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1-1 Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s
• A large part of the worldwide telecommunications
system falls in the category of “digital systems.”
– It started as a simple digital system that used only
two states to represent information.
A telegraph system consisted of a battery, a code key (normally open,
momentary contact switch), a telegraph wire, and an electromagnetic “clacker.”
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Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s
• The telegraph system used two distinct “symbols”
to transmit any word or number.
– Short & long electric pulses, the dots & dashes of
Morse code—a digital representation of information.
• The electric signal is either on or off at all times.
– This relates to modern digital systems that use
electrical signals to represent 1s and 0s.
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Introduction to Digital 1s and 0s
• A timing diagram shows which state (1 or 0) the
system is in at any point in time.
– And shows the time when a change in state occurs.
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Numerical Representations
• Physical systems use quantities which must be
manipulated arithmetically.
• Quantities may be represented numerically in
either analog or digital form.
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Numerical Representations
• Analog Representation—a continuously variable,
proportional indicator.
– Sound through a microphone causes voltage
changes.
– Automobile speedometer changes with speed.
– Mercury thermometer varies over a range of values
with temperature.
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Numerical Representations
• In 1875, Alexander Graham Bell figured out how to
change his voice into a continuously variable
electrical signal, send it through a wire, and
change it back to sound energy at the other end.
Today, the device that converts
sound energy to an analog voltage
signal is known as a microphone.
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Numerical Representations
• Digital Representation—varies in discrete
(separate) steps.
– Passing time is shown as a change in the display
on a digital clock at one minute intervals.
– A change in temperature is shown on a digital
display only when the temperature changes
at least one degree.
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Digital and Analog Systems
• Digital system:
– A combination of devices that manipulate values
represented in digital form.
• Analog system:
– A combination of devices that manipulate values
represented in analog form.
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Digital and Analog Systems
• Advantages of digital:
– Ease of design:
Using switching circuit.
Not aware of exact value.
Only HIGH and LOW is consider.
– Information storage is easy:
Special device is used like FF.
In FF can store huge and hold as much you
required.
– Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain:
Digital bit is not changed but in analog voltage and
current can change frequently.
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Digital and Analog Systems
• Advantages of digital: Cont’d
– Programmable operation:
Only need two stage so easy to program.
– Less affected by noise:
Exact value is not required here, so noise can not
harm this system.
– Ease of fabrication on IC chips.
Plenty of IC are available in digital system.
Easy to design digital IC.
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Digital and Analog Systems
• There are limits to digital techniques:
– The real world is analog.
– Processing digitized signals takes time.
– The analog nature of the world requires a time
consuming conversion process:
1. Convert the physical variable to an electrical
signal (analog).
2. Convert the analog signal to digital form.
3. Process (operate on) the digital information.
4. Convert the digital output back to real-world
analog form.
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Digital and Analog Systems
• A digital system is a combination of devices
designed to manipulate logical information or
physical quantities represented in digital form.
– Quantities can take on only discrete values.
• An analog system manipulates physical quantities
represented in analog form.
– Quantities can vary over a continuous range
of values.
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Digital and Analog Systems
• Party-line callers encoded a person’s ID by the
way they cranked their telephone.
The signaling (rings) used digital representation,
but voice communication was purely analog.
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Digital and Analog Systems
• The rotary-dial phone used a series of pulses,
representing the ten decimal digits.
• In “touch-tone” phones, digital switching
information is sent using analog tone signals.
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Digital and Analog Systems
The cell phone has digital
& analog components, and
uses both types of signals.
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Digital and Analog Systems
Temperature-regulation system
using an analog-to-digital converter.
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Digital Number Systems
• Understanding digital systems requires an
understanding of the decimal, binary, octal,
and hexadecimal numbering systems.
– Decimal – 10 symbols (base 10)
– Hexadecimal – 16 symbols (base 16)
– Octal – 8 symbols (base 8)
– Binary – 2 symbols (base 2)
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Digital Number Systems
• The Decimal (base 10) System
– 10 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7, 8, 9.
• Each number is a digit.
Most significant digit (MSD) & least significant digit (LSD).
Positional value may be stated as a digit multiplied by a power of 10.
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Digital Number Systems
Decimal
Counting
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Digital Number Systems
• The Binary (base 2) System
– 2 symbols: 0,1
• Lends itself to electronic circuit design since only
two different voltage levels are required.
Positional value may
be stated as a digit
multiplied by a
power of 2.
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Digital Number Systems
Binary
Counting
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Relax Time :D
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