APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES

Introduction to Computer Systems

What is a Computer System?
A computer system is like a smart and fast helper that can do all sorts of tasks
for us. It's made up of different parts, like the brain (central processing unit or
CPU), memory, and the tools we use to interact with it, such as a keyboard
and a screen.
How Does a Computer Work?
Computers are like magic boxes that follow instructions really quickly. They
use a language called "code" to understand what we want them to do. The
CPU is the brain of the computer that processes these instructions.
Types of Computers
There are different kinds of computers. Some are big and powerful, like the
ones in offices, while others are small and portable, like laptops and
smartphones.
● Software and Hardware
Software: It's the stuff that tells the computer what to do, like apps and
programs.
Hardware: These are the physical parts of the computer, like the screen,
keyboard, and all the electronic bits inside.
● Memory
Think of memory as the computer's short-term memory. It helps store
information temporarily while the computer works on it.
● Storage
Storage is like the computer's long-term memory. It keeps your pictures,
documents, and other important stuff safe for a long time.

1
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Input and Output

Input: This is how we tell the computer what to do, like typing on a keyboard
or touching a screen.
Output: It's what the computer shows us, like pictures, videos, or text on a
screen.
● Networks
Computers can talk to each other through networks, like the internet. It's like a
big web of connections that helps us share information and communicate with

ED
people all around the world.

M
Supercomputer
Definition: Supercomputers are extremely powerful and high-performance

H
computing machines designed to handle complex scientific and engineering
A
calculations. They are used for tasks such as weather modeling, nuclear
simulations, and advanced scientific research.
M

Characteristics:
● Supercomputers are characterized by their exceptional processing
EE

speed and vast amounts of memory.

● They often consist of multiple processors working in parallel to solve
H

computationally intensive problems.

A

Mainframe Computer
.F

Definition: Mainframes are large and robust computers that are primarily
M

used by organizations for critical data processing tasks. They excel in

handling large databases, transaction processing, and enterprise-level
applications.
Characteristics:
● Mainframes are known for their reliability, scalability, and the ability to
support multiple users simultaneously.

2
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

● They often have redundant components to ensure uninterrupted

operation.

Minicomputer
Definition: Minicomputers are mid-sized computers that bridge the gap
between mainframes and personal computers. They were more common in
the past and found use in scientific, engineering, and business applications.
Characteristics:

ED
● Minicomputers offer moderate processing power and are suitable for
handling tasks that require more computing resources than a personal

M
computer but less than a mainframe.
● They are versatile and can be used for various purposes.

H
Workstation
A
Definition: Workstations are high-performance desktop computers designed
M

for specialized tasks such as computer-aided design (CAD), 3D modeling,

scientific simulations, and content creation.
EE

Characteristics:
● Workstations are optimized for single-user, compute-intensive
H

applications.
● They often have powerful graphics processing units (GPUs) to handle
A

graphics-intensive tasks.
.F

Personal Computer (PC)

M

Definition: Personal computers, commonly known as PCs, are

general-purpose computers designed for individual use. They come in various
forms, including desktops, laptops, and tablets.
Characteristics:
● PCs are versatile and widely used for tasks such as word processing,
web browsing, gaming, and multimedia consumption.

3
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

● They are typically more affordable and less powerful than specialized
computers like supercomputers or workstations.

Introduction to Input Methods

In the field of computer science, understanding input methods is essential as it
forms the foundation for interacting with computers and digital devices. Input
methods are the means by which users provide information or instructions to a
computer system.

ED
Input Device: Any hardware component or peripheral that allows users to
provide data or instructions to a computer.

M
Keyboard
Definition: A keyboard is a primary input device for computers, consisting of a

H
set of keys, each representing a specific character, symbol, or function. When
A
a key is pressed, it sends a corresponding signal to the computer, allowing
users to input text, numbers, and commands.
M

Usage: Keyboards are widely used for tasks like typing documents, entering
data, and executing commands in various software applications and operating
EE

systems.
Pointing Device: Devices like the mouse that enable users to move a cursor
H

or pointer on a screen for interaction.

Cursor: A graphical symbol (usually an arrow) on the screen that indicates
A

the user's current position or the location of an action.

.F

Mouse
M

Definition: A mouse is a pointing device that allows users to interact with a

computer's graphical user interface (GUI). It typically consists of two buttons
(left and right) and a scroll wheel. Users move the mouse on a flat surface to
control an on-screen cursor, enabling them to select, click, drag, and interact
with objects and icons.

4
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Usage: Mice are commonly used for tasks such as navigating through menus,
selecting files, drawing, and playing computer games that require precise
pointing and clicking.

Alternative Methods of Input

These are input techniques or devices other than the standard keyboard and
mouse that allow users to interact with computers. They are designed to
accommodate different user preferences, accessibility requirements, and

ED
specific use cases.
Hand Devices

M
Hand devices are input tools that users manipulate with their hands to control
a computer. Examples include touchscreens, trackpads, and stylus

H
pens.Touchscreens, in particular, have become popular in smartphones and
tablets, enabling users to directly interact with the screen using their fingers.
A
M

Optical Devices
Optical input devices use light or optical sensors to detect and capture user
EE

input. Examples include optical mice and barcode scanners. Optical mice, for
instance, use optical sensors to track movement, making them more precise
H

and responsive than traditional ball mice.

A

Audio-Visual Input Devices

.F

Audio-visual input devices involve the use of sound and visuals to provide
input to a computer. Speech recognition software, which converts spoken
M

language into text, is a notable example. Additionally, webcams and cameras

can capture visual input, and technologies like facial recognition or gesture
recognition can interpret these inputs.

5
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Monitors
Definition: A monitor, often referred to as a computer screen or display, is an
output device that visually presents data generated by a computer. It's the
primary interface through which users interact with computers.
Types: Monitors come in various types, including
● CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors (older technology)
● LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors
● LED (Light Emitting Diode) monitors (modern and energy-efficient)

ED
● OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) monitors (known for vibrant colors
and contrast).

M
Resolution: The resolution of a monitor refers to the number of pixels it can
display horizontally and vertically. Common resolutions include Full HD
(1920x1080) and 4K Ultra HD (3840x2160).
H
A
Sound System
M

Definition: A sound system is a collection of audio equipment designed to

produce and amplify sound. In the context of computers, sound systems
EE

typically refer to speakers and associated hardware used to play audio from
computers.
H

Components: A basic sound system includes speakers, an amplifier (to boost

audio signals), and often an audio source, such as a computer, smartphone,
A

or music player.
.F

PC (Personal Computer)
M

Definition: A personal computer (PC) is a general-purpose computer

designed for individual use. PCs come in various forms, including desktop
computers, laptops, and tablets. They typically consist of a central processing
unit (CPU), memory, storage, input/output devices, and an operating system.

6
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Operating System: The operating system (OS) is software that manages

computer hardware resources and provides services for computer programs.
Common PC operating systems include Windows, macOS, and Linux.
Applications: PCs are used for a wide range of tasks, including word
processing, web browsing, gaming, content creation, and more.

Projectors
Definition: A projector is an output device that displays images or videos on a

ED
large screen or surface. It's commonly used for presentations, movie
screenings, and educational purposes.

M
Types: There are various types of projectors, including multimedia projectors
(for presentations and home entertainment), overhead projectors (used with

H
transparent sheets), and digital projectors (LCD or DLP technology).
Applications: Projectors are used in classrooms, conference rooms, theaters,
A
and outdoor events to display visual content from computers or other sources.
M

The basic knowledge about the hardware components is foundational in

understanding how computers interact with users and the external world,
EE

including how they display visual information and produce audio.

H

Printer
A printer is a computer peripheral device that produces a physical or hard
A

copy of digital documents, images, or graphics stored on a computer or other

.F

digital devices. Printers are widely used for various purposes, including
printing text documents, photos, posters, and more. They play a crucial role in
M

both personal and professional settings.

7
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Types of Printers
1. Impact Printers:
Impact printers are traditional printers that create characters and images by
physically striking an inked ribbon against paper. They are known for their
reliability and durability. Two common types of impact printers are:

Dot Matrix Printer: This type of printer uses a grid of tiny pins to strike an
inked ribbon, forming characters and images through a series of dots. Dot

ED
matrix printers are suitable for tasks requiring multipart forms, like invoices or
receipts.

M
Daisy Wheel Printer: These printers use a rotating daisy wheel with

H
character spokes that strike against an ink ribbon to create printed text. They
are known for their high-quality text output but are less versatile compared to
A
dot matrix printers.
M

Impact printers are less common today due to their noise and relatively
EE

slower printing speed, but they are still used in specific applications where
durability and low operating costs are essential.
H

2. Non-Impact Printers:
A

Non-impact printers create text and images without physically striking a

.F

surface. They are generally quieter and offer higher print quality than impact
printers. Some common types of non-impact printers include:
M

Laser Printer: Laser printers use a laser beam to create an electrostatic

image on a photosensitive drum. Toner, a powdered ink, is attracted to the
charged areas on the drum and then fused onto the paper through heat. Laser
printers are popular for their fast printing speed and high-quality output,
making them suitable for offices and businesses.

8
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Inkjet Printer: Inkjet printers spray tiny droplets of liquid ink onto paper to
create text and images. They are versatile and can produce high-quality color
prints. Inkjet printers are commonly used for tasks like photo printing, home
office use, and graphics-heavy documents.

Thermal Printer: Thermal printers use heat to create images on specially

coated paper. They are often used for tasks such as printing receipts, shipping
labels, and barcode labels.

ED
Data Transforming

M
Data: Data refers to raw, unprocessed facts and figures. It can be in the form
of text, numbers, images, videos, or any other digital format.

H
Information: Information is data that has been processed and organized in a
A
meaningful way to make it useful and understandable. It provides context and
insights.
M

Representation: Data can be represented in various forms, such as binary

code (0s and 1s) for computers, text, images, audio, and more. The choice of
EE

representation depends on the type of data and the processing requirements.

Processing: Processing involves performing operations on data to transform
H

it into information. This can include calculations, sorting, filtering, and various
algorithms that manipulate the data.
A

Speed: Speed refers to the rate at which data is processed by a computer. It

.F

is often measured in terms of instructions executed per second (IPS) or clock

cycles per second (Hertz). Faster processing speed can lead to quicker
M

results.
Algorithm: An algorithm is a step-by-step set of instructions or a procedure
for solving a specific problem or performing a specific task. Algorithms are
essential for data processing and are used to transform data into information
efficiently.

9
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Data Structures: Data structures are ways of organizing and storing data to
facilitate efficient processing. Examples include arrays, linked lists, trees, and
hash tables.
Information Systems: Information systems are integrated sets of hardware
and software components that collect, store, process, and distribute data to
support decision-making and business operations.
Big Data: Big data refers to the handling and analysis of massive volumes of
data, often characterized by the three Vs: volume (large amount of data),

ED
velocity (high speed of data generation), and variety (different types of data).
Information Technology (IT): IT encompasses the use of technology,

M
including computers and software, to manage and process data, with a focus
on practical applications in various fields.

H
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
A
Central Processing Unit (CPU) is one of the most crucial components of a
M

computer system. Here are different types of CPUs along with their brief
definitions:
EE

➔ Single-Core CPU
Definition: A single-core CPU (Central Processing Unit) is a type of processor
H

that contains only one processing unit or core. It can execute one instruction
at a time.
A

Usage: Single-core CPUs are typically found in older computers or in basic

.F

computing devices with minimal processing needs.

➔ Multi-Core CPU
M

Definition: A multi-core CPU is a processor that contains multiple processing

cores on a single chip. Each core can independently execute instructions,
enabling the CPU to handle multiple tasks simultaneously.
Usage: Multi-core CPUs are common in modern computers and devices,
allowing for improved multitasking and overall system performance.

10
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

➔ Dual-Core CPU
Definition: A dual-core CPU is a specific type of multi-core CPU with two
processing cores on a single chip. It can execute two tasks simultaneously.
Usage: Dual-core CPUs offer a balance between cost and performance and
are commonly found in laptops and desktop computers.
➔ Quad-Core CPU
Definition: A quad-core CPU is another type of multi-core CPU with four
processing cores on a single chip. It can handle four tasks concurrently,

ED
providing enhanced performance for tasks that benefit from parallel
processing.

M
Usage: Quad-core CPUs are used in high-performance desktop computers,
gaming systems, and workstations.
➔ Hexa-Core CPU

H
Definition: A hexa-core CPU has six processing cores on a single chip. It
A
offers even greater multitasking and performance capabilities than quad-core
M
processors.
Usage: Hexa-core CPUs are commonly used in workstations, content
EE

creation, and high-end gaming computers.

➔ Octa-Core CPU
Definition: An octa-core CPU features eight processing cores on a single
H

chip. It is designed for handling demanding workloads and applications

A

efficiently.
.F

Usage: Octa-core CPUs are often found in high-end desktops, gaming rigs,
and servers.
M

➔ Specialized CPUs (e.g., GPU)

Definition: Some CPUs are specialized for specific tasks, such as Graphics
Processing Units (GPUs). GPUs are designed to accelerate graphics
rendering and are also used in various parallel computing applications.
Usage: GPUs are commonly found in gaming consoles, graphics cards, and
systems requiring heavy graphics processing.

11
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

➔ Quantum CPU (Quantum Processing Unit)

Definition: A quantum CPU, or Quantum Processing Unit, is an emerging
type of processor that utilizes principles of quantum mechanics to perform
computations. Quantum CPUs have the potential to solve complex problems
much faster than classical CPUs.
Usage: Quantum CPUs are currently in experimental stages and hold promise
for solving complex mathematical and scientific problems.

ED
Stroage Devices
1. Magnetic Storage:

M
Definition: Magnetic storage devices use magnetic fields to store and retrieve
data. They are one of the oldest and most commonly used forms of storage in
computers.
Examples: H
A
Hard Disk Drive (HDD): A common magnetic storage device found in most
M

computers. It consists of one or more spinning disks coated with a magnetic

material.
EE

Magnetic Tape: Historically used for long-term data storage and backups,
although it's less common today.
H

Characteristics: Magnetic storage is known for its durability and relatively low
cost per unit of storage. However, it's generally slower than other storage
A

technologies like solid-state drives (SSD).

.F

2. Optical Storage:
M

Definition: Optical storage devices use lasers to read and write data on
optical discs. These discs have a reflective surface that represents binary
data.
Examples:
Compact Disc (CD): Used for music, software distribution, and other data.
Digital Versatile Disc (DVD): An evolution of CD technology, offering more
storage capacity.

12
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Blu-ray Disc: Provides even higher storage capacity and is commonly used
for high-definition video and data storage.
Characteristics: Optical storage is known for its portability, durability, and
resistance to magnetic interference. However, it's slower than modern
solid-state storage options.

Key Points to Discuss:

Explain the difference between storage and memory: Storage devices are

ED
used for long-term data retention, while memory (RAM) is for short-term data
access during a computer's operation.

M
Measuring drive information
➔ Access Time

H
Definition: Access time refers to the time it takes for a storage device (such
as a hard drive or solid-state drive) to locate and retrieve a specific piece of
A
data from its storage medium.
M

Importance: Access time is critical for determining how quickly a storage

device can respond to read or write requests. Lower access times indicate
EE

faster data retrieval.

➔ File Compression
H

Definition: File compression is the process of reducing the size of a file to

save storage space and transmission time. It's achieved by using algorithms
A

that eliminate redundancy in the data.

.F

Importance: File compression is important for efficient data storage, faster

data transfer over networks, and minimizing the use of resources.
M

➔ Transfer Rate
Definition: Transfer rate, also known as data transfer rate or data transfer
speed, refers to the speed at which data can be transmitted or read from a
storage device. It's usually measured in bits or bytes per second.
Importance: Transfer rate impacts how quickly data can be moved between
storage devices, and it's crucial for tasks like copying files, streaming media,
or downloading data.

13
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

➔ Interface Standard
Definition: An interface standard defines the physical and electrical
characteristics of the connection between a computer and a peripheral device
or storage medium. It includes specifications for connectors, data transfer
protocols, and more.
Importance: Interface standards ensure compatibility between different
devices and enable data transfer and communication. Common examples
include USB, SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment), and PCIe

ED
(Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) for connecting storage devices
to computers.

M
Operating System (OS)

H
An operating system is a fundamental software layer that serves as a bridge
between users and computer hardware. It provides interfaces for user
A
interaction, manages programs and files, and efficiently handles both
M

hardware and software resources to ensure the smooth operation of a

computer system. An operating system is a software component that
EE

manages computer hardware and provides various services to both users and
other software applications. It acts as an intermediary between the user and
H

the computer's hardware.

Interface: An interface in the context of an operating system is a way for
A

users to interact with the computer. This can include graphical user interfaces
.F

(GUIs), where users interact with the system through windows, icons, and
menus, or command-line interfaces (CLIs), where users type text commands
M

to perform tasks.
Program: A program, also known as software or application, is a set of
instructions that tells the computer what tasks to perform. Programs can range
from simple text editors to complex video games and are designed to help
users accomplish specific tasks or solve particular problems.

14
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Files: Files are a fundamental concept in computing and the operating system
manages them. A file is a collection of data or information stored on a
computer's storage media (such as a hard drive or SSD). Files can represent
documents, images, videos, programs, and more. The operating system
organizes and provides access to files.
Hardware Management: Hardware management involves the operating

ED
system's role in controlling and coordinating the computer's physical
components, such as the central processing unit (CPU), memory (RAM),

M
storage devices, input/output (I/O) devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse, monitor),
and more. The OS ensures that different hardware components work together
seamlessly.

H
Software Management: Software management refers to the operating
A
system's ability to manage and control software applications. The OS handles
M
tasks like loading and unloading programs into memory, allocating resources
(CPU time, memory) to programs, and ensuring that multiple programs can
EE

run simultaneously without interfering with each other.

Definitions of various operating systems

H

These are basic definitions of various operating systems, each with its own
A

unique features and purposes.

.F

Unix:
Unix is a family of multitasking, multiuser computer operating systems that
M

originated in the 1970s. It is known for its stability, security, and command-line
interface. Unix has many different versions, including Linux and macOS
(which is based on a Unix-like system).
DOS (Disk Operating System):
DOS is an early operating system developed by Microsoft for IBM-compatible
computers. It primarily used a command-line interface and was prevalent
during the 1980s and early 1990s.

15
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Macintosh Operating System (macOS):

macOS, formerly known as Mac OS X or OS X, is the operating system
developed by Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of computers. It features a
graphical user interface (GUI) and is known for its user-friendly design and
performance.
Windows:
Windows is a series of operating systems developed by Microsoft. It is one of
the most widely used desktop operating systems in the world. Windows

ED
provides a graphical user interface and supports a wide range of software
applications.

M
OS/2:
OS/2 is an operating system originally developed by IBM and Microsoft in the

H
late 1980s. It was designed to be a powerful multitasking and multiuser
operating system, but it did not gain widespread adoption.
A
Windows NT:
M
Windows NT is the foundation for many of Microsoft's operating systems,
including Windows 2000, XP, and later versions. It was designed for business
EE

and server use, known for its stability and security features.
Windows 95, 98:
Windows 95 and 98 were popular consumer-oriented operating systems
H

released by Microsoft in the mid-1990s. They introduced significant

A

improvements in user interface and multimedia support.

.F

Windows 2000:
Windows 2000 is a business-oriented operating system released by Microsoft
M

in 2000. It offered improved security and stability compared to earlier Windows

versions.
Linux:
Linux is a free and open-source operating system kernel that serves as the
basis for various Linux distributions (such as Ubuntu, Fedora, and CentOS).
Linux is known for its stability, security, and versatility and is widely used in
server environments and embedded systems.

16
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

These software tools are essential for various professional and personal
document-related tasks, and understanding their capabilities and functions is
crucial in the field of computer science and digital literacy.

Word Processing Software

Word processing software is a type of application used for creating, editing,
formatting, and printing documents. It is a fundamental tool in the world of
computing and is widely used for various tasks such as writing letters, reports,

ED
essays, and more. Some common features of word processing software
include text formatting (font style, size, color), spell checking, grammar

M
checking, and the ability to insert images, tables, and other multimedia
elements. Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and LibreOffice Writer are popular
examples of word processing software.
H
A
Desktop Publishing Software
M

Desktop publishing (DTP) software is a specialized type of software used for

creating visually appealing documents with advanced formatting, layout, and
EE

design elements. Unlike word processors, DTP software is often used for
tasks like designing brochures, newsletters, magazines, flyers, and other
H

publications where precise control over layout and typography is required.

DTP software provides tools for managing complex page layouts,
A

manipulating images and graphics, and controlling text flow. Adobe InDesign,
.F

QuarkXPress, and Scribus are examples of desktop publishing software.

M

Key Definitions:
Word Processing: The process of creating, editing, formatting, and printing
text-based documents using specialized software.
Desktop Publishing: The process of designing and creating visually
appealing documents with advanced layout and design elements using
desktop publishing software.

17
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Text Formatting: The process of changing the appearance of text in a

document, including font style, size, color, and alignment.
Spell Checking: The automatic detection and correction of spelling errors in a
document.
Grammar Checking: The automatic detection and correction of grammatical
errors and issues in written text.
Multimedia Elements: Images, videos, audio, and other non-textual elements
that can be inserted into documents to enhance their content.

ED
Layout: The arrangement of text, images, and other elements on a page,
determining how a document looks and reads.

M
Typography: The art and technique of arranging type (text) to make written
language readable and visually appealing.

H
Page Layout: The design and organization of content on a page, including
the placement of text, images, and other elements.
A
Templates: Pre-designed document layouts that can be customized for
M
specific purposes, saving time and effort in document creation.
EE

Spread sheet software

Introduction:
H

Spreadsheet software is a computer application designed primarily for

organizing, analyzing, and manipulating data in a tabular format, often referred
A

to as a spreadsheet. It is an essential tool in various fields, including finance,

.F

business, science, and education.

Spreadsheet software, such as Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, and
M

LibreOffice Calc, is a versatile tool that can be used for tasks ranging from
simple data tracking to complex financial modeling and analysis. Here are
some key concepts and definitions related to spreadsheet software:
Spreadsheet: A spreadsheet is a grid made up of rows and columns, where
data can be entered, organized, and manipulated. Each intersection of a row
and column is called a cell, and it can contain text, numbers, formulas, or
functions.

18
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Cell: A cell is the smallest unit within a spreadsheet. It is identified by its

unique row and column coordinates, such as A1, B2, or C3. Users can enter
data or formulas into cells.
Formula: A formula is a mathematical expression or calculation written in a
cell to perform various operations on data. Formulas often start with an equal
sign (=) and can include functions, mathematical operators, cell references,
and constants. For example, "=A1 + B1" adds the values in cells A1 and B1.
Function: A function is a predefined operation that can be used in formulas to

ED
perform specific tasks or calculations. Spreadsheet software comes with a
wide range of built-in functions, such as SUM, AVERAGE, and IF, which

M
simplify complex calculations.
Worksheet/Sheet: A spreadsheet file can contain one or more worksheets

H
(also known as sheets). Each sheet is a separate tab within the file, and it can
hold its own set of data and calculations. Sheets allow you to organize and
A
compartmentalize data within a single file.
M
Workbook: A workbook is the entire file created using spreadsheet software.
It can consist of one or more worksheets, charts, and other elements.
EE

Workbooks are saved with file extensions like .xlsx (Excel), .ods
(OpenOffice/LibreOffice), or .csv (comma-separated values).
Data Entry: This is the process of inputting information into the cells of a
H

spreadsheet. Data can include text, numbers, dates, and more.

A

Formatting: Formatting involves changing the appearance of cells, rows,

.F

columns, and text within a spreadsheet. This can include adjusting fonts,
colors, borders, and alignment to make the data more visually appealing and
M

easier to understand.
Chart/Graph: Spreadsheet software allows users to create various types of
charts and graphs based on the data in their sheets. Charts help visualize
data trends and patterns.
Sorting and Filtering: Spreadsheet software provides tools for sorting data in
ascending or descending order and filtering data to display only specific rows
that meet certain criteria.

19
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Cell References: When creating formulas, cell references are used to identify
the cells whose values should be included in calculations. References can be
absolute (e.g., $A$1) or relative (e.g., A1), and they play a crucial role in
dynamic calculations.

Presentation software

A "presentation program" typically refers to software or a computer program

ED
used for creating and delivering presentations. In the context of an
introduction to computer science, you might be introducing students to the

M
concept of presentation software and its basic functions. Here are some key
points and definitions you can cover:

H
Presentation Program: A presentation program is a type of software
A
application that allows users to create and display visual presentations. These
M

presentations often include slides with text, images, charts, and multimedia
elements. The most popular presentation program is Microsoft PowerPoint,
EE

but there are also alternatives like Google Slides and Apple Keynote.
Slide: A slide is a single page or screen within a presentation. It typically
H

contains content such as text, images, diagrams, and sometimes audio or

video elements. Slides are organized in a linear sequence and are displayed
A

one at a time during a presentation.

.F

Slide Deck: A slide deck is a collection of slides that make up a complete

presentation. The order and content of the slides are carefully arranged to
M

convey information or tell a story.

Slide Layout: Presentation programs offer various pre-designed templates or
layouts for slides. These layouts determine the arrangement of text and
multimedia elements on a slide, making it easier for users to create visually
appealing presentations.

20
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Text Box: A text box is a container within a slide where you can enter and
format text. You can use text boxes to add titles, bullet points, captions, and
other textual content to your slides.
Image Placeholder: An image placeholder is an area on a slide where you
can insert images or graphics. It helps maintain consistent image sizes and
positions across slides.
Transition: Transitions are visual effects that occur when moving from one
slide to the next during a presentation. Common transition effects include

ED
fades, slides, and zooms. They add a sense of continuity and engagement to
the presentation.

M
Animation: Animation effects allow you to add movement or visual effects to
elements on a slide. For example, you can make text or images appear or

H
disappear, fly in from the side, or fade in gradually. Animations can enhance
the visual appeal of your presentation.
A
Speaker Notes: Many presentation programs allow you to add speaker notes
M
to each slide. These notes are not visible to the audience but provide
additional information or reminders to the presenter.
EE

Slide Show: The presentation is typically viewed as a slide show, where

slides are displayed one after the other in a full-screen mode. Presenters can
navigate through the slides and control the pace of the presentation.
H

Export/Publish: Presentation software allows users to export or publish their

A

presentations in various formats, such as PDF, video, or web-based formats.

.F

This makes it easy to share presentations with others.

M

Database Management System (DBMS)

A Database Management System (DBMS) is a fundamental concept in

computer science and information technology. It is a software system
designed to manage and organize data efficiently, making it easy to store,
retrieve, update, and manipulate data. Here are some key terms and
definitions related to a Database Management System:

21
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Database: A structured collection of data that is organized and stored in a

computer system. Databases are designed to manage large amounts of
information and provide a structured way to access and manipulate it.
Management System: The software component responsible for controlling
and administering various aspects of the database, including data storage,
retrieval, security, and data integrity.
Data: Any piece of information that can be stored and processed by a

ED
computer. Data can include text, numbers, dates, images, and more.
System: The combination of software and hardware components that work

M
together to manage the database. This includes the DBMS software, the
physical storage devices, and the computer hardware.

H
Organize: The process of structuring data in a way that is meaningful and
efficient. Databases use various data structures and organization techniques
A
to store and retrieve data quickly.
M
Efficiently: Managing data efficiently means performing operations on the
data in a way that minimizes resource usage (such as memory and
EE

processing power) and maximizes performance.

Store: Saving data in a structured format within the database system, typically
using tables, records, and fields.
H

Retrieve: The process of accessing and extracting data from the database for
A

various purposes, such as querying for specific information.

.F

Update: Modifying existing data or adding new data to the database while
ensuring data integrity and consistency.
M

Manipulate: Performing various operations on data, such as sorting, filtering,

and aggregating, to derive meaningful insights or produce desired results.
Data Integrity: Ensuring the accuracy and consistency of data within the
database. DBMS systems use mechanisms like constraints and validations to
maintain data integrity.

22
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Security: Protecting the database from unauthorized access, data breaches,

and other security threats. This includes user authentication, access control,
and encryption.
Structured Query Language (SQL): A domain-specific language used for
managing and querying relational databases. SQL allows users to interact
with the DBMS to retrieve, update, and manipulate data.
Relational Database: A type of database that organizes data into tables with
rows and columns, where relationships between data entities are defined.

ED
Non-relational Database: A type of database that does not follow the
traditional tabular structure of relational databases. Non-relational databases

M
are used for handling unstructured or semi-structured data.
Normalization: The process of organizing data in a relational database to

H
reduce redundancy and improve data integrity.
A
Networking
M

What is Networking?
Networking is the practice of connecting computers and devices to share data,
EE

resources, and information. It enables communication between computers,

whether they're next to each other or thousands of miles apart.
H

Why Do We Network Computers?

A
.F

Computers network to:

● Share files and documents.
M

● Access the internet.

● Print from different devices.
● Play online games.
● Send emails.
● And much more

23
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

1. Use of Networking:
Networking refers to the practice of connecting computers and other devices
to share resources and information. The primary purposes of networking
include:
Resource Sharing: Sharing files, printers, and other devices among
connected computers.
Communication: Facilitating communication between computers and users
through email, instant messaging, and video conferencing.

ED
Internet Access: Enabling access to the internet, allowing users to browse
websites, send emails, and stream media.

M
Data Storage and Backup: Storing and backing up data on remote servers or
cloud services.

H
Collaboration: Supporting collaborative work on documents, projects, and
applications.
A
2. Network Structure:
M
Networks can be organized into various structures, including:
LAN (Local Area Network): A network that covers a small geographical area,
EE

such as an office, home, or school.

WAN (Wide Area Network): A network that spans a larger geographical area,
often connecting LANs across cities or even countries.
H

Internet: A global network of networks that connects billions of devices

A

worldwide.
.F

3. Local Area Networks (LANs):

LANs are networks designed to connect devices within a limited area, like a
M

home or office. They are typically connected using Ethernet cables or wireless
technologies like Wi-Fi.
4. Networking Media:
The physical mediums used to transmit data in networks include:
Ethernet Cables: Twisted pair cables (e.g., Cat 5e, Cat 6) for wired
connections.
Fiber Optic Cables: High-speed data transmission using light signals.

24
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Wireless Signals: Radio waves or microwaves for wireless connections, such

as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
5. Networking Hardware:
Essential networking hardware components include:
Router: A device that directs data traffic between different networks, like your
LAN and the internet.
Switch: Manages data traffic within a LAN, efficiently routing data to its
destination.

ED
Modem: Converts digital data from your network into a form suitable for
internet transmission (and vice versa).

M
Network Interface Cards (NICs): Hardware components that allow
computers to connect to a network.
6. Networking Software:
Networking software includes: H
A
Operating Systems: Modern OSs have built-in networking capabilities to
M
manage connections, protocols, and security.
Network Protocols: Rules and conventions that govern data communication,
EE

such as TCP/IP for internet communication.

Firewalls: Security software that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing
network traffic.
H

Network Management Tools: Software for monitoring and configuring

A

network devices and diagnosing issues.

.F
M

Standard Telephone Lines

Standard telephone lines, also known as Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)
lines, are analog communication lines traditionally used for voice
communication. In the context of networking, they may be discussed in the
context of early internet connections that used modems to transmit data over
these lines.

25
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Digital Lines
Digital lines refer to communication channels that transmit data in a digital
format, as opposed to analog signals. These lines are essential for high-speed
data transmission and are commonly used in modern networking
technologies, such as DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) and fiber optics.

Network in the HomeA

network in the home, often referred to as a home network, is a local area

ED
network (LAN) established within a residence. It allows multiple devices, such
as computers, smartphones, tablets, and smart appliances, to connect and

M
share resources like internet access, files, and printers. Home networks are
typically set up using routers and Ethernet or Wi-Fi connections.

H
Internet basics
A
Internet basics refer to the fundamental concepts and components that make
M

up the global network known as the internet. These concepts are essential for
anyone studying computer science or using computers in today's digital age.
EE

Here are some key definitions and concepts related to internet basics:

​ Internet: The internet is a vast, interconnected network of computers

H

and devices that spans the globe. It allows for the exchange of data,
A

information, and communication among users and systems worldwide.

.F

​ World Wide Web (WWW or Web): The World Wide Web is a system of
interconnected webpages and multimedia content that can be accessed
M

via the internet. It is one of the most popular services on the internet
and is used for sharing information, documents, images, and videos.
​ Web Browser: A web browser is a software application that allows
users to access and view web pages on the internet. Common web
browsers include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and
Safari.

26
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

​ Website: A website is a collection of webpages that are related and

accessible through a common domain name or URL (Uniform Resource
Locator). Websites can contain text, images, videos, and interactive
content.
​ URL (Uniform Resource Locator): A URL is a web address that
specifies the location of a resource on the internet. It consists of a
protocol (e.g., http:// or https://), domain name (e.g.,
www.example.com), and a path to the specific resource.

ED
​ IP Address (Internet Protocol Address): An IP address is a unique
numerical label assigned to each device connected to a computer

M
network, including the internet. It is used to identify and locate devices
on the network.
​

H
DNS (Domain Name System): DNS is a system that translates
human-readable domain names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP
A
addresses that computers can understand. It helps users access
M
websites using domain names instead of numeric IP addresses.
​ ISP (Internet Service Provider): An ISP is a company or organization
EE

that provides internet access to users and connects them to the global
internet infrastructure. ISPs offer various types of internet connections,
such as broadband, DSL, and fiber optic.
H

​ Router: A router is a networking device that connects multiple devices

A

in a local area network (LAN) to the internet. It directs data packets

.F

between devices and manages the traffic on a network.

​ Modem: A modem (short for modulator-demodulator) is a device that
M

converts digital data from a computer into analog signals for

transmission over analog communication lines (e.g., telephone lines). It
also converts incoming analog signals back into digital data.
​ Firewall: A firewall is a security system or software that protects a
network or device from unauthorized access and potential threats from
the internet. It acts as a barrier between a private network and the
public internet.

27
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

​ Email: Email (electronic mail) is a common method of electronic

communication over the internet. It allows users to send and receive
messages, documents, and multimedia files.
​ Search Engine: A search engine is a web-based tool that helps users
find information on the internet by searching for keywords or phrases.
Popular search engines include Google, Bing, and Yahoo.

These following topics may be covered to provide students with a basic

ED
understanding of internet usage and how technology is applied in specialized
fields like healthcare.

M
Accessing, Connecting, and Working on the Internet

H
Accessing the Internet: This refers to the process of connecting to the World
Wide Web, typically through an Internet Service Provider (ISP) or a network
A
connection. Students will learn how to use web browsers like Chrome, Firefox,
M

or Safari to access websites and web resources.

EE

Connecting to the Internet: This involves understanding the different ways to

connect to the internet, including wired (e.g., Ethernet) and wireless (e.g.,
Wi-Fi) connections. Students will also learn about network protocols and
H

security considerations.
A

Working on the Internet: This covers basic online activities such as sending
.F

and receiving emails, conducting web searches, using online applications

(e.g., Google Docs, social media), and understanding concepts like web
M

addresses (URLs) and web navigation.

28
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Introduction to DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in

Medicine)

What is DICOM: DICOM is a widely used standard for the storage and
transmission of medical images and associated information. It's essential for
the sharing and interpretation of medical images in healthcare settings.

ED
DICOM in Healthcare: Students will learn about the importance of DICOM in
healthcare, including its role in medical imaging devices such as X-ray

M
machines, CT scanners, and MRI machines.

H
DICOM Components: They'll also explore the structure of DICOM files, which
consist of both image data and metadata (patient information, image
A
acquisition details, etc.).
M
EE

Introduction to PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication

System):
H

What is PACS: PACS is a system used in healthcare facilities to store,

A

retrieve, and distribute medical images and reports. It's designed to streamline
.F

the management of medical imaging data.

M

PACS Benefits: Students will understand the benefits of PACS, including

rapid access to medical images, improved collaboration among healthcare
professionals, and efficient storage and retrieval of patient records.

Integration with DICOM: They'll learn how DICOM and PACS are closely
related, with DICOM providing the standard format for medical images stored
in a PACS.

29
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Working with images

Working with images is an important aspect of computer science and various

fields of technology. Working with images is a fundamental skill in computer
science and is applicable in various domains, including web development,
graphic design, video game development, medical imaging, and more.
Understanding these basic concepts will provide a solid foundation for further
exploration in this field.

ED
Pixel: A pixel, short for "picture element," is the smallest unit of an image. It
represents a single point in a digital image and contains information about its

M
color and brightness.

H
Resolution: Resolution refers to the number of pixels in an image, typically
A
measured in width x height (e.g., 1920x1080). Higher resolutions mean more
detail and clarity in the image.
M

Image Format: Different image formats are used to store and compress
EE

images. Common formats include JPEG, PNG, GIF, BMP, and TIFF. Each
format has its own characteristics and best use cases.
H

Bitmap: A bitmap image is made up of individual pixels, each with its own
color information. Bitmap images are resolution-dependent, and their quality
A

can degrade when resized or scaled.

.F

Vector Image: Vector images are defined by mathematical equations and

M

geometric shapes. They are resolution-independent and can be scaled without

loss of quality. Common vector image formats include SVG and AI.

Color Depth: Color depth, often measured in bits per pixel (bpp), determines
the range and precision of colors in an image. Common color depths include
8-bit (256 colors), 24-bit (16.7 million colors), and 32-bit (24-bit color with an
8-bit alpha channel for transparency).

30
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Image Editing: Image editing involves making changes to an image using

software like Adobe Photoshop or GIMP. It can include tasks like cropping,
resizing, adjusting brightness/contrast, adding filters, and more.

Image Compression: Image compression techniques are used to reduce the

file size of images while retaining acceptable quality. Lossless compression
(e.g., PNG) preserves all image data, while lossy compression (e.g., JPEG)
sacrifices some quality for smaller file sizes.

ED
Image Processing: Image processing refers to the manipulation of images to
extract information, enhance features, or perform various tasks. It is used in

M
applications like facial recognition, medical imaging, and computer vision.

H
Computer Vision: Computer vision is a subfield of computer science that
focuses on teaching computers to interpret and understand visual information
A
from the world, including images and videos. It has applications in self-driving
M
cars, robotics, and more.
EE

Raster Graphics: Raster graphics are images composed of a grid of pixels.

They are suitable for photographs and detailed artwork.
H

Image Filters: Image filters are algorithms applied to images to modify their
appearance or extract specific features. Examples include blurring,
A

sharpening, edge detection, and noise reduction filters.

.F

Histogram: A histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of

M

pixel values in an image. It is useful for understanding and adjusting an

image's brightness and contrast.

Color Models: Different color models, such as RGB (Red, Green, Blue) and
CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black), are used to represent and manipulate
colors in digital images.

31
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Image File Metadata: Image files can contain metadata, such as EXIF data,
which stores information about the camera settings, date, and location where
the image was captured.

Graphics software

Graphics software, also known as graphic design software or graphic editing

software, refers to a category of computer programs specifically designed for

ED
creating, editing, and manipulating visual content. These software applications
are essential tools for artists, designers, and anyone involved in visual
communication. Graphics software allows users to work with various types of

M
digital images, graphics, and multimedia elements. Here are some key
aspects and definitions related to graphics software:

H
A
Graphic Design: Graphic design is the process of visually communicating
ideas or messages through the use of images, typography, and other
M

graphical elements. Graphics software plays a crucial role in this creative

process.
EE

Digital Images: Digital images are representations of visual content in a

digital format. Graphics software enables users to create and manipulate
H

digital images, which can include photographs, illustrations, logos, and more.
A

Vector Graphics: Vector graphics are images created using mathematical

.F

formulas to define shapes and lines. Graphics software like Adobe Illustrator is
M

commonly used for working with vector graphics, which are ideal for tasks like
logo design and illustration because they can be scaled without loss of quality.

Raster Graphics: Raster graphics, also known as bitmap graphics, are made
up of individual pixels and are better suited for working with photographs.
Software like Adobe Photoshop is used to edit and manipulate raster graphics.

32
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Image Editing: Graphics software provides tools for editing digital images,
allowing users to adjust colors, apply filters, remove imperfections, and more.

Graphic Effects: These are enhancements or alterations applied to graphics,

such as adding shadows, gradients, or textures. Graphics software often
includes a variety of effects that can be applied to make visuals more
appealing.

ED
Layering: Many graphics software applications use a layered approach,
where each element in a design is placed on a separate layer. This allows for
easy manipulation and organization of different parts of a design.

M
Graphic File Formats: Graphics software supports various file formats for

H
saving and exporting images. Common formats include JPEG, PNG, GIF,
TIFF, and BMP, among others.
A
Graphic Tablets: Some graphics professionals use specialized input devices
M

called graphic tablets or pen displays that allow for more precise and natural
EE

drawing and design input. These tablets often work seamlessly with graphics
software.
H

3D Graphics: In addition to 2D graphics, some graphics software tools also

support the creation and manipulation of three-dimensional objects and
A

scenes. This is essential for industries like gaming, animation, and

.F

architectural design.
M

Some well-known graphics software applications include Adobe Photoshop,

Adobe Illustrator, CorelDRAW, GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program),
and Blender (for 3D graphics). Learning to use graphics software effectively is
a fundamental skill for graphic designers, illustrators, photographers, and
many other creative professionals. It empowers users to bring their visual
ideas to life in both digital and print media.

33
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Understanding multi-media

Understanding multimedia is a fundamental concept in the field of computer

science, particularly within the realm of digital technology and communication.
Multimedia refers to the integration of various types of media, such as text,
graphics, audio, video, and animations, into a single digital presentation or
application. This combination of media elements allows for a richer and more
engaging user experience.

ED
Here are some key terms and definitions related to multimedia that students
may encounter in an introductory computer science course:

M
Media: Media refers to different types of content used in multimedia, including

H
text, images, audio, video, and interactive elements.
A
Multimedia Presentation: A multimedia presentation is a digital document or
application that combines various media elements to convey information or
M

entertain the audience. Examples include websites, interactive software, and

EE

educational tutorials.

Text: Textual information is one of the basic components of multimedia. It

H

includes written content, such as articles, captions, labels, and descriptions.

A

Graphics: Graphics include static images, illustrations, diagrams, charts, and

.F

icons used to enhance the visual appeal and convey information in

multimedia.
M

Audio: Audio elements in multimedia encompass sounds, music, voiceovers,

and other auditory components that contribute to the overall experience.

Video: Video refers to moving images or sequences of images, often with

accompanying audio, used to convey information or tell a story in multimedia
presentations.

34
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Animation: Animation involves the creation of moving or dynamic graphics or

visual effects within multimedia. It can range from simple transitions to
complex interactive animations.

Interactivity: Interactivity is a key feature of many multimedia applications. It

allows users to actively engage with the content by clicking buttons, navigating
menus, or responding to prompts.

ED
User Interface (UI): The user interface is the part of a multimedia application
that allows users to interact with the content. It includes menus, buttons,
navigation bars, and other elements that facilitate user engagement.

M
Hyperlinks: Hyperlinks are clickable text or graphics that allow users to

H
navigate between different sections of a multimedia presentation or access
external resources, such as websites or documents.
A
Streaming: Streaming is a technique used for delivering multimedia content
M

over the internet in real-time, allowing users to access audio or video without
EE

waiting for the entire file to download.

Compression: Compression techniques reduce the file size of multimedia

H

content, making it easier to transmit and store while maintaining acceptable

quality.
A
.F

Codec: A codec (compressor-decompressor) is a software or hardware

component that encodes and decodes multimedia data, ensuring compatibility
M

and efficient playback.

Creating and distributing media contents

Creating and distributing media content is a broad and multidisciplinary field

that intersects with various aspects of computer science and technology. In
this context, it involves the production, manipulation, and dissemination of

35
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

various forms of digital media, such as text, images, audio, video, and
interactive content. Here are some key terms and concepts related to creating
and distributing media content in the context of computer science:

Digital Media: Digital media refers to any content that exists in a digital
format, which can be easily processed and manipulated by computers. This
includes text documents, images, audio files, video files, and more.

ED
Content Creation: Content creation involves the process of generating digital
media content. This can include tasks like writing articles, designing graphics,
recording audio, shooting video, and creating interactive applications or

M
games.

H
Media Editing: Media editing refers to the process of modifying and
enhancing digital media content. This includes tasks such as photo editing,
A
video editing, audio editing, and text editing to improve the quality or convey a
M
specific message.
EE

Multimedia: Multimedia refers to the integration of different types of media,

such as text, images, audio, and video, to create a richer and more engaging
user experience. Multimedia content can be interactive, combining various
H

elements to convey information or entertainment.

A

Media Compression: Media compression techniques are used to reduce the

.F

size of media files without significantly degrading their quality. This is crucial
for efficient storage and distribution of media content, especially over the
M

internet.

Streaming Media: Streaming media involves delivering digital media content

in real-time over the internet. This technology allows users to access and
consume media without having to download the entire file first.

36
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Content Distribution: Content distribution encompasses strategies and

technologies for disseminating digital media content to a wide audience. This
includes methods like content delivery networks (CDNs), peer-to-peer sharing,
and social media sharing.

User Interface (UI) and User Experience (UX): UI/UX design is essential for

ED
creating user-friendly and visually appealing interfaces for media
consumption. This includes designing intuitive navigation, responsive layouts,
and engaging user interactions.

M
Copyright and Intellectual Property: Understanding copyright laws and

H
intellectual property rights is crucial when working with media content.
Creators and distributors must respect copyright regulations and obtain
A
necessary permissions when using copyrighted materials.
M

Metadata: Metadata is descriptive information about media content, such as

EE

title, author, date, and keywords. It helps organize and categorize media for
easy retrieval and search.
H

Basics of information system- Use, Parts

A

1. What is an Information System?

.F

An information system (IS) is a set of interconnected components that collect,

M

process, store, and distribute data and information to support

decision-making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization in an
organization or any other context.

37
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

2. Purpose and Use of Information Systems

Information systems are used to manage and process data to produce

valuable information that helps organizations and individuals make informed
decisions and carry out various tasks efficiently. They are used for:

Data Collection: Gathering raw data from various sources.

Data Processing: Converting raw data into meaningful information through

ED
processing and analysis.

Data Storage: Storing information for future use.

M
Data Distribution: Transmitting information to users when needed.

H
Decision Support: Assisting decision-makers by providing relevant
A
information.
M

Automation: Automating repetitive tasks and processes.

EE

3. Parts or Components of an Information System

H
A

Information systems consist of several interconnected components, including:

.F

Hardware: Physical devices such as computers, servers, storage devices,

M

and network equipment that process and store data.

Software: Programs and applications that instruct hardware on how to

process data and perform specific tasks.

Data: Raw facts and figures that are collected and processed by the system.
Data can be structured (in databases) or unstructured (like text documents).

38
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Procedures: Guidelines and rules that dictate how data should be processed,
managed, and used within the system.

People: Users, administrators, and other personnel who interact with the
system, make decisions, and use the information generated by the system.

Networks: Communication channels and protocols that enable data to flow

between different parts of the system and connect it to other systems and the

ED
internet.

Security Measures: Policies, authentication methods, and encryption

M
techniques to protect data from unauthorized access and breaches.

Feedback and Control: Mechanisms to monitor system performance, gather

H
feedback, and make adjustments or improvements as needed.
A
Building information system
M

These five phases collectively form a structured approach to building and

EE

managing information systems. They ensure that the system meets the
organization's requirements, functions effectively, and remains operational
H

over time. Throughout the entire process, effective communication and

collaboration among project stakeholders are essential to the success of the
A

information system.
.F

Need Phase:
M

● In this initial phase, the organization identifies the need for a new
information system or the need to modify an existing one.
● The key objective is to understand the specific requirements, problems,
and goals the system should address.
● This phase involves gathering input from various stakeholders to define
the scope and purpose of the system.

39
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Design Phase:

● Once the requirements are understood, the system's design phase

begins.
● Designers and architects create a detailed blueprint of the system,
outlining its structure, functionality, and user interfaces.
● This phase involves creating diagrams, mockups, and prototypes to
visualize how the system will work and look.

ED
Development Phase:

M
● In this phase, developers start building the information system based on
the design specifications.

H
● Coding, programming, and database development are the primary
activities in this phase.
A
● Developers work to ensure that the system's code is efficient, secure,
M
and meets the defined requirements.
EE

Implementation Phase:

● During implementation, the developed system is put into action within

H

the organization.
● This phase involves deploying the system for actual use by end-users.
A

● It may also involve data migration, training for users, and setting up
.F

necessary infrastructure.
M

Maintenance Phase:

● After the system is in use, the maintenance phase begins.

● This phase is ongoing and involves monitoring the system's
performance, making necessary updates, fixing bugs, and ensuring the
system continues to meet the evolving needs of the organization.

40
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

● Regular maintenance helps keep the system secure, reliable, and

up-to-date.

Creating programmes

In computer science, understanding programming languages and

the SDLC is fundamental for developing software and systems
effectively. These concepts provide a foundation for creating,

ED
managing, and maintaining computer applications.

Program:

M
A program, in the context of computer science, is a set of instructions or code

H
written in a specific programming language that tells a computer what tasks to
A
perform. These instructions can range from simple calculations to complex
operations and are executed sequentially by the computer's central
M

processing unit (CPU).

EE

Approaches to Creating Programs

Imperative Programming:
H

● In imperative programming, programmers specify a sequence of steps

A

that the computer should follow to achieve a particular task.

.F

● This approach focuses on changing the program's state through a

M

series of statements, including assignments, loops, and conditional

statements.
● Languages like C, C++, and Java use imperative programming.

Declarative Programming:

● Declarative programming emphasizes specifying what the program

should do, rather than how to do it.

41
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

● It often uses high-level abstractions and relies on the underlying system

or framework to determine the execution details.
● SQL (Structured Query Language) is an example of a declarative
language used for database queries.

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

● OOP is a programming paradigm that focuses on modeling real-world

ED
entities as objects with attributes (data) and methods (functions) to
operate on that data.
● It promotes concepts like encapsulation, inheritance, and

M
polymorphism.
● Java, C#, and Python are popular languages that support OOP.

Functional Programming: H
A
● Functional programming treats computation as the evaluation of
M

mathematical functions and avoids changing state and mutable data.

EE

● It promotes the use of pure functions, immutability, and higher-order

functions.
● Languages like Haskell, Lisp, and parts of JavaScript support functional
H

programming.
A

Event-Driven Programming:
.F

● Event-driven programming is commonly used for building user

M

interfaces and interactive systems.

● Programs respond to events (e.g., user actions like clicks or keystrokes)
by executing specific event handlers or callbacks.
● JavaScript and GUI frameworks like Qt use this approach.

42
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Procedural Programming:

● Procedural programming is similar to imperative programming and

organizes code into reusable procedures or functions.
● It often uses procedures to encapsulate a set of related actions.
● Languages like C and Pascal follow this approach.

Scripting:

ED
● Scripting involves writing lightweight programs, often interpreted rather
than compiled, for automation and quick task execution.

M
● Python, JavaScript, and Ruby are popular scripting languages.

Low-Level Programming:

H
A
● Low-level programming involves writing code that directly interacts with
computer hardware and memory.
M

● Assembly language and embedded programming are examples of

low-level programming.
EE

High-Level Programming:
H

● High-level programming provides abstractions and simplifies complex

A

tasks, allowing developers to focus on solving problems without

worrying about low-level details.
.F

● Python, Ruby, and Java are considered high-level languages.

M

43
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Programming Languages

Programming languages are a set of instructions and rules used to

communicate with computers. They allow humans to write code that
computers can understand and execute. Here are some key points about
programming languages:

Syntax: Programming languages have specific rules and syntax that must be

ED
followed. Syntax is like the grammar of a language; it defines how instructions
should be structured.

M
High-Level vs. Low-Level: Programming languages can be categorized into
high-level and low-level languages. High-level languages are closer to human

H
language and are easier to understand and write. Low-level languages are
A
closer to the computer's machine code and are harder to work with but offer
more control.
M

Examples: Some common high-level programming languages include

EE

Python, Java, and C++. Low-level languages include Assembly and machine
code.
H

Compiler vs. Interpreter: Programs written in high-level languages are either

compiled or interpreted. Compilers translate the entire code into machine code
A

before execution, while interpreters translate and execute code line by line.
.F

Applications: Programming languages are used for various purposes,

M

including web development, mobile app development, data analysis, artificial

intelligence, and more.

System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

SDLC is a structured approach to designing, building, and maintaining

computer systems or software applications. It consists of several phases,

44
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

each with its own set of activities and goals. Here's an overview of the SDLC
phases:

Planning: In this phase, the project's goals and scope are defined. Key
decisions about budget, timeline, and resources are made. A project plan is
created to guide the development process.

Analysis: This phase involves gathering and analyzing requirements.

ED
Developers work closely with stakeholders to understand the needs of the
system or software being developed.

M
Design: Based on the requirements, system architects and designers create
detailed specifications for the system's structure and functionality. This

H
includes database design, user interface design, and system architecture.
A
Implementation: During this phase, the actual coding and programming of
the system take place. Developers write code, test it, and make necessary
M

adjustments.
EE

Testing: Quality assurance and testing teams evaluate the system to identify
and fix any defects or issues. Various testing methods are used, such as unit
H

testing, integration testing, and user acceptance testing.

A

Deployment: Once the system is thoroughly tested and approved, it is

.F

deployed for actual use. This may involve installing it on servers, distributing it
to users, or making it available on the web.
M

Maintenance: After deployment, ongoing maintenance is required to address

bugs, make updates, and ensure the system continues to meet user needs.
This phase can extend for the entire life of the system.

45
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

SDLC is a crucial framework that helps ensure that software and systems are
developed systematically and efficiently, meeting both technical and business
requirements.

Ergonomics

Definition: Ergonomics is the study of designing and arranging computer

ED
workspaces, equipment, and tasks to fit the capabilities and limitations of the
human body. It aims to create a comfortable and efficient working environment

M
while minimizing the risk of physical strain, injury, or discomfort.

H
Importance: Understanding ergonomics helps users set up their computer
workstations to reduce the risk of musculoskeletal problems, such as
A
repetitive strain injuries and back pain, that can result from long hours of
computer use.
M

Health Issues in Computing

EE

Definition: Health issues in computing refer to the potential physical and

H

mental health concerns associated with prolonged computer use. These

issues can include eye strain, carpal tunnel syndrome, digital eye fatigue, and
A

the overall impact of sedentary behavior.

.F

Importance: Awareness of health issues is essential to encourage good

M

practices like taking regular breaks, maintaining proper posture, and adjusting
screen settings to reduce eye strain.

46
APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCES M .FAHEEM AHMED (CR : RGT )

Privacy Issues in Computing

Definition: Privacy issues in computing involve concerns related to the

collection, storage, and sharing of personal information through technology
and online platforms. This includes issues like data breaches, identity theft,
online surveillance, and the misuse of personal data.

Importance: Privacy is a critical aspect of computer usage, and

ED
understanding privacy issues helps users make informed decisions about
sharing their information online, using privacy settings, and protecting
themselves from cyber threats.

M
Computer Crimes

H
Computer crimes, also known as cybercrimes, refer to illegal activities
A
conducted using computers or computer networks. These crimes can take
M
various forms, including hacking, identity theft, phishing, malware distribution,
and more. Computer crimes can result in financial losses, privacy breaches,
EE

and damage to computer systems.

Viruses:Viruses are malicious software programs designed to infect and

H

damage computer systems or steal information. They often attach themselves

A

to legitimate files or programs and can spread to other computers via infected
files or email attachments. Viruses can disrupt computer operations, corrupt
.F

data, and compromise system security.

M

Theft in the Computer Environment

Theft in the computer environment can involve physical theft of computer

hardware, such as laptops, servers, or smartphones, or digital theft of data
and intellectual property. Data theft, often referred to as data breaches, can
have serious consequences, including financial losses and the exposure of
sensitive information.

47