Final Project
TITLE OF Project
(Bold, 16 font, Times New Roman style)
A REPORT
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY,
VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTERS IN PSYCHOLOGY
(Bold, 12 font, Times New Roman style)
Submitted By
Student ID
Student Name
(Bold, 16 font, Times New Roman style)
DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY,
VIRTUAL UNIVERSITY OF PAKISTAN.
i
Project Approval
Approved/ Rejected/ Sought Revision and Resubmission.
________________________
Supervisor
Department of Psychology,
Virtual University of Pakistan
Date: ___________
ii
Declaration
I XXXX XXXX, student ID, session 2014-2016 from Department of Psychology, Virtual
University of the Pakistan, do hereby solemnly declare that the work submitted in this project
entitled “Title of project” is my own. This work has been completed at the Department of
Psychology, Virtual University of Pakistan and has not been previously presented to any other
institution or university for the degree.
_______________________
Student
iii
Certificate
It is certified that Miss XXXX XXX worked under my supervision. Her research project on
“title” has been approved for submission in its present form, as a requirement for fulfillment of
the Master’s Degree in Applied Psychology.
_________________
Research Supervisor
Date: _____________
iv
Dedication (Optional)
v
Acknowledgement
Here you will write a brief paragraph to acknowledge the help and support you received
throughout your project. You can acknowledge the library staff, instructor/lecturer, family or any
other person who helped you in your project completion.
Name of student
vi
Table of Contents
Contents Page No.
Title Page i
Thesis approved by ii
Declaration iii
Certificate iv
Dedication (optional) v
Acknowledgement vi
Table of Contents vii
List of Tables ix
List of Figure x
List of Appendices xi
Abstract xii
Chapter I 1
Introduction 1
1.1 XXXXXX (variable 1) 1
1.1.1 XXXX (if there is any sub-heading) 2
1.1.2 XXXXX (if there is any sub-heading)
1.1.3 XXXXXXX (if there is any sub-heading)
1.2 XXXXXX (variable 2)
1.2.2 XXXXX (if there is any sub-heading)
1.2.3 XXXXX (if there is any sub-heading)
vii
Contents Page No.
1.3 XXXXX (variable 3)
1.4 XXXXXXX (variable 4)
Chapter II
Literature Review
2.1 Rationale/Significance
2.2 Objective
2.3 Hypothesis/Hypotheses
Chapter III
Method
3.1 Nature of the Study
3.2 Research Design
3.3 Sampling Strategy
3.4 Sample
3.4.1 Inclusion/ Exclusion Criteria
3.5 Assessment Measures
3.5.1 Demographic Information Sheet
3.5.2 Scale I (Name)
3.5.3 Scale II (Name)
(You may add more columns, if you have more than two scales)
3.6 Procedure
3.7 Ethical Considerations
Chapter IV
viii
Contents Page No.
Results
Chapter V
Discussion
5.1 Conclusion
5.2 Strength and limitation of Study
5.3 Implications of the Study
References
Appendices 27
ix
List of Tables
No. Title Page No.
Table 3.1
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
x
List of Figures (if there is any)
Figures Title Page No.
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
xi
List of Appendices
Title Page No.
Appendix-A Permission by Authors of Scales
Appendix-B Permission Letter by the Concerned Authorities
Appendix-C Consent Form
Appendix-C Demographic Information Sheet
Appendix-E Name of scale 1
Appendix-F Name of scale 2 (if more than 1)
Appendix-G Name of scale 3 (if more than two)
xii
Abstract
(Maximum 250 words)
xiii
Chapter I
Introduction
In this part, a brief and comprehensive introduction to the topic under study is given. It
includes:
Background of the project: Describe briefly the background i.e. the impact and implication of
the topic on the environment (the specific set up in which you are studying the issue).It should be
well elaborated. It is advised to include current facts and figures in background. You can also
explain it in context with the work already done on the topic. It should provide all the necessary
initial information so that the reader can better understand the situation under study.
1.1.Variable 1 (i.e. optimism)
(Introduce your variable in detail; you can add theories/types etc.)
1.1 Variable II (life satisfaction)
(Introduce your variable in detail; you can add theories/types etc.)
1.3 (if more than two variables)
1
Chapter II
Literature Review
Write down findings of previous researches done in your area of study.
2.1 Rationale of the Study
2.2 Objectives of the Study
To find out relationship between xxxxx and xxxxxx.
To see gender differences in xxxxxx and xxxxxxx.
2.3 Hypotheses
HI. There is likely to be a relationship between xxxxxx and xxxxxx.
HII.
2
Chapter III
Method
3.1 Nature of Research
The present research is quantitative/qualitative in nature.
3.2 Research Design
The cross-sectional research with correlational research design was used as it is trying to
explore whether there is an association between variables, rather than a direct causal effect.
3.3 Research Strategy
Non-probability convenience/purposive sampling was used.
3.4 Sample
Total sample of the study comprised of 100 students including 50 men and 50 women.
3.4.1 Inclusion / exclusion Criteria (it will vary according to your research)
only single parent children were included
Table 3.1
Frequency, percentages, Mean and standard deviation of demographic characteristics of the
study (N=100).
Variables M(SD) f (%)
Gender
Male 50(50.0)
Female 50(50.0)
Qualification
Intermediate1 50(50.0)
Intermediate2 50(50.0)
Family system
Joint 56(56.0)
Nuclear 44(44.0)
SD= Standard Deviation, M= Mean, f= frequency, %= percentage
3
3.5 Assessment Measures:
3.5.1 Demographic information questions
Participant age, gender, qualification, family system, job experience, nature of job were
asked (demographic will vary according to your research)
3.5.2. Scale I
In this section you will mention the scale which you used to measure a particular
variable, name of the author and year. No. of items included in the scale or detail of subscales (if
any). Rating scale of the questionnaire and reliability of the scale etc.
3.5.2. Scale II
In this section you will mention the scale which you used to measure a particular
variable, name of the author and year. No. of items included in the scale or detail of subscales (if
any). Rating scale of the questionnaire and reliability of the scale etc.
3.6 Procedure
In this section you will explain the detail procedure of carrying out your research i.e. how
did you approach you sample, setting of data collection, average time to fill the questionnaires,
showing gratitude to your participants etc.
3.7 Ethical Considerations
In this section you will mention the ethical consideration you followed during your
project. (Write in bullets)
4
Chapter IV
Results
Descriptive analysis was performed to get the mean, standard deviation for study
variables e.g. hope, optimism and academic achievement. (Table 3.1)
Table 4.1
Descriptive statistics of hope, optimism, academic achievement (N=100)
Variables M SD Min Max
Hope 73.34 3.71 66 83
Optimism 18.73 3.44 10 29
Academic achievement 72.81 7.14 50 96
Note: M= Mean, SD= Standard Deviation, min=minimum, max=maximum
Psychometric properties of the scales were determined which are presented in table 3.2.
Table 4.2
Reliability score of scales (N=100)
Scales k a
Hope 12 .81
Optimism 10 .79
Note: k= number of items, a= Cronbach alpha reliability
Reliability of hope and optimism scale was high.
5
It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a relationship between hope, optimism and
academic achievement. Pearson product moment correlation was used to investigate the
relationship (table 3.3)
Table 4.3
Relationship between hope, optimism and academic achievement (N=100)
Variables 1 2 3 M SD
1.Hope - .32** .53** 73.34 3.71
2.Optimism - .22* 18.73 3.44
3.Academic achievement - 72.81 7.14
Note: **p<0.01, *p<0.05
Results from the correlation matrix (Table 3.3) revealed that there was positive
relationship between hope, optimism and academic achievement. Hope was significantly related
with optimism and academic achievement. Optimism was also significantly positively related
with hope and academic achievement.
It was also hypothesized that men and women are likely to differ on hope, optimism and
academic achievement in term of their gender.
Therefore, an independent sample t-test was carried out to assess the gender difference in
hope, optimism and academic achievement. (Table 3.4)
Table 4.4
Independent sample t-test to compare men and women (N=100)
6
men women
Variables (n=50) (n=50) 95 % CI
M (SD) M (SD) t P LL UL Cohen’s d
Hope 73.12(4.08) 73.56(3.32) -.59 .55 -1.91 1.03 0.11
Optimism 19.28(4.16) 18.18(2.46) 1.60 .11 -.26 2.46 0.32
Academic
achievement 70.20(6.02) 75.42(7.27) -3.90 .000 -7.87 -2 .57 0.78
Note p<.001, M= mean, SD= standard deviation, LL= lower limit, UL= upper limit,
Results showed that there was no significant gender difference on hope and optimism
while there was significant difference between males (M=14.94, SD=3.02) and females
(M=15.74, SD=2.91) on academic achievement t (98) = -3.90, p=.000. Mean differences
revealed that females score more than male in their previous class.
(Tables and explanation of further analysis will vary)
7
Chapter IV
Discussion
Summarize you findings and support your results with the help of previous researches.
5.1 conclusions
Precisely state the final outcomes of the work. It is the ultimate result of the inquiry
conducted under the given context and circumstances. Conclusion/findings should be in short yet
comprehensive sentences/paragraphs. Each sentence/paragraph describing new idea should be
bulleted.
5.2 Strengths and Limitations
Mention the strengths of your study, what new you did or explore in your research. Limitations
of a project refer to limiting conditions or restrictive factors that may have an effect on the
project. Project should be critically analyzed after its completion. A precise list of all the
limitations of the study is to be illustrated under this heading. You may consider following points
while writing limitations of the study:
Access to the concerned participants/respondents
Access to the required information
Timescale
Reluctance or hesitation of participants to participate in the study
Budget constraint
Scope of study
Any other limitation
The discussion of limitations should avoid overemphasizing the weaknesses. Its aim should be
to provide realistic basis for assessing the results.
5.2 Implications and suggestions
8
This section deals with your proposed solutions or plans to cover and remove all the
flaws and deficiencies that you think (in light of data processing and analysis) needs to be
removed or improved. Recommendations should be clear, specific and based on your findings.
They must be logical and applicable.
9
References
(Must be according to APA 6th Edition)
Amy, L. A., Peterson, C., Tice, T. N., Bolling, T. F., & Koenig, H. G. (2004). Faith-based
and secular pathways to hope and optimism sub constructs in middle-aged and older
cardiac patients. Journal of Health Psychology, 9(3), 435-450
10
Appendices
11
Appendix A
(Permission Letter from the authors of scale)
12
Appendix B
(Permission letter for data collection)
13
Appendix C
(Informed Consent)
14
Appendix D
(Scale I)
(With all items)
15
Appendix E
(Scale II name)
(With all items)
16
