SANCTA MARIA CATHOLIC COLLEGE OF NURSING SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF MIDWIFERY UZAIRUE

COURSE TITLE: MEDICAL SURGICAL NURSING

TOPIC: OPERATING ROOM, STRUCTURE & TYPES

PRESENTED BY: GROUP 1

GROUP MEMBERS EXAM NUMBER

AUGUSTINE ASHE EMMANUELLA SMCN/BMP/23/012

OLATUNDE GLORY SMCN/BMP/23/053

ODIGIE AMENZE MERCY SMCN/BMP/23/049

AKPAIBOR SUCCESS EMOSHOGWE SMCN/BMP/23/006

BOLOGI PRINCESS SMCN/BMP23/016

OSAYI JENNIFER SMCN/BMP/23/059

BUHARI EMMANUELLA SMCN/BMP/23/017

BUHARI IKPEMOSI FRANCESS SMCN/BMP/23018

ISABAGE CAROLINE SMCN/BMP/23/040

MUTAIRU FAVOUR SMCN/BMP/23/044

ONOU JUDITH OGEHENEVWARHE SMCN/BMP/23/057

SUBMITTEDTO:

MRS USIDEME MOMOH E.O & MR OBARISAIGBON SAMSON

OCTOBER,2023
OPERATING ROOM

An operating room is also known as operating theater or surgery center. It is where surgery
takes place in an [Link] room is a facility within the hospital where surgical
operation is carried out in an aseptic environment. The operating room is specifically used
by surgical and anesthesia team to carry out surgical procedure.

An operating room must be well lighted, ventilated, clean, sterile instrument and
equipment to monitor patient must be present.

A special doctor carries out a surgery and works on the inside of the body to fix something
that is wrong and is called a surgeon.

The operating room contains e.g sedative injections, and other supplies the anesthesiologist
may need. Anesthesiologist is a physician who specializes in anesthesiology. Instrument to
be used during surgery are arranged on a stainless table, adhesive patches are placed on the
chest to measure the heart rate and breathing rate of the patient to a monitor.
STRUCTURE OF AN OPERATING THEATER

The structure of an operation room typically consists of a sterile environment with essential
equipment like surgical table lights, anesthesia machines and monitors. It also has storage
areas for surgical supplies and old instrument. They are different structures in an operating
room, including the surgical suite, sterile zone, scrub area, anesthesia work place and
storage areas. Surgical suites are where the actual surgeries take place; it includes the
operating room as well as adjacent spaces like pre-operative and post-operative areas.

PRE-OPERATIVE AREA

This is the place where the patient prepares for surgery. They typically include areas for
changing into surgical gowns, getting vital signs checked and meeting with the surgical
team.
POST-OPERATIVE AREA

This is where patient recover after surgery. These areas provide a safe and monitored
environment for patients to wake up from anesthesia and receive post-operative care.

THE STERILE ZONE

It is designated area where strict infection control measures are implemented to maintain a
sterile instrument and supplies are kept.

SCRUB AREA

This is where the surgical team prepares for the surgery by scrubbing their hands and arms
thoroughly to maintain a sterile environment

ANESTHESIA WORK PLACE

This is a room used to ensure that the patient are comfortable and pain free during surgery.
It can be administered through various methods, such as inhalation or intravenous injection
POST-ANESTHESIA CARE UNIT (PACU)

It is located outside the sterile care, the PACU’s recovery area where patients are
monitored and cared for immediately after surgery. It is equipped with monitoring devices,
space for patient beds, nursing stations to provide post-operative care before patients are
transferred to other areas of the hospital.

The operating room is divided into different structures to create separate zones for specific
tasks and to maintain a clean sterile environment. The division helps to minimize the risk
of contamination and ensure the safety and efficiency of surgical procedures

Types of operating room

1 Modular operating theater

2 Orthopedics operating theater
3 General operating theater
4 Head and neck operating theater
5 Endoscopic operating theater
6 Emergency operating theater
7 Casualty operating theater

1 MODULAR OPERATING THEATRE

A modular operating theatre, also known as a modular OR, is a type of operating room that
is designed with modular components. These components can be easily rearranged or
added/removed, allowing for flexibility and customization of the operating theatre layout.

It can also be defined as a modern concept of operation theatre where all modern
technology is introduced to provide best surgical care to the patient.

OR

An operative theatre that is built with metal and glass ceiling and walls inside the hospital
to provide optimum condition for carrying out operation.
  LAYOUT AND DESIGN

A modular operating theatre is a free-standing structure constructed inside a hospital room.

I t is rectangular or square in shapes. It is very spacious which allows free movements of
personnel, trolleys, stretchers, wheelchairs, monitoring devices, portable x-ray machines
e.t.c. The panels of modular operating theatre are made of steel or glass which are coated
with antibacterial paint and hermetic sliding door used to maintain the air pressure inside
the modular OT.

 COMPONENTS OF A MODULAR OPERATING THEATRE

The four important component of modular theater include;
1. Control panel
2. Ceiling mounted laminar flow system
3. X-ray screen
4. Surgical scrub platform.
Others include, stopwatch, real-time clock, temperature and pressure monitor,
medical gas alarm system, hands-free telephone.

 BENEFITS OF MODULAR OPERATING THEATRE

Operation theatres are in high demand due to the flexible dynamics of conducting
operation;

1. Imaging diagnostics during operation: This enable imaging and x-ray while the
operation is going on.
2. Patient Safety: Another significance of finding modular operation theatre
manufacturers in these OT ensures the safety of the patient which includes adhering
to key requirements such as hematic ceiling, sound insulation.
3. Collaborative Environments: One of the biggest advantages of modular operating
theater is their flexibility. They can be easily modified, expanded or relocated to
meet changing.
4. Cost Effective/Savings: MOT results in the cost of saving for both patient and the
hospital. The patient do not need to be carried a lot thereby saving the hospital the
 cost of bed shire personnel to carry patient. The patient also do not have to pay the
price for different bed, rooms and procedure. They can easily be treated in a single
room and more efficiently.

2 ORTHOPEDIC OPERATING THEATER

This is a specialized facility within the hospital or medical center where orthopedic
surgical procedures are performed. It is a controlled environment designed to ensure
optimal conditions for surgery and patient safety. Here are some details about
orthopedics theatre;

 LAYOUT AND DESIGN

It is carefully designed to accommodate the specific need of orthopedic surgeries. They
are usually spacious to allow for the movement of surgical teams and equipment. The
layout typically include an operating table, surgical lights, anesthesia equipment and
various surgical instrument.
 STERILE ENVIRONMENT

maintaining a sterile environment is crucial in orthopedic theatres to prevent infections.

The theatre is equipped with specialized ventilation system that filter and circulates
clean air to minimize the risk of contamination.

3 GENERAL OPERATING THEATER

General operating room offers a wide range of surgeries for adults and children. The
surgeons , anesthetists, nurses, and other staff members ensure a smooth surgical
procedure and recovery process, minimize stress for patient and family members.

 LAYOUT AND DESIGN

General theater is designed to accommodate various types of surgical procedures.

They are typically spacious to allow for the movement of surgical teams and equipment.
 EQIUPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY: Includes imaging systems like Xrays
machines fluoroscopy units, laparoscopic camera robotic surgical systems
electrosurgical units and various surgical instruments specific to different types of
surgeries.

 SAFETY MEASURES: Patient safety is of utmost importance in general theater. It

include the use of anesthesia to ensure the patient is comfortable and pain free during
the procedure It is also equipped with emergency equipment such as defilibrator crash
carts and emergency medications to handle any unexpected medical emergencies that
any arise during surgery.

4 HEAD AND NECK THEATER

An head and neck theater is a specialized facility within an hospital where surgical
procedures specific to the head and neck region are performed. It is a controlled
environment designed to ensure optimal conditions for surgery and patient safety
 LAYOUT AND DESIGN

Head and neck theater is carefully designed to accommodate the unique requirements of
surgeries involving the head and neck region. It includes an operating table, surgical
lights, anesthesia equipment and various surgical instrument.

5 ENDOSCOPIC OPERATING THEATER

An endoscopic theater, also known as endoscopy operating room is a specialized

facility within an hospital or medical center where endoscopic procedures are
performed. Endoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure that uses a flexible tube with a
light and camera to visualize and treat the internal organs and structures of the body.

 LAYOUT AND DESIGN

Endoscopic theater are designed to accommodate the specific requirements endoscopic

procedures. The layout typically includes an operating table, surgical lights, anesthesia
equipment and a variety of surgical instruments.
 The theater may also have designed areas for sterile supplies surgical scrubs, sinks and
storage for medical equipment.

 STERILE ENVIRONMENT

Maintaining sterile environment is essential in endoscopic theater to prevent infection

and ensures patient’s safety. The theater follows strict protocols for disinfection and
sterilization of endoscopes and reusable instruments.

 EQUIPMENT AND TECHNOLOGY

Endoscopy theater is equipped with a range of specialized equipment and technology top
support endoscopic procedures. This includes endoscopes of various types and sizes,
such as gastroscopies, colonoscopies, bronchoscopes and laparoscopes, depending on the
area of the body being examined. The theater also has video processors and high
resolution monitors to display the images captured by the endoscope.
 SPECIALIZED PROCEDURES
Endoscopic theaters cater to a wide range of endoscopic procedures across various
medical specialties. These can include gastrointestinal endoscopy [colonoscopy,
gastroscopy],respiratory endoscopy[bronchoscopy],urological
endoscopy[cystoscopy],gynecological, endoscopy[hysteroscopy]and surgical
endoscopy[laparoscopy].The theater is equipped to handle both diagnostic and
therapeutic endoscopic procedures.

6 EMERGENCY OPERATING THEATRE

The emergency room or emergency ward, is a specialized area within a hospital that
provides immediate medical care to patients with acute illnesses, injuries or other urgent
medical conditions

 TRIAGE: Upon the arrival of a patient to the emergency room the patient go through a
triage process. Triage is the initial assessment of patients to determine the severity of
their condition and priotize care accordingly .Patients are categorized into different
levels of urgency such as immediate urgent or non-urgent based on the severity of their
symptoms and the potential for life threatening complications.

 RAPID ASSESSMENT AND STABILIZATION

Once triaged patients are quickly assessed by medical professionals to determine the
appropriate course of action. This may involve performing diagnostic tests such blood
tests imaging scans [ X-rays CT scans] or other procedures to gather information about
the patient’s condition immediate interventions and treatments are initiated to stabilize
the patent and alleviate symptom.

 TRAUMA CARE

Emergency rooms are equipped to handle traumatic injuries and accidents. They have
specialized trauma bays or resuscitation areas where patients with severe injured are
treated these areas are equipped with advanced life support equipment including
monitoring devices defillibrator and airways management’s equipment to provide
immediate lifesaving interventions.
 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

This includes wound, suturing, fracture reduction and splinting, abscess drainage, chest
tube insertion, intubation and other procedures necessary to stabilize patients in crucial
condition.

 OBSERVATION AND MONITORING

Patient who require ongoing observation or monitoring may be admitted this slows
medicals professionals to monitor closely their condition and determine the need for
further intervention, observation unit is equipped with monitoring devices and may
have dedicated nursing staff.

It is the department of the hospital where surgical procedures are performed in a sterile
environment. It is a strictly prohibited area accessible only to medical professionals. All
those entering the area must have taken aseptic precautions

TYPES OF EMERGENCY SURGRIES

 Acute appendicitis
 Bowel obstruction

 Gastrointestinal perforation

 Intestinal volvulus
  Acute mesenteric
ischemia

 Peritonitis

7 CASUALLTY OPERATING THEATER

This room is also known as a trauma operating room or emergency operating room,
it is a specialized medical facility within the healthcare setting that is specifically
designed to provide immediate surgical care to patients who have suffered severe
 injuries or life threatening conditions. The primary goal of a casualty operating room
is to stabilize and treat patient who require urgent surgical intervention.

The purpose of a casualty theater is to provide rapid assessment and surgical

treatment to patients with life threatening injuries or condition. It is typically
equipped with advanced medical technology and highly skilled surgical team to
respond quickly to emergencies.

 LAYOUT AND DESIGN

The casualty operating theater are designed to optimize efficiency and facilitate the
delivery of urgent surgical care. They are often located in close proximity to the
emergency department or trauma center allowing for seamless transfer of patients
require immediate surgical intervention.
It is important to note that casualty operating room are highly specialized and
require a skilled and experienced team to provide optimal care to critically injured
patients. Casualty operating rooms often work closely with other department and
specialties in the hospital such as radiology, intensive care units, blood banks and
rehabilitative services.