Development
Grade 10
Class Notes
Development
1 Development
1.1 Meaning of development
1.2 Perspectives of development
2 National Development
2.1 National income
2.2 Per capita income
2.3 Limitations of per capita income
3 Human Development
3.1 Human Development Index (HDI)
3.2 Human Development Report (HDR)
3.3 Health parameters and public facilities
4 Sustainable Development
3.1 Meaning of sustainable development
3.2 Need for sustainable development
Development
Development
Development is a mix of material and non-material goals. It is
not limited to one's income alone. Individuals may have non-
material goals and aspirations like security, dignity, equal
treatment, freedom, and more.
Different individuals may have
different developmental goals.
Perspectives
What may be development for one may
of not be development for the other.
Development
Development may be a mix of material
and non-material goals.
Development may mean different for different
people. How?
Category of Person Developmental Goals
Employment opportunities, better
wages, quality education and
Landless rural labourers
healthcare, and eradication of
social discrimination
Higher support prices for their
crops and enhanced
Prosperous farmers
opportunities in terms of
education and jobs
Better freedom and better
Rich urban family opportunities in terms of
education and jobs
Measurement of Development
National income
National income refers to the total income of a country
earned by its people and businesses in a year.
Per capita income
Per capita income refers to the average income earned by a
country in a specified year. Per capita income is calculated by
dividing the total income of a country by its total population.
Classification of Countries Based on World Development
Reports (2019)
Per Capita Income (in US
Category of Countries
Dollars)
High-income countries $49,300 per annum and above
Low-income countries $2,500 per annum and less
National income: Does not indicate if it is
enough for all the residents of the country
Limitations of
Income
Measures Per capita income: Does not tell us
about the distribution of income
Did You Know?
India comes in the category of low-middle income countries
because its per capita income in 2019 was just $6700 per
annum (in US dollars).
Other Indicators of Development
• The graph shows the
per capita income of
three states:
Haryana, Bihar, and
Kerala.
• As per this graph,
Haryana has the
highest per capita
income, followed by
Kerala and Bihar.
Comparative Data on Haryana, Kerala, and Bihar
Infant Net
State Mortality Rate Literacy Rate Attendance
(IMR) Ratio
Haryana 30 84 61
Kerala 7 94 83
Bihar 32 62 43
Analysis of the data
• Haryana has the highest per capita income, but its infant
mortality rate is also high.
• Bihar is not only low on per capita income, but also has a
high IMR and a low net attendance ratio.
• Although Haryana has the highest per capita income
compared to Kerala, we see that Kerala scores the highest
in indicators such as infant mortality rate, literacy rate, and
net attendance ratio.
• Therefore, development cannot be measured and studied
comprehensively using income indicators but also needs
other dimensions such as education and health status.
Human Development Index (HDI)
Education and Health Indicators
Infant mortality Literacy rate: Net attendance
rate (IMR): Indicates Measures the ratio: Total number
the number of proportion of of children of age
children that die literate population group 14 and 15
before the age of in the 7 and above years, attending
. as a
one year age group. school as a
proportion of 1000 percentage of total
live children born in number of children
that particular year in the same age
group
Long and healthy life:
• Life expectancy at birth
Human
Development Knowledge:
Index (HDI) • Expected years of schooling
• Mean years of schooling
Standard of living:
• Per capita income
• Life expectancy refers to the average length of life
a person is expected to live at the time of birth.
• Per capita income is calculated in US dollars for all
countries so that it can be compared.
Human Development Report
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
publishes the Human Development Report that compares
countries based on the educational level of the people, their
health status, and per capita income.
Human Development Report, 2021-22
Countries Rank
Sri Lanka 73
Bangladesh 129
India 132
Nepal 143
Myanmar 149
Pakistan 161
• Countries are ranked as per their HDI value.
• HDI ranks are out of 189 countries overall.
• Development may be a mix of material and
non-material goals.
Important Questions
Question 1: Why do different people have different notions of development?
(3 marks)
Question 2: Define per capita income. What are the limitations of per capita
income? (5 marks)
Sustainable Development
Sustainable development
Sustainable development refers to economic development
of a country without compromising the needs of the future
generations.
Non-renewable resources will get
Need for exhausted over usage.
Sustainable
Development Overconsumption will exhaust the
availability of natural resources for the
future generations.
Did You Know?
• Recent evidence warns about the overuse of groundwater.
• The situation is particularly observed in the agriculturally
prosperous regions such as Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh,
hard rock plateau areas of central and southern India, some
coastal areas, and the rapidly growing urban settlements.
Important Questions
Question 1: What is sustainable development? Why is it important? (5 marks)
Question 2: Write a detailed note on Human Development Index (HDI). (5
marks)
