% x x x x x x x x x x x * “ “ x x : x x x F x x Fi 5 oI : * HYSICS i resonate i i 1 em so no To R / | IGATORY | i} INVESTIGAT | * ‘ em T KY om ECE | ‘ emi O19 ‘ i 2018 - 2 * LI’$ THEOREM i * : i BERNOU AARYA RAJES i * : MADE BY: femal . a mganawgs Fee i i +) Freauency | ‘ io} Ten bias Ey * TiS = . i e Lx YON i * Uj Sayin i : PA) M AGNET ae er ‘ Oe Be ‘ raAass Mx ve y : vn £ THE @ Quant oe a Ede bred fe @LECTRON i : “gq @® ti % * e e * % x SUSE OKOEERKOEE KEIR KOEUE(E KOSS OK KEE E5055 (505 KK05 OK KEORKUEUE0S "ORAM as ID *ROROA As mx XLII * Sues NOIR NOIR PO OOO x* x of of x x x x 4 e % % ot ol x x x x x a x x % % oF } x x a ‘ : « | « | .PRESSUR or | q en | EQUATION 2 & + | CONTINUITY | i DANIEL 7 | | INTRODUCTION TO | | * } INTROD | x . : ‘BERNOULLI'S | EOREM | | tt NOULLI’S _ : EQUATION | | £2 MENT | EXPERI | Lap ICATIONS i .APPLRS sCONCLUSION ‘ +:BIBLIOGRAPHY ; PRESSURE ‘ Pressure, in the physical sciences, is the eo perpendicular force per unit area, or the stress at a point e within a confined fluid. by i i i . x In SI units, pressure is measured in pascals; one pascal e equals one newton per square metre. ry Absolute pressure of a gas or liquid is the total pressure it exerts, including the effect of atmospheric pressure. An * absolute pressure of zero corresponds to empty space or e acomplete vacuum. % Pressure is a scalar quantity. xeROEOEERREEE EE EAE ALLE EEA RRO EERE « e * Force “F” * « e % : » & % P ln” = % x ressure “p” = x « e « e % aye % % Area “A\ % « “ e “ % ‘ i i « * « e x x x x « e e e % sneemmred Marner toes jes u0ene vena % % % % * * Y : : % om meee ome % : ‘ ‘ * » According to the equation of continuity Av = * * constant, Where A =cross-sectional area and v=velocity * with which the fluid flows. x « “ * + Itmeans that if any liquid is flowing in streamline flow ina * « pipe of non-uniform cross-section area, then rate of flow x i of liquid across any cross-section remains constant. FY i * Consider a fluid flowing through a tube of varying thickness. ‘ « e * Let the cross-sectional area at one end(I)=A,andcross- « sectional area of other end (II) = A2. ‘ « « « “ % ‘ % ‘ ¥ x % J « “ « “ x x % % % ‘ * * % SoxozeneexexexezerezoxoxezozexexoxsiozezexaoLozexozRsLoLezeZexoReIeLOLeZeDRIONpTNZALUZOEVEVEO LALLA A A A RAR A A A A A AE RR RE RE REE EA x A2 hacrower hose wider hose, Al V2. faster speed. ‘ slower speed V1 * q The velocity and density of the fluid at one end (I)=v,, Ps respectively, velocity and density of fluid at other end (II)= Vay Pa * Volume covered by the fluid in a small interval of time At, % across left cross-sectional is Area (I) =A,xv,xAt % Volume covered by the fluid in a small interval of time At, across right cross-sectional Area (II) = A2x vaxAt % Fluid inside is incompressible (volume of fluid does not change by applying pressure) that is density remains same. {p:=P2 ---- (equation 1)} e Along (1) mass=p, A, [Link] and along second point (I!) , mass = p,A, v,At x By using equation (1), we can conclude that * A. V1 =A, [Link] is the equation of continuity. ee From Equation of continuity we can say that Av=constant. x This equation is also termed as “Conservation of mass of Ky incompressible fluids”. % x Sezorerexexexezexexexexexexexxexxnn x % PO OOO OOF"gOKURUZOZORUEVE0R0R0K RRR R RAO AO ROR AO ARORA RRR ORR RTARTA RRR M NAGE ICLoLeLele: IOLOLeleLeLeLeLeLeLee Owed elelelex Lo ox LOCOS eLelelen one IOLeLeLeLoLele EOS iolex ox IeLeLelen ICOLeLelen DANIEL BERNOULLI * rane ieeeTane settee eR * x % % % a % % % : : x * « « x Daniel Bernoulli (8 February 1700 - 17 March 1782) was a s * Swiss mathematician and physicist and was one of the many % * prominent mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He is % % particularly remembered for his applications of mathematics to % % mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering * K work in probability and statistics. His name is commemorated % in the Bernoulli's principle, a particular example of the conservation of energy, which describes the mathematics ‘ of the mechanism underlying the operation of two important e * technologies of the 20th century: the carburetor andthe ‘ airplane wing. * : & ; % % Sones % q Scomcemmemne NEOKOROROAO ROAR ARO RO RA ROAR RORY RO ROR AORORO ROR ROR RatGREED REDE AA AREER A AREER AREA * % Together Bernoulli and Euler tried to discover more about the % —_flow of fluids. It was known that a moving body exchanges its % % kinetic energy for potential energy when it gains height. Daniel * * realised that in a similar way, a moving fluid exchanges its % 4 * specific kinetic energy for pressure, the former being the * * kinetic energy per unit volume. * 4 % * ‘ % ‘ % ‘ % ‘ % ‘ « « « e « « % % « e 4 % ‘ INTRODUCTION TO ‘ e Ka % % e KY % > % § BERNOULLI’S THEOREM ¢ % Ky % In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in “ % the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease * % —_inpressure ora decrease in the fluid's potential energy. The * Ky principle is named after Daniel Bernoulli, as mentioned ‘ before, who published it in his book Hydrodynamica in x Pi y' I * 1738. Although Bernoulli deduced that pressure decreases * when the flow speed increases, it was Leonhard Euler who P * derived Bernoulli's equation in its usual form in 1752. The * principle is only applicable for isentropic flows: when the * % effects of irreversible processes (like turbulence) andnon- * adiabatic processes (e.g. heat radiation) are small and can be % * neglected. % % % % Bernoulli's principle can be applied to various types of fluid : % flow, resulting in various forms of Bernoulli's equation; there % * are different forms of Bernoulli's equation for different types % % of flow. The simple form of Bernoulli's equation is valid % % % SozorezozezezezozexexoxeneaeaezeneneaeaeeezezezeZeZeZeZeZeZeZeZOZOZOZOZZUZUZZ0Z0NFEEL IIE k ‘ : for incompressible flows (e.g. most liquid flows % and gases moving at low Mach number). More advanced forms * % may be applied to compressible flows at higher Mach numbers. * Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the principle * of conservation of energy. This states that, in a steady flow, the * sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy and internal energy remains constant. Thus an increase in the speed of the fluid - implying an increase in its kinetic energy (dynamic pressure) - occurs with a simultaneous decrease in (the sum of) its potential energy (including the static pressure) and internal energy. If the fluid is flowing out of a reservoir, the sum of all forms of energy is the same on all streamlines because in a reservoir the energy per unit volume (the sum of pressure and gravitational potential p gh) is the same everywhere. erie Ieee Ooo LELEEECCO SOOO OOOOE O EGE % Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly from Isaac , Newton's Second Law of Motion. If a small volume of fluid is * flowing horizontally from a region of high pressure to a region « of low pressure, then there is more pressure behind than in * front. This gives a net force on the volume, accelerating it ‘ along the streamline. * ‘ MecosezexonezezozeconexezenecenezeconexezomsceaozscoaeceozexomecxeneneaoexenexenessPP OOOO OOOO OOOO OOOO OOO OOOO OOOO OOO OOOO OOOO Fluid particles are subject only to pressure and their own weight. If a fluid is flowing horizontally and along a section of a streamline, where the speed increases it can only be because the fluid on that section has moved from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can only be because it has moved from a region of lower pressure to a region of higher pressure. Consequently, within a fluid flowing horizontally, the highest speed occurs where the pressure is lowest, and the lowest speed occurs where the pressure is highest. -BERNOULLI’S EQUATION The equation is given as, P+1/2(pv*) + pgh =o Where P's pressure, p is the density of the fluid, vis its velocity, gis the acceleration due to gravity and h is the height of the fluid from the ground. Vy . ve ressure sau Movement of Fluid from v,At to v,At in At Time Interval Demonstration of Flow of an Ideal Fluid in Pipe having Different Cross-sectionFinding the Work Done First, we will calculate the work done (W)) on the fluid in the region BC. Work done is LECOCO Wi =PiAi (viAt) = PAV eelelee: Moreover, if we consider the equation of continuity, the same volume of fluid will pass through BC and DE. Therefore, work done by the fluid on the ht-hand side of the pipe or DE regi Lele LOO, ore W2 = P2A2 (v2At) = PAV ior LOCO Thus, we can consider the work done on the fluid as — P)AV. Therefore, the total work done on the fluid is OOO XOX eee % The total work done helps to convert the gravitational potential energy a Kinetic energy of the fluid. Now, consider the fluid density as p and the mass passing through the pipe as Am in the At interval of time. er Hence, Am = pA) viAt= pAV Change in Gravitational Potential and Kinetic Energy Now, we have to calculate the change in gravitational potential energy AU. 8 x a % AU= pgAV (h, - h, ) x e 5 . % Similarly, the change in AK or kineti gy can be written as * axe (2) savin : x % . 5 5 % Calculation of Bernoulli’s Equation % Applying work-energy theorem in the volume of the fluid, the equation will *4 PY (P-P)ave ($}o avin? 02) + poav (h-h) x Ky * es Dividing each term by AV, we will obtain the equation X : : a“ z e % (P-P)= (3) P (ws v9 + pg(h,— h) % x e % ky Rearranging the equation will yield Py " " Gene Cnn : e 2 2. x ‘ ‘ % The above equation is the Bemoulli’s equation, However, the land 2of —'@t * both the sides ofthe equation denotes two different points along the pipe. & % Thus, the general equation can be written as % x a % % * 1 % & P+ (@) pu® + pgh = constant © * . ‘ . & x « : EXPERIMENT ;: % % * r5 % an 000A EAE LE % : ‘ x This experiment is aimed at investigating the validity of x * Bernoulli’s equation when applied to a steady flow of water in a * tapered duct and to measure the flow rate of steady flow x * rates. Based on Bernoulli’s theorem relates the pressure, x %% velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid the compressibility and ‘ « viscosity (internal friction) of which are negligible and the flow e * of which is steady, or laminar. 3 © % . A - . % For this experiment, by using the FM 24 Bernoulli’s Apparatus * Test Equipment is to demonstrate the Bernoulli’s theorem. The x * experiment was conducted in order to find the time takento e collect 3L of water, the volumetric flow rates of the water, the ee % % KO * pressure difference at all manometer tube at different cross x * section. The time to collect 0.003 m? water is recorded based x on the different flow rate for each experiment. * he different fl for each experi ‘ Ky % ] * The combination of venture meter complete with manometer % x % tube and hydraulic bench were used. During the experiment, x % RecoxexexenenenenenexexeaemexexoxeaeaoaeiezewivavivivEeaviviviavava a avx0x0x0xeane’"GOXVZVZOROEVEVEORROR AORN ROAR RRR RRR ARORA OAR RR ROAR AOEOR water is fed through a hose connector and the flow rate can be adjusted at the flow regulator valve at the outlet of the test section. The venture can be demonstrated as a means of flow measurement and the discharge coefficient can be determined the results show the reading of each manometer tubes increase when the pressure difference increases. From the reading of height can be calculated the data by applied the Bernoulli equation to fin the velocity of the fluid moving. The pressure level and velocity reading for part A to E of the tube is recorded. From Bernoulli theory, the relation between the increase and decrease in the pressure value is inversely proportional to its velocity. Bernoulli's Principle tells that as the fluid flows more quickly through the narrow sections, the pressure actually decreases rather than increases. Thus, it proves the validity of Bernoulli's theorem. LEECCCSS SOOO OECECOOS OEE EECCCCOOOEE OEE CCCCCCCCCCC OOS G rererererereset EE CCOOOOCOCN Y Samana OPPO *REISS FY ‘ FY & | x CECA EES EEE ESOS: Lore re LCCOGOG OS: : APPLICATIONS "In modern everyday life there are many observations that can be 4 successfully explained by application of Bernoulli's principle, even % though no real fluid is entirely inviscid and a small viscosity often has a ‘ large effect on the flow.OOO ON % + Aninjector ona steam locomotive (or static boiler). + A De Laval nozzle utilizes Bernoulli's principle to create a force by turning pressure energy generated by the combustion of propellants into velocity. This then generates thrust by way of Newton's third law of motion. The pilot tube and static port on an aircraft are used to determine the airspeed of the aircraft. These two devices are connected to the airspeed indicator, which determines the dynamic pressure of the airflow past the aircraft. Dynamic pressure is the difference between stagnation pressure and static pressure. Bernoulli's principle is used to calibrate the airspeed indicator so that it displays the indicated airspeed appropriate to the dynamic pressure. Bernoulli's principle can be used to calculate the lift force on an airfoil, if the behaviour of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil is known. For example, if the air flowing past the top surface of an aircraft wing is moving faster than the air flowing past the bottom surface, then Bernoulli's principle implies that the pressure on the surfaces of the wing will be lower above than below. This pressure difference results in an upwards lifting force. Whenever the distribution of speed past the top and bottom surfaces of a wing is known, the lift forces can be calculated (to a good approximation) using Bernoulli's equations - established by Bernoulli over a century before the first man-made wings were used for the purpose of flight. Bernoulli's principle does not explain why the air flows faster past the top of the wing and slower past the underside. % ‘Sscozezoxezoxezonszexezonsconszonszonezonszoneczonzonexonezenezenezezezezenezerenen GpROEeLOLeL ROR RB RE ma RA ARAL RAEN E ARERR, IO eeeeLelee, SOO XO ole: ee CECE SSO SOOOCOOOL SOKO XX XXX i. ie XXX Iolo or OOO e IOLOLee eee BecTEOZOEOLOLLLOLLLROLLR RAYA RY ROAR RARE RORRRRRR ARORA ‘Aerodynamic Lift — Explai 1d by Bernoull’s Conservation of Energy Law f Low Pressure High Velocity Distance LOLLY ISLeLelelelere SOOO oles SLeleleleeee ‘Also known as the “Longer Path” or “Equal Transit” Theory LECCE + The Bernoulli grip relies on this principle to create a non-contact adhesive force between a surface and the gripper. IOLOLeLeLeLeleles The carburettor used in many reciprocating engines contains aventuri to create a region of low pressure to draw fuel into the carburettor and mix it thoroughly with the incoming air. The low pressure in the throat of a venturi can be explained by Bernoulli's principle; in the narrow throat, the air is moving at its fastest speed and therefore it is at its lowest pressure. LECCE OOOO LL ELLE LLL LL IOLeLelelelelens LECCE ESO MO SOOO OOO OOOO. oie + The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using a device such as aVenturi meter or an orifice plate, which can be placed into a pipeline to reduce the diameter of the flow. For a horizontal device, the continuity equation shows that for an incompressible fluid, the reduction in diameter will cause an increase in the fluid flow speed. es LECOL LIL LOGG OOOO LCCC OES "AOZOZOZOROROROROROROROROROROR RAR ROORKEE RRR RR RRRex *ZOZEOZROR ROAR R RRA RAR RRO ROAGD ZOE % Subsequently, Bernoulli's principle then shows that there must be a % « decrease in the pressure in the reduced diameter region. This % phenomenon is known as the Venturi effect. ; % % : +The maximum possible drain rate for a tank witha hole or tap at the %t base can be calculated directly from Bernoulli's equation, and is Wt found to be proportional to the square root of the height of the %t fluid in the tank. This is Torricell's law, showing that Torricelli's law @ is compatible with Bernoulli's principle. Viscosity lowers this drain * rate. This is reflected in the discharge coefficient, which is a function #4 of the Reynolds number and the shape of the orifice. ‘ OCC % i : e oe F i CONCLUSION | e % % Bernoulli's law states that if a non-viscous fluid is flowing along * a pipe of varying cross section, then the pressure is lower at ‘ % constrictions where the velocity is higher, and the pressure is ‘ XXII IeLoLe: i % SororenenerererexeaaezererexexeaaeioezeDoeILNLe LOLOLpTEEOE ERE EA AR AR ARAM ME A A A RRR ERAS higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnate. Many people find this situation paradoxical when they first encounter 't it (higher velocity, lower pressure). Venturimeter, atomiser and filter pump Bernoulli’s principle is used in venturimeter to find ky the rate of flow of a liquid. It is used in a carburettor to mix air % and petrol vapour in an internal combustion engine. Bernoulli's principle is used in an atomiser and filter pump. Wings of & Aeroplane Wings of an aeroplane are made tapering. The upper « surface is made convex and the lower surface is made concave. Due to this shape of the wing, the air currents at the top have a large velocity than at the bottom. Consequently the pressure above the surface of the wing is less as compared to the lower surface of the wing. This difference of pressure is helpful in % giving a vertical lift to the plane. e LECCOOC BIBLIOGRAPHY |; rameaesene we omen eet eet * ¢ [Link] bY ¢ [Link] Pd x PIII OI III III III PIII IO II III III III IOI OOF