories and field stations, is one of the most active, non-commercial research agencies

engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites.

prey on (phr v) /preɪ ɒn/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

săn... =(of an animal or a bird) to hunt and kill another animal for food

Ví dụ:

 Hawks [prey on] rodents and small birds.

Ghi chú:

In passage: CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on ‘disapene scale’

insects – notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.

proliferation (n) /prəˌlɪfə'reɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự sinh sôi =the fact of something increasing a lot and suddenly in number or amount

Ví dụ:

 The past two years have seen the [proliferation] of TV channels.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the

mid-1950s, following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical- resistant pests.

reckless (adj) /'rekləs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thiếu thận trọng, bừa bãi =showing a lack of care about danger and the possible results of your actions

Ví dụ:

 He showed a [reckless] disregard for his own safety.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a

threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive.

self-dispersing (adj) /self-dispersing*/ UK
US
Định nghĩa:

tự phân tán =spread across or move away over a large area by themselves

Ví dụ:

 A [self-dispersing] pigment was produced by a diazonium coupling reaction

Ghi chú:

In passage: When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing.

side-effect (n) /side-effect*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tác dụng phụ =an unpleasant effect of a drug, medical treatment, or vaccine (= a substance put into a

person's body to stop them gettting a disease) that happens in addition to the main intended effect

Ví dụ:

 Does this drug have any [side effects]

Ghi chú:

In passage: The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively

low-cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects.

syndrome (n) /'sɪndrəʊm/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hội chứng =a combination of medical problems that shows the existence of a particular disease or mental

condition

Ví dụ:

 What is commonly known as influenza or the flu is a [syndrome], not a disease.

Ghi chú:

In passage: This results in what agroecologists call the ‘treadmill syndrome’

synthetic (adj) /sɪn'θetɪk/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tổng hợp =of or relating to products made from artificial substances, often copying a natural product

Ví dụ:

 The chemicals which comprise [synthetic] drugs are natural.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to

withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.

take a turn (phrase) /teɪk eɪ t3ːn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bước chuyển ngoặt đáng báo động =an unusual or unexpected change in what is happening

Ví dụ:

 His health has [taken a turn] for the worse (= suddenly got worse).

Ghi chú:

In passage: By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests,

necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was

accounted for by pesticides.

tremendous (adj) /trɪ'mendəs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

ghê gớm, khủng khiếp =very great in amount or level, or extremely good

Ví dụ:
  They were making a [tremendous] amount of noise last night.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to

withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.

weevil (n) /'wiːvɪl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

con mọt ngũ cốc =any of various beetles that destroy crops such as grains and cotton

Ví dụ:

 These [weevils] were all individually labelled to ensure that only marked insects were taken into

account.

Ghi chú:

In passage: CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious

parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and

Australia

wipe out (v) /waɪp aʊt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

quét sạch =to destroy or remove somebody/something completely

Ví dụ:

 Whole villages were [wiped out] by the earthquake.

Ghi chú:

In passage: One glaring disadvantage of pesticides’ application is that, while destroying harmful pests, they

also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms, which keep the growth of the pest population in check.

withstand (v) /wɪð'stænd/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

chống chịu =to be strong enough not to be hurt or damaged by extreme conditions, the use of force, etc

Ví dụ:

 The materials used have to be able to [withstand] high temperatures.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to

withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.

CAM 8 TEST 4: Collecting ant specimens

abundance (n) /ə'bʌndəns/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

sự phong phú =the situation in which there is more than enough of something

Ví dụ:

 There was an [abundance] of food at the wedding.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Collecting ants can be as simple as picking up stray ones and placing them in a glass jar, or as

complicated as completing an exhaustive survey of all species present in an area and estimating their

relative abundances.

a number of (phrase) /eɪ 'nʌmbər ɒv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

một lượng nhất định =an amount or total

Ví dụ:

 [A small number of] children are educated at home.

Ghi chú:
In passage: The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under

study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing

their value for taxonomic investigations.

aspirator (n) /aspirator*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

máy hút =a device or machine used for taking liquid out of a person’s body

Ví dụ:

 The medical staff at Laguna Honda Hospital kept an [aspirator] handy in case he choked on his

own secretions

Ghi chú:

In passage: Specimens are collected using an aspirator (often called a pooter), forceps, a fine, moistened

paint brush, or fingers, if the ants are known not to sting.

capture (v) /'kæptʃər/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bắt =to catch a person or an animal and keep them as a prisoner or shut them in a space that they cannot

escape from

Ví dụ:

 Allied troops [captured] over 300 enemy soldiers.

Ghi chú:

In passage: This makes it easier to spot ants and to capture them before they can escape into the

surrounding leaf litter.

classification (n) /ˌklæsɪfɪ'keɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

sự phân loại =the act or process of dividing things into groups according to their type
Ví dụ:

 Do you understand the system of [classification] used in ornithology?

Ghi chú:

In passage: For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes

(workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the

determination of variation within species.

coarse (adj) /kɔːs/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

thô, nhám =rough and not smooth or soft, or not in very small pieces

Ví dụ:

 Local industries include the manufacture of [coarse] cloth, esparto fabrics, oil and flour.

Ghi chú:

In passage: A method of improving the catch when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse

screen before placing it above the funnel.

compatible (adj) /kəm'pætəbl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tương hợp =able to exist or work with something else, or (of a person) able to live or work with someone

else

Ví dụ:

 Levine said he is lucky he and his roommate are [compatible].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Unfortunately, these methods are not always compatible.

confine (v) /kən'faɪn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

giới hạn =to limit an activity, person, or problem in some way

Ví dụ:

 Let's [confine] our discussion to the matter in question, please!

Ghi chú:

In passage: Since some species are largely nocturnal, collecting should not be confined to daytime.

debris (n) /'deɪbriː/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

mảnh vụn =broken or torn pieces of something larger

Ví dụ:

 [Debris] from the aircraft was scattered over a large area.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Many ants are small and forage primarily in the layer of leaves and other debris on the ground.

determination (n) /dɪˌt3ːmɪ'neɪʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

xác định =the process of establishing something exactly by calculation or research

Ví dụ:

 [determination] of molecular structures

Ghi chú:

In passage: For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes

(workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the

determination of variation within species.

dry out (v) /draɪ aʊt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

khô =to become or to allow something to become dry, often in a way that is not wanted

Ví dụ:

 Hot sun and cold winds can soon [dry out] your skin.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate

quickly and the traps will dry out.

ecologist (n) /iː'kɒlədʒɪst/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

nhà sinh thái học =a person who studies the natural relationships between the air, land, water, animals,

plants, etc.

Ví dụ:

 This course is for anyone wanting to become a professional [ecologist].

Ghi chú:

In passage: The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under

study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing

their value for taxonomic investigations.

elusive (adj) /ɪ'luːsɪv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

khó kiếm =difficult to find, define or achieve

Ví dụ:

 The answers to these questions remain as [elusive] as ever.

Ghi chú:
In passage: This often increases the number of individuals collected and attracts species that are otherwise

elusive.

escape (v) /ɪ'skeɪp/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

trốn thoát =to get free from something, or to avoid something

Ví dụ:

 He narrowly (= only just) [escaped] a fine.

Ghi chú:

In passage: This makes it easier to spot ants and to capture them before they can escape into the

surrounding leaf litter.

evaporate (v) /ɪ'væpəreɪt/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

bay hơi =to cause a liquid to change to a gas, especially by heating

Ví dụ:

 The high concentration of sugars forms a syrup when the sap [evaporates].

Ghi chú:

In passage: The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate

quickly and the traps will dry out.

exhaustive (adj) /ɪg'zɔːstɪv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hết mọi khía cạnh, toàn diện =including everything possible; very careful or complete

Ví dụ:

 This list is not intended to be [exhaustive].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Collecting ants can be as simple as picking up stray ones and placing them in a glass jar, or as

complicated as completing an exhaustive survey of all species present in an area and estimating their

relative abundances.

forage (v) /'fɒrɪdʒ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

kiếm ăn =to go from place to place searching for things that you can eat or use

Ví dụ:

 The children had been living on the streets, [foraging] for scraps.

Ghi chú:

In passage: When possible, collections should be made from nests or foraging columns and at least 20 to

25 individuals collected.

forager (n) /forager*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

con vật kiếm ăn =a person or animal that goes from place to place searching for things that they can eat or

use

Ví dụ:

 Animals are very selective [foragers].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Baits can be used to attract and concentrate foragers

forceps (n) /'fɔːseps/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

cái kềm, kẹp =a metal instrument with two handles used in medical operations for picking up, pulling, and

holding things
Ví dụ:

 She gave him the injection and pulled out a pair of [forceps].

Ghi chú:

In passage: Specimens are collected using an aspirator (often called a pooter), forceps, a fine, moistened

paint brush, or fingers, if the ants are known not to sting.

funnel (n) /'fʌnl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Cái phễu =an object that has a wide round opening at the top, sloping sides, and a narrow tube at the

bottom, used for pouring liquids or powders into containers with narrow necks

Ví dụ:

 After you grind the coffee, use a [funnel] to pour it into the jar

Ghi chú:

In passage: This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under

some heat.

identifiable (adj) /aɪˌdentɪ'faɪəbl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

dễ nhận biết =able to be recognized

Ví dụ:

 In her bright yellow coat, she was easily [identifiable] in the crowd.

Ghi chú:

In passage: For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of

the different species present as possible

in favor of (idiom) /ɪn ˈfeɪvər ɒv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tập trung vào =if one thing is rejected in favour of another, the second thing is done or chosen instead of the

first

Ví dụ:

 The policy was rejected [in favour of] a more cautious approach.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under

study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing

their value for taxonomic investigations.

intervention (n) /ˌɪntə'venʃn/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Sự xen vào, sự can thiệp =the action of becoming intentionally involved in a difficult situation, in order to

improve it or prevent it from getting worse

Ví dụ:

 Half the people questioned said they were opposed to military [intervention] in the civil war.

Ghi chú:

In passage: One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with

minimal maintenance and intervention.

marshy (adj) /'mɑːʃɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

đầm lầy, lầy lội =A marshy area of land is always wet, like a marsh

Ví dụ:

 This area was very [marshy] before the drainage system was installed.

Ghi chú:
In passage: This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas.

mishandle (v) /ˌmɪs'hændl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

làm hỏng, xử lý tệ =to deal with something without the necessary care or skill

Ví dụ:

 The police were accused of [mishandling] the investigation.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Plastic tubes with secure tops are better than glass because they are lighter, and do not break

as easily if mishandled.

nocturnal (adj) /nɒk't3ːnl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hoạt động về đêm =being active or happening at night rather than during the day

Ví dụ:

 Most bats are [nocturnal]

Ghi chú:

In passage: Since some species are largely nocturnal, collecting should not be confined to daytime.

pick up (phr v) /pɪk ʌp/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

nhặt =to take hold of somebody/something and lift them/it up

Ví dụ:

 She went over to the crying child and [picked her up].

Ghi chú:
In passage: Collecting ants can be as simple as picking up stray ones and placing them in a glass jar, or as

complicated as completing an exhaustive survey of all species present in an area and estimating their

relative abundances.

pitfall (n) /'pɪtfɔːl/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

hố bẫy =a covered pit used as a trap

Ví dụ:

 A [pitfall] trap is a simple device used to catch small animals

Ghi chú:

In passage: The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants.

preservative (n) /prɪ'z3ːvətɪv/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

chất bảo quản =a substance used to preserve foodstuffs, wood, or other materials against decay

Ví dụ:

 The fence has been treated with [preservative].

Ghi chú:

In passage: A pitfall trap can be any small container placed in the ground with the top level with the

surrounding surface and filled with a preservative.

taxonomist (n) /taxonomist*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

Nhà phân loại =a person who studies or has skill in taxonomy

Ví dụ:

 These have been sadly neglected by most [taxonomists]

Ghi chú:

In passage: The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under

study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing

their value for taxonomic investigations.

taxonomy (n) /tæk'sɒnəmɪ/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

phân loại học =a system for naming and organizing things, especially plants and animals, into groups that

share similar qualities

Ví dụ:

 If the [taxonomy] was confused, the racial ideology was not.

Ghi chú:

In passage: For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes

(workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the

determination of variation within species.

twig (n) /twɪg/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

cành cây =a small, thin branch of a tree or bush, especially one removed from the tree or bush and without

any leaves

Ví dụ:

 We collected dry [twigs] to start the fire.

Ghi chú:

In passage: This will concentrate the litter and remove larger leaves and twigs

undertake (v) /ˌʌndə'teɪk/ UK US

Định nghĩa:
thực hiện, tiến hành =to do or begin to do something, especially something that will take a long time or be

difficult

Ví dụ:

 Students are required to [undertake] simple experiments.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The size of the traps used is influenced largely by personal preference (although larger sizes

are generally better), while the number will be determined by the study being undertaken.

utilise (v) /utilise*/ UK US

Định nghĩa:

tận dụng =to use something in an effective way

Ví dụ:

 The vitamins come in a form that is easily [utilized] by the body.

Ghi chú:

In passage: Sugars and meats or oils will attract different species and a range should be utilised

vary from ... to ... (v) /'veərɪ frɒm

tuː / UK US
Định nghĩa:

dao động từ =If things of the same type vary, they are different from each other, and if you vary them, you

cause them to be different from each other

Ví dụ:

 Salary scales [vary from state to state]/ according to state/with each state.

Ghi chú:

In passage: The diameter of the traps can vary from about 18 mm to 10 cm and the number used can vary

from a few to several hundred.

vial (n) /'vaɪəl/ UK US
Định nghĩa:

lọ nhỏ bằng thủy tinh =a small glass bottle, especially one containing liquid medicine

Ví dụ:

 The store gave away [vials] of their new perfume.

Ghi chú:

In passage: When placed on the ground, baits should be situated on small paper cards or other flat, light-

coloured surfaces, or in test-tubes or vials