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ta -
Go CREATE TABLE table name totumn, clafaliype,
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fy CREATE TABLE Stuctent(Stal_ iad varchar
| . Sid-name Char, ,
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on WEL to elect dam from fre dotovoy.
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e ltobype
fy! ada '
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(
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ody |
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DELETE JOR Stuctont whe tacos 02 5
TO Oelote
syntax’
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| _ Sanusman, 10000) ;
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SELECT ¥ prom Ephoyee '
ump-id wup- name job. name Aatary
ol Surah 4AV0D
09 Ramosh_ ‘peal 30.0
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; a 7
02AL
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v2 Ramiuh Anatipt 30000
03 Royt Cink 20000
ou Rant Salumon = | 0009
ee TABLE Evuployee OL0P COLUMIV email;
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eueptch UM sabauy
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be Rowmsh Anau’ 30000
03 Raji e000
ou Po. Calman — 10002
todd
moe
ALTER TELE MODIFY COLUMN emp-ic
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Ponawme - °
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03 Qos fn le 3000 0
03 Roy Cline 000
04 Roun Satuman = to000
DpOTE :
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whee ewup_col = 0%
Otlete WL word
DELETE from Employee ;
Detet table
‘POP TABLE Emptoyte ;
ee,3I)
Letationcd ywsctol Concept : (23
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taith celui Quek THU.
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Qemain »
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Relational poder uotattons
A
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O Whvent moot baycl tenstrainl oy
implicit conitvelints :
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dato § wieder, :
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honte must pe expr and enfowctd 24
ThE APPLEAOn gram oF in ADMeE
blur voays. mybee
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oreran 0
it ie Modu J War fodwi
Wd
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Or
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primer fe ray
wy 74aaa
og you Typo RIS bys.
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Primary bey
@) Super eey
Autmate uy
© foruign key
© Composite key
=> Candidate ‘
reer ro A OF altnibubr that can pe
wuguoly identified wpe i now Cy canclictate
a oO super boy with no Tupialed Cate,
fy Stuy Suuj.np th . sttolont dlattarour.
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Ge Stuceng 9a. n0 + phone nurby
— filternote key 7
ALL Une Keys Ga wouith ane not primary bey
Oe Called Akenole key. | pum
dt UO Aeondwry Key conrtaty 2 or move
Ud. More yatus com we ouprated «
Ey’ Name, phone number, enarl-ia- clo -
ee[oe ————
— fonsiqn Key ° ;
dk Uo bay which ack as primony key in om,
tale ond if ack oy neon clory bey in Cnpthy,
pao Wwbints 9 or mort reloution at a Hn
fy - cept ia Of Uwployce table & ctopb-iok of
_ Cepanrtmnett 1A volo cept tol 4 fhe
U Oc A primany key Y the 0 Primon,
key In Me tobe. ie i
Two oy mow attrimite Aw Lugol Legetho:
Jo wore towposite key,
: Combination of altrioule mey give
font ACeueyGey in tering OF idwtiqying
Ht yOWs wiquoly,
Eq Stuctont GULL noe + 008 Ch bk Lobe
Foqunnn tp OCOM' jhe details G Uae ntuctont
| : luis
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SWlationor _ Mapping,
‘tip ane + xteps to rdoufigy tue putatidv
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Conta?
oO
© = Qecint ontoutoute
> > Multivelurl ansdncte
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bey cbt, bei
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ht ne entiby
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|
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x
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Ny Afcle Of Ae setationship type
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enplo' en —— {Pm ete)
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Seepsunent 2
Guan xan
apa Guns Pape
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ua
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Sdema rel Catalog Loncepte in SoU:
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19 NPY a mony vewlation «
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Onc tntHat Comtrornty,
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Numonic , ee AtSUing ott AMsny . boolean.
Oak Ona
Sprrifying “itor in Megs
THE in ed Sept inten
Cottam , Steststicttony len se ae
avck Ut ant COUAEOIAK on trotiviclitat
Udittin stp SUALEOn
Note! Because SOL atteus nut ax atrrwoute
NOLL, o COMESOLME me mult m
bo Dpecifit
HY MUL is mot pewnitlich 4 ov & portico
ete ) te
| & Lb povine an, Oafaut vat a
an attaibute by ont oe Do Clea ae
VOU -
OCFAULT Vale WW inctitotent many new
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| at-name vordnor (955) not nul,
Ak. natany int Obef Gust 1000).
oO x¥2 — (uovo P
o> Nac nOnee Opp ly bOmk Y use tony,
“ re qooo0 7 ct Only dank or UH
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cue ce oo
Crate tut Lobe with atl pry tuple and is
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When use nod to Check the volun oe
between. a
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name varcnos (250) net nu
dt pabony {wk Chick @satory Tun tate lable
wat ih WE Ouly want 10 ut bud
Mate i G table qua rot ee wom Compe,
only tue ‘at
| tayo Lhe Logie
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OF databore
> Alter Commanoal
&% Ww wa ci Nn
adding or oe O column Cet riots
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Ciopping table trun, .
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Atty tWole teole-name doa Wun. nome
Brg doraty pe .
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Exmplorpe
tmp ows olory AL Rdore aowrem %
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fF 317-03 Banglu?
pe Ray 90000 fa -g0s Muyavve
03 Rog (0000 mM 4-8-4 Mauglore
04 Suh 5900 Mm 91-)-03 Mandy
05 Romah Gov» M 4-6 oO Bamglor®ME
Altes table employee Cll COLUMN eaeaEDL @ UmaiL;
Altty table umployee wuoclgy 4a) Colwnn Nwtong :
Auer table euuploye rename cuuployees >
oli] 23
Eorployee °
eat es [name Ssr Bdalt Addren Sex Salary
Super mn Ono
Leport-munt -
Onde Dnumbtr Morn Mays dtart_ date
Separt eget _ | ocation -
Drums Olecation
wort on
EMO Pho Hours
PrQject *
Mame Phumbty Placation
Dependent. ;
Ema Qeperdont nde er Betote Rotation hip
Bovre veetoibval quaien in Sox:
Te SELECT’ Matemnont Will be “Lae banc
Atetemunt jor ounlting We, information [72
tht Clataboue .
_,
Alter table evmployet 0p Crt, pratt
Buum
~ SELECT x from Company ;
The sevect from ohne ALUdiNe ©
SOL Quotes :
SELECT <@ttvitute List >
FROM
WHERE << Ui Con cte kin >
{basic
SSeSAttribute tut + Liat Of Attribute omer
Whe voluL CoD £0 be subuewe by TL Quon,
Toole tt: Ute pee Of sttlation moun,
SG Utrtol tO Poun te ;
Cenciition = uw uo tovdutionot oaprenion
tdontifies aye PUphes be be swbu'ersect by te
py
© Retniwe tuo Ope Quek adorn The
Luplsyee rohoye NCume in rane
> SELECT Beate , Actdrew
FRom Evuplot
ar » ALVD . eae
WHERE Fame-“Sohn” BOF mint te” avo
Lname=" Ongin 5 STpf2 tnunits ‘om
ole:
Bdate — Adctren
1965-01-09 43) Fondoen, Houston, TX
neu anc adaren f au
for Ue surneasth Abpartins:
> Setect Frown, Minit, Lnoume . aoldreny
| FRom Employte , Oepartment
WHEEE Ona =" eearth’ Qnck’ Onumber -Ono:
Fnome Minit trom actotrey
John 8 Smith 43) Fondren, Houston ,TX
T Wong 63% Vom, Houston 7
Pumas K Norayon 945 Five Es
A Ewglish §— 863) Rice, Howson, TX
od@ fer wou project 1ecated in Stafford. vist tho
project niunber, ContreUiny cleportment number anol
Beportment monayn'» Lert name, acterren ard Oo
> SELECT Priumbey , Onumbty, Lname. addin,
Boate -
Feom — Prejett , Leporement . Employee
WHERE OnUm = number AD Mgr—mn=Ssn Arvo
eyocation = "Stafford |;
olP:
Pniumbey Onumber Lname addin Bdate
() Rr each employee . rebricwe Lhe employse
rome jLaimome anol sn , wor.on hours.
2 SELECT. Frame, Lnoame ,8sn pour,
Feom — Employee , rar wees on *
WHERE Son- Egon and hours= 20.0;
© Qpeciqy the etlouing quunien in SOL on
te datavue stwmo
@ Rotriewe Ol tue nam g
lentoy
huang Ce. Of AhuUctonety
ee Ue moms of Ott corres tang
the Dy Kin -
Stucke pry
Std th Name fgaren 008 BrANth Yeo
Pat.
Courae
1444
ron
2003
F 2004
@Sevect name la
From Stuctont
WHERE Byanth:'cS" Avo Year = 1994
SELECT Courie
FROM — Stretent
WHE ee Prop—nome = "Kilnug’
P| =uli
Frnbor gues Attnfiute nova , Obiartng ,
Menouing curct fuple ventables :
AnbiguoLy Obinitarte }
A 0 ov mie _ Altshuler usith Lhe 4
| Tomes use mee Atidy Lhe Abinioule Non,
WOO the stetation mote LO prevent Ob iguit,
YU cove Let
re tee ltt he satin
NG Line
Dome anol Mparat;
by & Peto.
SELECT Shame » EMpLouce Mame, Adctrey
FROM EMPLOYEE, DEpAeT,
TMEWT
WHERE DEPARTMENT. Wowne = "RisearCh” AYVD
OEPARTMENT. Onumeer = EMPLOUEE. Ono ¢
ALLOS uy: .
Ain alan Com JOtLOUy ste Keyword AS’.
SELECT e.frome, C- Lome, A-Frame, beLnovne
From emeLoyee AS @ , EMPLOYEE AS +
WHERE ¢. Super_ Mn = 4. Ron
Note- Ke B= AUpesvisoy A,
Osvry quastion oY Abou :
Fir cach Uuploye , vetrulere te
oot nome empo
dort mount 4h or We
first te
nd Fncume out
Omnmuectiote auperviny
EMPLOYEE AS (fH, mi,Ln, sgn, Od, Adar, SM
Sar San , Ono) SELECT efron ,e.fname | |.1 Salary ans
tnouama— hot
FLOM @EMPLOUEE BAS ©, WORKS. of AL w,
PeosetT AS p
WHERE —&. San =to.EM\n AVD Ww. Pho = p. Prtmb tr
Anv0 P-Pnome = ‘Procuckx’ ;
salu 23
ole: ;
Frawe Lname inncawead_ QL
“John Sutth 31000 ©
Toys Englivh
ONE Of BETINEEN Kouword :
Pumpin Ou & br We clupmbyont 5
LOWE ACLU befirten gv0U0 Fe 40000
7 SELECT
FLOM. EMPLINEE
WHERE (Salary GE TWEEN 30000 AMO Loos)
AND, OnO= 5 5
GEE O|p | :The Condution Salary belint®r 30700 & tooo;
A Qqpivated Lo Te condition
(@utary > 30000) avo’ (eatary < 840000) ;
Oscctenect_ by Query sUArule .
“The Oeote ey Feyuorc 1h Uxeol Co rvrt
The sl, ALL in Oacencting: oy CLercenadcviy,
OFAN . ,
Syntax :
SELECT Column, Column...
FROM tablenome
ORDER By Coltemns, Coltwnna... +
Astloesc : :
Te ORoER ORDER GY kemond posth ane recorch in
Ouancing Ora wt Ol Cale.
To Avi the aecorts in ctescendling Orchex We
DESC Keyword .
SL gerect »
FROM pROOULTS
ORDER BY Price »
SELECT ¥
Feom = peooucts
OROER BY Price OESE€ -
Bavic SOL otetrievar Querces -
A A ple FubuevaL Op :
| Comiats 9
be cower Shey one sect ond
F2om , ERE, ane
ORO BY, 0M, WIHERE, ane
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TO or SUL . So
FLOM clowwe Jotce ples
Simple quimy UL seetations noid!
in ‘ :Hee = CLO ichontiqi@s = Conctiltory for Arboeltny
teu . ; ;
oenee BY ppeciq ter Qn dicen Ff CUA Play incy Ke
PONLUA a Quwouy |
INSERT, OLLETE MRAM VPOBATE Maternent in
Tae Gist et Command
— INSERT (nh
EMPLOUEE values CMahaLAe IMAL» 'M’, |Rajanne
TOI CSOCI’ ," 3t- Fe —2603 '-' 2003 - OT- 31) Magact,
Lamanayara’, ‘F' "s00000'. '9ICS8b01’ , 5") ;
> INSERT tnt EMLOUEE (Frame Jnome, One ,
@ 8sn)
Values C'Manalothmni’, 'Rajanna’. 6 ,' 5108051"):
7 UVSERT inks EMPLOYEE (fname ,Lname. &sn,
Ono) valiaes C'merraratshmnt:* @" \51¢ 5941 ry:
Gn. UA Wy, USE On“ aufeet tue tetUmn
wnith. 14 nde swgyiirel "fox preject then
GVSERT inde EMPLOUEE( Frame, Lname. Ono )
valuuws (Pent? te! 5);
Seek Commane ;
&- O€LETE ©
FROM EMPLOUEE :
WHERE Lnoume = ‘Engtush V9
OELE TE Sa
FROM EMPLOUEE
WHERE Sco = 123u(6984VPolate Command ° ¥
is Whe Le moctify Attrib vou
Me OF roy MECHA tuple.
f+ LPDATE PROTECT
SET PLocitton =| Heetrtar’ Beare’ , Onum -«
WHEEE — Poumbty = [0
VEOATE EMPLOUEE
SET Satary - Salary. LI
WHERE Ono=5;
‘holes
Comparison trvOlutug NULL ancl_3 volue
Jogitat :
ST SQL NULL vatue Bovilally moons “Couto
be ting *.
-uu Chonedre tmpewtole Lo UL whethn
O Comportaion te ALL a tun or
T Btrads one He 3 Pooicor vatuos :
Unknown , Undvautlable ert be oppticatte
ers comes tn,
© unknown VOL ,
A pesron’s O08 MU wot -knewn..%0 > it can
be ap swurlead oy MULL.
© wnavatiawe os wstinhete values :
fl pevnon's has To heme home but J
c aeuund
wowed 0 be Lineal So te woth
Oud spree OB AJULL
+ cout .
@ not _Oppe © OthyFouwey
Aas college lense cotta
CL pevAT ph hor mo collage
ti geenot opty 0 thas
be ULL Jo
Ragnar, . Bec
LYE .-_——- Max ¢Satary), anu (sal
AUG (AGLarY >’
From (kvuployet Join Owpestmiont A
pn Or8= Onwuwoty) WHERE Onowmex DU| eel the total rumbt7 y Employees fn the
penitest err in LUO rUsterch
company & Ue nbs of eapioytn
i, .
| oe evect cou T(x )
| Feom -fet@P Kewployee %
— GELECT Count C+)
Feon Kruployte. Departrunt
WHERE Orie Onuntts And Onaume= 'Rexares' »
nel Hue the g curttriak Cy) Lhe reusr,
G county) seturms me ne, of FOWs Fn tne
auyult 4H quey.
| Count the np, % autince salary wat ins
Ne dlatabay . .
SELECT Count Corsrsnet (Salary)
Faorm Employ ; sis
Grouping : “re group by ano. Newtrg lowe
Fath group ustlt comgiat & tuples that
tht “Aamir. valu Of: Aone Qthbutu _
Ged He: grouping Qtirtiuty -
SOL nor 0 Gy Clowne dor thir punpere,
The group I hunt Atay tad tip
OWyibutear coluich shocetol ‘oso OY th
SELECT Clouse, 40 that tue valu ne Ullting
{om Opplytny, keh Ogregate duction te a
Teup WW Opp) etong uslh te value
‘i Grol? ate ules
AN OH cepantmont setnitue ye
Une no, iota oepartmont nb,
nwserage a orion polrront anor troy
~ SELECT One, Count ly) , Owal Satory )
From Evployce
GRovp By One ;
(Rrol;
On® Count(#) ayig(Satory )
5 a 33.950
4 5 31000
I ! 56000
(OU! Sf myoLt taiste in IAL grouping aterr dn,
Hon Une Nppowetle grrue s Cuated fol Qu
tue tuples ustth, NULL Valet ty dhe
Pupiny attrtoutar :
SOL prociole oO HAVING tome wich as
&pecar tn Conjumetion with Geour av Chouye Jor
purpex, .
agra Mint tits oun
% om — Stegancling tne Grup: of fuple '
wn mahi aan
oettate ttt" (0 Van Of C2” Grouping
| For each prejeck om wich more thon
a2 wun rook; states tue prpject number
ject Home Qua UG, He
oa AWA” project ett epieses
SELECT Proumer, Prome > Counk Cx)
From Project , worbs-on :
WHERE PrUmber - Pres
GRovP By ~ Pnumbey, Rnoune
HAVING CountCx) > 2;
Ol Pritts — Prome — (ount(x )
2 Product B)
lo Computerization 3,
20 ReorGarrnokon 3
30 Newbent{its. 3:nn rat 6 Claes: The clauses one
SOL oe Cloasing oxtor, sith the
Apes cen CI praceet pting eptivnal
; Bh Ss
ct < Othiibte & qundion Liv
Oe < table nthe >
(woreet < Condetion >)
[qeour BY < grouping oxtwoute >]
[Haveny < group @conctibion }
Corner BY < ottrinile Lut >]
SELECT Chaum List us attrtbutes ov duntifony
qe be aetrened
FROM CUM AptiLies ALL selections reste ty
the Quy from tne table List
WHERE Chau apecidics te comditions 4or
Aehecting bupir 7m wre MelQiDn |
GPOP @Y Apteitis grouping Cttreutn.
Heavinig Apecfin 0. umnolifio¢n m Groups.
etn are Out. thon vida fuptu,
OROEL BY Apeeities On orcler ov Cisplaytng
Hh SUSU of He quey.een Bil,
Dai:
informal cexign quittertnes for_aulationod
Achorna
O Making pure that the jemamntic Of “the
Qbtytowte UW char in the achoma .
Drectucing tHe Tedundont Information In Lup)
8 eeducing dhe MULL volun to “Une cups,
OLatauing Dad PoHibiLibiey 4 quurating
| Apurinus Lup Ley . ;
© maki
Mut that he Aemcunatic “We
Ottriute Us Chea %
In the, dUuma ;
Employee
| Adctrens Ontumb¢
Oupartment .
(rane. [Onusbe [Ong
Dept LBeatton /
-
eet
fe ta
Crome [Pruner Trtacation [Oras
Works_on —
7
rea ‘on AChuma 0 that th uw
+ og coe Wn meaning .
genet combing attabute 4x0 multiple
| tity typy Ono aefalionasnip typu inle a
single, owelatton
p pectucig rictunctaurt valu in tuples. Save
gorage “pace An& Avoid updats anomalies.
¢ Tat ce 3 Lypr Of GPA Anomoteey .
o> tuntion onomaties
> Qetelion Cunpmavees
> Mody tiation Cnomalits
Uaeetion anomatias 19 tnint & news emplo
qupt inte the Umploye +tatete dupt, vse mur
Inclucte eH olributes values for Lhe alent
‘et Un, uuploye works jor or null,
Eiup— cept
© Ename | Asn | Bdate | Addr! Orumnber) oname/Omgr-mn
he fe
Adtution ownomalicas
TH we duel an euuployee 4 rm Gmp_ ctopt
sell, te up 4hat rappers 16 \ seprenuie
the GH Last ewwployer working for & portiuuter
Sept. , be information Contorning tae: oleph. 4
Ase jm the dlatabene
Moctisicalizon ANnomaLees :
Y we chow Ant value gy | of the axtetbwty
PORE Culos clopt., WEL Must Update Me Luples
Qu employers who wore in +hat olept. -
Otumwie fro databaw will bere
“Wonsistent .Pe oN
Reducing Une redundant efornabir io tuptn
¥ Kerign the baw outation Athoma, ao Mak ny
TwWAtion, Clotetion or Mmoclepuation auaamanits an,
Prot in the nelation ,
tIn AnoOmalles Ano preg , nOle a then
Clearly f& mare Awe that program thok upaa,
Aatabor well ppemte Correctly.
© Pecturecwy UWA nut vou in the tuples
¥AN fOr Or ponibe . avold plocouy tne attrin,
In BAR ylation whore vous may bt nu
Paty . ' ;
F Ef MUU are Cina vpidoble, metke MAUVE HHO “Ht
Py in et epHonat Canes py Gnck AS no}!
OLY TH Majority & tupis ‘ih the velatts,
@ di ng LE pon?ouites
Face . K tetra
® Resign Une swlation achema. jo et Heey (an i
| Joined wth uolily wmolitory o Obi Lbu
| thot one Oppropralk, related PALA. (Primary
Koy, goign ben).
Foy 2 way thar, guaronter y od NO rpurio
Ped formal. cenaiition tape anon cdaptist
| Jota properties, thar Guaronters ce vtein foe
| that oloret Produce je At \pUrtous Wupt .