Airframe and system
1. Fuselage
2. Cockpit and cabin window
3. Wing
4. Stabilizing surface
5. Landing gear
6. Flight controls
7. Hydraulics
8. Piston engine (air driven system)
9. Turbo propeller and jet aircraft
10. Non- pneumatic operated de-ice and anti-ice systems
11. Fuel system
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1. Fuselage
1. Ribs – used to increase the column buckling strength of longitudinal stiffeners
2. If there is, no ribs in the wing structure then wing fail due to crushing.
3. When we step upright in a soda can, it would fail due to crippling.
4. Air loads are the results of pressure distribution over the surface of the skin which result in
shear torsion and bending
5. Longeron are used to oppose bending. Other longitudinal member called stringers supports
them.
6. Pressure cabin – is subjected to hoop stress.
7. Bending stress = tensile +compression
8. Typical range of the front spar location = 20 to 30% of C
9. Aircraft structure main consists of Al alloy sheet and rivets with titanium or steel material at
point requiring high strength
10. Duralumin – Al and Cu base, they have good thermal conductivity, and have a poor air corrosion
resistance
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1. Fuselage
a. Fatigue life of the fuselage is based on number of pressurization cycles.
b. Frame, stringer and skin take the full load.
c. Monocoque structure:
i. Use unstiffened shells which should be relatively thick to resists Bending
compression and torsional loads
d. Semi-monocoque-
i. Construction with stiffened member which can be relatively thinner
ii. They have stinger in longitudinal direction’
iii. They resists bending moment and axial forces
e. Truss type fuselage:
i. They are used in light training aircraft
2. Function of aircraft structure: Skin
a. Skin takes the majority of the structural loads
b. The skin of modern pressurized aircraft is primary load bearing structure carrying much
of the structural load.
c. Skin is usually made from Al2024 alloy of pure Al with Cu
d. Skin panel are loaded mainly in shear
e. For a pressurized aircraft, rivets are under shear load and skin is under tensile load
f. Transmit aerodynamic forces to longitudinal and transverse supporting member
i. Act with Longitudinal- resisting bending and axial load
ii. Acts with Transverse member – in reacting the hoop or circumferential loads
when structure is pressurized
g. Buckling of the fuselage skin can be delayed by – placing the stiffener closer and
increasing the internal pressure
3. Spar:
a. Resist bending and axial load
b. Form the wing box for the stable torsion resistance
c. In semi-monocoque structure, skin and spar webs are the primary carriers of- shear
stress due to aerodynamic forces and moment components. Thus, spar webs resists
bending shear force and torsional moment.
d. Axial compression load is produced by torsion.
4. Stringers / stiffeners
a. Resists Bending and axial load along with the skin
b. Acts with the skin in resisting the axial load caused by pressurization.
c. Purpose – to prevent buckling and bending by supporting and stiffening the skin
5. Frame and formers
a. Oppose hoop stress and provide shape and form to the fuselage
Structure analysis
1. Shape of moment in Simply supported beam – concentrated load is triangular and distributed
load parabolic
2. Reaction in ceiling fan – tension
3.
