UNDERSTANDING THE CULTURE, What is Cultural Background?

● These are the factors and values

SOCIETY, AND POLITICS that shape an individual's
upbringing.
UNIT 1 ● It consists of ethnic, religious,
racial, gender, and linguistic.
Lesson 1

Society is a group of people who shared

the same law, rights, and resources. Difference between Gender and
Sexuality
Sociology - the study of society
Anthropology - the study of culture or Sexuality or Sex is a label based on the
the way of life genitals you’re born with (male or
Political Science - the study of female ) and the personal traits of an
government system/structure individual. While gender includes gender
roles and social roles; this also states
According to Edward B. Tylor, culture is being either masculine or feminine.
a complex whole, and Campbell (2004)
said that students identify with certain
groups to experience a feeling of
belongingness.
The difference between socio-economic
● Did you know that the essence of class, social status, and economic
socialization or groups is status.
providing a source of motivation
for an individual? Socio-economic class
● This is the status of every
What is Cultural Identity? individual from sociological and
● The identity or feeling of economic points of view.
belonging to a group.
● Part of a person’s self- Social status
conception and self-perception. ● This is the person’s rank or
standing in the social ladder or
What is Cultural Awareness? stratification that is based on
● This is the ability of a person to power, popularity, and prestige.
recognize different beliefs,
values, and customs. Economic status
● This is also about a person’s
place in society’s economic
 stratification based on wealth,
poverty, and total assets.
What is the meaning of standby?
- The English idiom “on stand by”
this term is used to describe a
person who is lazy, people who
Difference between Ethnicity and Ethnic have nothing to do or used, and
usually hang out on the street
Ethnicity corners.
- This is a condition in which a
social group belongs to a common What is Political Dynasty?
national or cultural tradition. - These are the families whose
members who are engaged in
Ethnic politics since time passed.
- A large group of people who have
certain racial, cultural, religious,
or other traits in common.

What is the Sec. 26 Article II Declaration

of Principles and State Policies 1987
Philippines Constitution?
Lesson 2 - “The state shall guarantee equal
access to opportunities for public
What are Food Taboos? service and prohibit political
- This is a prohibition against dynasties as may be provided by
consuming certain foods. law.”

What is the Philippine Republic Act No.

8485 about?
- This act declares that any dish
The Philippine Elections
that has the meat of dog and cat
meat is completely illegal.
The government of the Philippines
(Pamahalaan ng Pilipinas) has three
What are the dishes that are considered
interdependent branches: the
taboo?
legislative, executive, and judicial
branches.
● Any meat of animals that are
considered endangered.
● Food that violates human dignity.
● Food that is prohibited to others
because of religion.
 The senate of the upper house has 24
members which are elected on a
Difference between the three nationwide at large basis. The lower
interdependent branches of the half of the senator’s term is renewed
Philippine government. every three years. The house of
representatives or the lower house has
● Executive power is exercised by 255 + seats which 80% are contested in
the government under the congressional districts and 20% are
leadership of the president. allotted to party lists.
● Legislative power is vested in
both the government and the
two-chamber congress the
senate (upper chamber) and the
house of representatives (lower Lesson 3
chamber).
● Judicial power is vested in the The 21st century has been
courts with the supreme court of characterized by the dynamic
the Philippines as the highest interaction between advancing
judicial body. technology and the improvement of the
economy and society.

What is texting technology and the

Remember:
selfie phenomenon?

The President, Vice-President, and

Texting technology and the selfie
Senator are elected in national or
phenomenon are just some of the
popular elections and serve for a six-
trending technologies now but what are
year term. While the members of the
the differences between the two?
House of Representatives and local
government are elected for a term of
Texting technology
three years and are eligible for re-
- Text messaging or simply texting
election.
can be done by composing and
sending electronic messages from
In the 1987 Philippine Constitution it
one person to another using
stated that the President is limited to a
mobile phones or fixed or
single term and is barred from running
portable devices over a phone
for re-election. While the Vice-
network.
President may run for re-election or
may opt for a higher position in the
Terms:
government.
SMS is a term that refers to messages ● Social psychology - tackles
sent via the short message service. human behavior or nature.
While the MMS as technology expanded ● Social change - the study of
we are now able to include multi-media changes in society and culture.
messages that include images, videos, ● Social organization and
and sound content, as well as disorganization - study the
ideograms, commonly known as emoji. emergences of societies.
● Human ecology - studies the
Selfie Phenomenon behavior of a given population.
- This has been defined as a self- ● Population - concerned with
portrait photograph normally population size, composition,
shot with a digital camera or change, and quality.
camera phone held in the hand or ● Sociological theory and method -
braced by a selfie stick. application of the results of
sociological studies.
Groupie or Wefie
- As the selfie has been expanded
we use these terms to define a
portrait with your group of
friends or with your family. What is Anthropology?

Anthropology is the study of human's

past and present. The goal of this study
is to describe and explain human
Lesson 4 variation or the observed similarities
and differences in people through time
and across space. This also draws and
What is Sociology?
builds upon knowledge from the social
and biological sciences as well as the
Sociology is the study of society and
humanities and physical sciences to
social interaction and at the same time,
understand the full sweep and
deals with the origin, evolution, and
complexity of cultures across all of
development of human society.
human history.
Sociology also focused on all kinds of
social interactions, social relationships,
What are the major branches of
social organization, structure, and
Anthropology?
process.

● Cultural anthropology - studies

What are the areas of sociology?
human cultures.
● Physical anthropology - deals
● Social organization - the study of
with the biological and
social groups.
 behavioral aspects of human ● Public administration - focuses on
beings. the implementation of
● Archaeology - studies both the government policies.
ancient and recent past of ● International relations - nation
humans. states interaction including
● Linguistic anthropology - studies intergovernmental and
the relations between language transnational organizations.
and culture. ● Law - governs the relationships
● Applied anthropology - the between individuals and the
application of anthropological government.
facts, perspectives, theories, and ● Political Methodology - focuses
procedures. on the quantitative methods used
in the study of politics combining
statistics, mathematics, and
formal theory.

What is Political Science?

Political science is a social science

discipline that deals with the study of The difference between sociology and
the state and government. Just keep in anthropology.
mind that political science is concerned
with the politics and policies of the Sociology…
government. - Study of modern civilized and
complex societies.
According to Aristotle, political science - Sociologists study the
is the study of the state, that deals institutions, marriage, family, or
comprehensively with the theory and processes such as change, and
practice of politics. And that it also social mobility.
focuses on the analysis of political - Studies small and large societies.
systems, political behavior, and political
culture. Anthropology…
- Concerns with uncivilized or
What are the major branches of Political primitive and non-literate
Science or PolScie? societies.
- Anthropologists study human
● Political theory - focuses on the primitive culture.
ideas of classical thinkers. - Concentrate or focuses on small
● Comparative politics - deals with societies.
the incisive evaluation and
comparison of the doctrines of
various constitutions.
 - Plato laid his standards for an
ideal society ruled by philosopher
kings assisted by equally and
intellectually gifted guardians.
The difference between sociology and - In this society, there are three
political science. main classes of people and these
are the producers also known as
Sociology the craftsmen, farmers, or
- Science of the society. artisans, next are the auxiliaries
- Studies of all kinds of societies or the warriors and lastly, the
organized as well as the guardians who are also known as
unorganized. the rulers of the society.
- Has a wider scope. - In this society, each group is
- Studies man as fundamentally a expected to perform its
social animal. appropriate function. Rulers must
- Sociology is sociological rule, auxiliaries must uphold the
ruler's convictions and producers
Political science must limit themselves to
- The science of the state and exercising whatever skills nature
government. granted them.
- Studies only the politically
organized societies. Politics of Aristotle (384-322 BC)
- Has a narrow field. - Aristotle stated that man is self-
- Studies man as a political animal. sufficient and that those who are
- Specific social science unable to live in society and have
no needs in life must be either
beasts or gods.

UNIT 2 City of God by St. Augustine (354-430

AD)
- This described society’s ultimate
Lesson 1
pilgrimage towards the kingdom
of God which is closely identified
Society is a group o people interacting with the church, the community
with each other and having a common that worshipped God.
culture, sharing common geographical
or territorial domains, and having Utopia (1516) of Sir Thomas More (1468-
relatively common aspirations. 1535)
- Coined the word “utopia” which
Theories of Human Society refers to the ideal perfection.

The Republic of Plato (427-347 BC)

 vegetables grown in garden
plots.
- Horticulturists make use of
human labor and simple tools.
Types of Societies
Agrarian Society
Anthropologists classified different - Sociologists use the phrase
societies throughout human history agricultural revolution to
according to the degree to which describe this period about 8500
different groups within a society have years ago.
access to resources, prestige, or power. - Extensive cultivation of crops
and raising of farm animals helps
or increases the food supplies
translated to larger populations.
A. Pre-Industrial Societies - In this society because of the
increase in the food supply
Hunting and Gathering Society they’re able to trade.
- The main method of food
production is the collection of Feudal Society
wild plants and the hunting of - In this society, several groups
wild animals. At this time, they do became wealthy and were able to
not establish permanent villages acquire lands.
nor have a variety of artifacts. - Under feudalism were bound to
They just usually form small cultivate their feudal masters'
groups such as bands and tribes. lands in exchange for military
- In this society generally consists protection.
only of 60-100 people and the - Multi-generational which means
social statuses within the tribe that the families of the peasant
are relatively equal and decisions may have cultivated their lord's
are reached through general land for generations.
consensus but the leadership in
this tribal society is personal or B. Industrial Societies
based on charisma. - New economic system emerged
between the 15th and 16th
Pastoral Society centuries.
- In this society, their food supply - Characterized by free
is far more reliable and can competition, free market, and the
support a large population. right to acquire private property.
- Rely heavily on machines
Horticultural Society powered by fuels in the
- In this society, the people learned production of goods.
how to raise fruits and
C. Post-Industrial Societies Characteristics of Culture
- These are more advanced ● Culture is learned - different
societies, dominated by habits, skills, values, and
information, services, and high knowledge are acquired or
technology. learned and this is what we call
- Beyond the production of goods. enculturation.
● Culture is transmitted - culture is
D. Modern Societies transmitted through imitation;
- Characterized by mass cultural elements are passed on
production of all essential and taught to individuals and
products. groups.
- The products are sold in markets ● Culture is adaptive - adaptation
in large quantities. is the process of change in
- New commodity money as a response to a new environment;
medium of exchange trade and one of the components of
commerce has become more acculturation.
efficient. ● Culture is gratifying - provides
- Banks serve as a safe repository satisfaction for man’s biological
for saved money and also a and socio-cultural needs.
source of unearned money. ● Culture is symbolic - allows
people to develop complex
thoughts and to exchange those
thoughts with others.

Lesson 2 The main type of Culture

Culture ● Material culture

- This is the way of life, especially ● Non-material culture
the general customs and beliefs
of a particular group of people at
a particular time. Elements of Non-material culture
- This also might refer to all that ● Beliefs - man’s perception of
man has made for himself reality.
through time, material, or non- ● Values - broad preferences of
material still useful or not the person on the appropriate
anymore, all to provide benefits action or decisions.
for his society. ● Norms - society’s standard.
- Culture is all about man, it has ● Folkways - fairly weak forms of
nothing to do with his biological norms.
characteristics or his natural ● Ideas - man’s concepts.
instincts.
 ● Knowledge - can be natural, - The most important tool of
supernatural, magical, or verbal communication is the area
technical. where cultural differences play
their role.

Perspectives/Approaches in the study Food

of culture and society - Any substance consumed to
provide nutritional support for
● Symbolic interactionism - choose the body.
and agree on the meaning of - One of the best ways to truly
symbols. experience local culture.
● Functionalism - aspect of society
is interdependent.
● Conflict - primarily out of Karl
Marx's writings on class struggles Government
presents. - Refers to the aggregate of
● Dramaturgical perspective - persons or groups of persons
analyzes human behavior. exercising control and authority.
● Ethnomethodology - emphasizes - Have the power to make,
the process of interaction. interpret, and enforce the rules.

Costume
- The distinctive style of dress of
an individual group that reflects
Lesson 3 their class, gender, profession,
ethnicity, or nationality.
Art
- The expression or application of Religion
human creative skill and - A set of beliefs often containing a
imagination. moral code.
- A vivid manifestation of the
person’s creative instinct. Education
- Process of teaching or learning.
Major components of the arts
● Literary arts
● Performing arts
● Culinary arts
● Visual arts
Lesson 4
Language
- A system of communication used Biological Similarities
by a particular society.
 - The same biological needs, group is the center of everything
namely food, clothing, shelter, and all others are scaled and
and health care. rated with reference to it.
- Linked to multiple forms of
dogmatism and prejudice
including regionalism,
Necessary prerequisites for social being nationalism, racism, even sexism,
- Requirements to fulfill in order and religious discrimination.
for the society to function

Psychic unity of mankind Cultural Relativism

- Similar ranges of emotion. - Viewpoint of that culture itself.
- Practiced to avoid cultural bias,
Geographical environment as well as to avoid looking with
- Characterized by certain arrogance.
limitations and other delimiting
factors.

Cultural diversity
- Unique or uniqueness. Unit 3
Attributed to the following factors:
Lesson 1

● Biological needs, they differ in

Anthropology is concerned with many
ways of meeting them, Each
aspects of life.
culture adapts to its
environment.
Physical Anthropology
● Differences in geographical
- Deals with the biological origins
characteristics like climate,
and evolution of man and the
topography, or soil condition.
variations of the human species
● The absence or presence of
and their physical characteristics.
natural resources.
- Also referred to as biological
anthropology.

Two Main Types of Dating Methods

Ethnocentrism
- Feeling of superiority towards
● Relative Dating - this is not
one’s own group over other
precise and this is an examination
groups.
of the strata or the layers of the
- According to William Graham
soil (older or younger).
Sumner ethnocentrism is the view
● Absolute Dating - this is more
of things in which one’s own
precise considering that it can be
 narrowed to a bracket within a - This is a period of time that is
few years(age of a fossil in very important in history and
years). periods.

Kinds of Absolute Dating

● Radiocarbon Dating Method - The Three Geologic Eras

measuring the radioactive
carbon. 1. Paleozoic - this era began with
● Potassium-Argon - based on the breakup of one
measurement of the product of supercontinent. This era ran from
the radioactive decay of an about 542 million years ago to
isotope of potassium that breaks 251 million years ago.
into argon. 2. Mesozoic - divided into three
● Uranium-series Dating - the most periods, the Triassic, the Jurassic,
accurate and reliable procedure; and the Cretaceous. This era
it is done through a radiogenic lasted about 180 million years.
isotope and this was used to date 3. Cenozoic - age of mammals.
the age of the Callao Man of the
Philippines (67 000 years old). Cenezoic Seven Epochs

What is Geology? 1. Paleocene - lasted from about 66

- This is the science comprising the to 56 million years ago.
study of solid Earth, the rocks. 2. Eocene - lasting from 56 to 33.9
million years ago; a major division
What is an Era? of the geologic timescale.
- This is the time block that divides 3. Oligocene - a geologic epoch of
from the beginning to the the Paleogene period that
present. extends from about 33.9 million
- This is a change on earth that has to 23 million years.
a distinctive character created 4. Miocene - time of warmer global
by an event and ended by climates than those in the
another one. preceding Oligocene or the
following Pliocene.
Earth conditions in every era created 5. Pliocene - extends from 5.333
minor changes called disturbances and million to 2.58 million years; this
these created epochs. is the second and youngest epoch
of the Neogene period in the
What are Epochs? Cenozoic era.
6. Pleistocene - the first in which
homo sapiens evolved.
 7. Holocene - the current period of ● It means that the most well-
geologic time. adapted organisms will survive to
reproduce(Survival of the
What are Fossils? Fittest).
- These are the remains of ancient
organisms or they are the The Evolution of Man from the Theory
evidence of life in pre-historic of Natural Selection
times.
● Underwent through the process
Tertiary Period of biological evolution
- This is also referred to as the age (hominids).
of mammals. ● Adaptation to the environment is
- This is the beginning of the a must for biological beings in
Cenozoic Era. order to survive.
- One-celled organisms and ● Was able to develop a brain that
mollusks are the major marine is capable of rational
life and this lasted about 63 characteristics.
million years.
The Evolution of Primates
- Adaptation resulted in various
Quaternary Period genetic transformations.
- Beginning about 1.8 million years
ago, including the Holocene, and Animals with prominent primate
Pleistocene Ice Ages. characteristics

What is Paleontology? ● Tree Shrew

- This is the scientific study of life ● Tarsier
in the geologic periods and deals ● Lemur
with life forms known from ● Loris and the Galago
fossils.
Emergence of Man
Darwin's Evolution Theory of Natural
Selection ● Oligocene epoch
● Parapithecus - most closely
● Darwin established that all life is related to the ancestry of new
linked, and demonstrated how world monkeys.
natural selection operates. ● Miocene hominoids - highly
● Darwin’s study pointed out the favorable to the arboreal
thought of the evolution of primates.
species through change, and that ● Dryopthecus - first of the fossils
this occurs through the process of the great apes to be
of natural selection. discovered.
 ● Pliopithecus - very early proto-
ape. What is Homo Erectus?
● Siamang and Gibbon - “Upright ape-man” is believed to
● Procunsul - very early ape; be the first creature to stand
ancestors of the chimpanzees fully upright.
and gorillas. - Believed to first used fire.
● Gigantopithecus - massive ape;
largest known primate. What is Homo Sapiens?
● Oreopithecus - directly related to - Have well-defined characteristics
Dryopithecus. and habits.
● Silvapithecus (ramapithecus) - - Early homo-sapiens used simple
oldest ancestors of humans in a technology.
direct line.
● Pliocene hominids - close
relatives of humans.
● Australopithecus afarensis - Lesson 2
closely related to the genus
homo; oldest hominid found. Paleolithic Age
● Australopithecus africanus - - This is also known or called as
south ape of Africa. “old stone age” distinguished by
● Australopithecus robustus - the original development of
Paranthropus. stone tools.
● Australopithecus boise - - Begin with 40 000 years ago and
nutcracker man. end of the last ice age about 10
000 BCE; this is the longest
stone-aged period.
The Rise of the Homo - Developed some increasingly
complex tools and objects made
Man…. up of stone and natural fibers.
● A rational animal
● Has art or aesthetic appreciation Neolithic Age
● Has language - The term neolithic or new stone
● Can bring ideas, create and age is most frequently used in
invent connection with agriculture.
● Has history - The time when cereal cultivation
● Man is self-conscious and animal domestication were
introduced.
What is Homo Habilis? - Australian named Gordo Childe
- Believed to be the first of the popularized the term “Neolithic
“great ape.” Revolution” in the 1940s CE.
- Handy-man because he made - The transition to agricultural life.
tools.
Bronze Age
- Supplied the most useful metal. What are Social Norms?
- Copper and stone as the metal of - These are the standards of
choice for tools. behavior or the expected modes
- Lasted roughly 3300 to 1200 B.C. of behavior.
- The first time humans started to
work with metal. 1. Folkways - the customary ways
of doing things; they are the
habits, customs, and repetitive
patterns of behavior.
Unit 4
Examples of Filipino Folkways

Lesson 1
● Mano po
● Po and Opo
What is Enculturation? ● Bayanihan
- This is the process by which ● Harana
individuals acquire the ● Pamamanhikan
knowledge, skills, attitudes, and
values that enable them to 2. Mores - these are special
become functioning members of folkways with moral and ethical
their societies. values.
3. Laws - these are formalized
norms enacted by people vested
with authority.
4. Sanctions - these are the
What is Socialization? penalties or other means of
- This is the process whereby the enforcement; this is to ensure
individual's behavior is modified that individuals conform to the
to conform. norms.

The Three Levels of Human Forms of Sanction

Development
● Informal Sanctions
● Vegetative Level - this refers to ● Formal Sanctions
an embryo and early infancy.
● Animal Level - characterized by Application of Sanctions
desires or sex and reproduction.
● Human Level - the attainment of ● Physical Sanctions
human personality. ● Psychological Sanctions

Social Norms and Social Values What are Social Values?

 - This indicates the general good
deemed desirable for organized Types of Social Control
social life.
- Assumptions of what is right and ● Direct Control - exercised by the
important for society. primary groups.
● Indirect Control - exercised by
Status and Role the secondary groups.

What is Status? Positive and Negative Means

- This refers to one’s position or
place in a social group. ● Positive means - social control is
- Can be ascribed or achieved. through praise, prizes, fame,
respect, and promotion.
What is the Role? ● Negative means - this includes
- This refers to the function and criticism, gossip, punishment, and
dynamic aspect of the status. ostracism.
- This is the patterns and behavior
expected of a particular status. What is Deviance?
- This is defined as the recognized
violation of cultural norms.

Explanations for Deviant Behaviors

Forms of Roles

● Role as expectation Pathology

● Role as performance
● Role conflict ● Social Pathology - a result of a
● Role set societal disease, which must be
isolated, contained and treated.
Socialization for Sex Roles ● Biological Pathology - results
- Societies categorize their from actual physical illness,
members into males and malfunctions, or deformities.
females and each is
viewed as a distinct sex or Social Disorganization
gender. - Results when two normative
- Different expectations and systems come into contact.
norms of behavior for
boys and girls. Labeling
- This is the action of others or by
the actors themselves.

Lesson 2 Value Conflict

 - They are at variance with a - This is a person who seeks to
group's values. achieve goals by means that are
- There is also an assumption that not approved by society.
what is valued by one group is
not valued by another. What is Ritualist?
- This is a person who follows the
norms of the letter but rejects or
Most common Deviance abandons the hope of achieving
societal goals.
1. Homosexual
2. Drug addiction What is Retreatist?
3. Alcoholism - This is a person who rejects both
4. Murder societal goals and
5. Prostitution institutionalized means.
6. Lesbianism
7. Mental illness What is Rebel?
8. Perversion - This is a person who rejects both
9. Politics the societal goals and the means
10. Communism to achieve them; instead, they
11. Atheism substitute them, with new goals
12. Political extremism and new means to achieve them.
13. Ear piercing
14. Tattooing

Lesson 3

Robert Merton Deviance Typology Man as a Member of a Political

Community
Form of Deviance
● Ritualism A member of a political community must
● Innovation be able to internalize the Preamble of
● Retreatism the Consitution by heart.
● Rebellion
● Conformity

What is Conformist?
- This is a person who accepts both
the societal goals and the
approved means.

What is Innovator?
 - This is a judicial act of adopting a
foreigner and granting him the
privileges of a native-born
citizen.

What is the Bill of Rights?

- These are the natural rights, civil
rights, political rights, economic
rights as well as rights of the
accused before, during, and after
trial.

The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of

What is Citizenship?
the Philippines - Article III Bill of Rights
- This has been defined as
membership in a political
Section 1. No person shall be deprived of
community that is personal and
life, liberty, or property without due
more or less permanent in
process of law, nor shall any person be
character.
denied the equal protection of the laws.
- A citizen of a given state or
country is one who owes it
Section 2. The right of the person to be
permanent allegiance and is
secure. Right against unreasonable
entitled to its protection on the
arrest, search, and seizure.
basis of the legal and political
conception of citizenship.
Section 3. The privacy of communication
and correspondence shall be inviolable
What is Citizenship by Birth?
except upon lawful order of the court,
or when public safety or order requires
By place of birth also known as jus soli -
otherwise, as prescribed by law.
means you will be an automatic citizen if
you were born in the Philippines soil or
Section 4. Freedom of speech,
territory.
expression, or the press.

By blood also known as the jus sanguinis

Section 5. The right of freedom of
- this means that if any of your parents
religion and belief.
is a Filipino citizen you will be a Filipino
citizen at the same according to the
Section 6. Guarantees the liberty of
Philippine Nationality Law.
travel, which shall not be impaired
except in the interest of national
What is Citizenship by Naturalization?
security, public safety, or public health, volunteering in the community,
as may be provided by law. and respecting the rights and
opinion of others.
Section 7. The right of the people to - Willing to sacrifice for the
information on matters of public collective good of the nation and
concern shall be recognized. remembers their civic duties.

Section 8. Form an organization, union,

association, or society for a purpose.

Section 9. Private property shall not be

taken for public use without just
compensation.

Section 10. No law impairing the

obligations of contracts shall be passed.

What are Human Rights?

- These are rights inherent to all
human beings, whatever our
nationality, place of residence,
sex, national or ethnic origin,
color, religion, language, or any
other status.

What is Human Dignity?

- This refers to an individual or
group's sense of self-respect and
self-worth, physical and
psychological integrity, and
empowerment.

What is Inclusive Citizenship?

- Promotion of the common good
or general welfare.
- Responsible citizen promotes the
good by obeying the law, paying
taxes honestly, being informed
regarding political issues,