ANSWERS

QUESTION ONE

I. ai) Capacitor is passive component that has the ability to store the energy in the form of
potential difference between its plates. It is device that stores electrical charges. basic form
capacitor consist two parallel conduit(metal)plates which are not connected or touching each
other but are electrically separated as either by air or same good insulating material such us
waxed paper, mica or ceramics.

FIG: Symbol of capacitor.

CONSTRUCTION OF CAPACITOR

Capacitor is made or constructed by two metal plates that are placed parallel to each other at same
distance each contain its nature. One is positive and another is negative and in between those plates
there is insulating material or dielectric metal

b)Capacitance the ability of a component or circuit to collect and store energy in the form of an
electrical charge. OR

is the ratio of the change in electric charge of a system to the corresponding change in its electric
potential.

C) Absolute permittivity Is the product of the permittivity of the free paces with the permittivity of the
insulating material OR
Is the measure of the resistance that is encountered when forming an electric field in a medium. In
other words, permittivity is a measure of how an electric field affects, and is affected by, a dielectric
medium.

d) Electric field is a region around a charged particle or object within which a electric force could be
exerted on other charged particles or objects. Those field are created by electric charge by charge
present. Electric fields and magnetic fields are both manifestations of the electromagnetic force
 Figure: Electric field

ii)a) RC circuits is the way the circuit composed resistor and capacitor driven by voltage or circuit source.
It is also called resistor-capacitor circuit. This circuit is mostly used to filter a signal by blocking certain
frequencies and allowing passing other, example of common filter are low and high filter.
b) Transient response of RC Circuits is the way the RC circuit responds to energies stored in storage
elements, such as. capacitors and inductors. Most common instance of this response in a circuit occur
when a switch is turned on or off. If a capacitor has energy stored within it, then. that energy can be
dissipated/absorbed by a resistor.

c) Energy in a Capacitor is electrostatic potential energy that is related to the charge Q and voltage V
between the capacitor plates. A charged capacitor stores energy in the electrical field between its
plates. As the capacitor is being charged, the electrical field builds up.

Mathematically, Energy = 1/2 CV2

d) Series and parallel connection of Capacitors

Series connection of capacitor

When three capacitor C1, C2 and C3 are connected in series then the voltage from the voltage source
(V) is divided into V1 , V2 and V3 across the capacitor.
In series circuit: V = V1 + V2 +V3
Since V=Q/C Then Q/C = Q/C1+Q/C2+Q/C3
Where C is the total equivalent circuit capacitance
1/C1=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3
This implies that for n series connected capacitor
1/C=1/C1+1/C2+1/C3+……….+1/Cn

Parallel connection of capacitor

When three capacitorC1, C2 and C3 are connected in parallel then voltage across each capacitor are

the same. Charge will distribute different to each capacitor as Q1, Q2 and Q3

But Q=C/V

CV=C1V+C2V+C3V where C is the total equivalent circuit capacitance, this shows that

C = C1 +C2 +C 3
This implies that for n parallel connected capacitor

C=C1+C2+C3……………….+Cn
iii) Types of capacitors and their applications

 Paper or plastic capacitor , This is also known as fixed capacitor in which paper is used as an
dielectric
medium that store energy in form of electrical field. This capacitor is made up of metallic plates with a
dielectric paper between them. It has positive and negative plates hence when a small amount of
electric charge is applied across the plates the positive charge is attracted to the positive plate and
negative charge is attracted by negative plates. This store electric energy is used by discharging of a
Capacitor

Application of paper capacitor

▪Used in high voltage and high current application

▪Used in electrical and electronic application

▪Used as a sensor to measure air humidity, fuel level and mechatronics

▪Used in signal processing system such us tune circuit, speaker, dynamic random access memory
(DRAM)
  Mica capacitor, these are capacitors that use mica as the dielectric. They have great high-
frequency properties due to low resistive and inductive losses, and are very stable over time.

Mica is a group of natural minerals. Silver mica capacitors are capacitors which use mica as the dielectric.
There are two types of mica capacitors: clamped mica capacitors and silver mica capacitors. Clamped mica
capacitors are now considered obsolete due to their inferior characteristics. Silver mica capacitors are used
instead. They are made by sandwiching mica sheets coated with metal on both sides. This assembly is then
encased in epoxy in order to protect it from the environment.

Fig: mica capacitors

Applications of mica capacitor

▪Silver mica capacitor are used in lighting frequency turned circuit such us filter and oscillator.

▪Used in application which call for low capacitance value and high stability while exhibiting low losses

.Their main use in power RF circuit where stability is of almost importance

 Ceramic capacitors, This is the type of fixed capacitors which uses ceramic material as dielectric.

Ceramic capacitors are usually small (1µF and less), commonly yellow guys are not polarized. Ceramic
capacitors are mainly used for high stability performances and wherein devices with low losses. These
devices provide very accurate results and also the capacitance values of these capacitors are stable with
respect to the applied voltage, frequency and temperature.

It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the electrodes.
The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behaviour and therefore applications.
 Applications

 Class 1 ceramic capacitors offer high stability and low losses for resonant circuit applications.
 Class 2 ceramic capacitors offer high volumetric efficiency for buffer, by-pass, and coupling
applications.

 Film capacitor .This is a none polarized capacitor and its made by dielectric using plastic film.

Those plastic are sometimes metalized or just placed in layer to form out a roll or candy-like the

rectangular shape.
Application of film capacitor

▪The metallic film capacitor are widely used in power electronic circuits including DC link circuit, pulse

circuit, switching circuit.

▪The low power metallized film capacitor find their use and filter application.

 Electrolytic capacitors, is a polarized capacitor whose anode or positive plate is made of a metal
that forms an insulating oxide layer through adonization. On other hand is a type
of capacitor that uses an electrolyte to achieve a larger capacitance than other capacitor types.
Almost all electrolytic capacitors are polarized, which means that the voltage on the positive
terminal must always be greater than the voltage on the negative terminal.

Applications
 A capacitor can also act as an AC resistor. Especially aluminium electrolytic
capacitors are used in many applications as a decoupling capacitors to filter or bypass undesired
biased AC frequencies to the ground or for capacitive coupling of audio AC signals.
 They are also used in electronic noise filtering, and remote sensing

iv)SOLUTION

a) From Q= CV
C=Q/C
Hence C=50×10-6/200
C = 0.01 coulombs
If the capacitors are connected in parallel the total capacitance is 30 μF + 50 μF
hence = 80 μF
In this combination the charge remain constant
Hence voltage in this combinations will be
V = Q/C
V = 0.01/ 80×10-6
 Hence voltage = 125V
b) Electrostatic energy
Energy = ½CV2
Hence energy in 50 μF =½× 50×10--6×2002
Energy = 1.0 J
When in parallel C =80 μF
E =½×80×10-6×1252
Hence energy = 0.625 J

2 i)

a) Magnetism, is a force that can attract (pull closer) or repel (push away) objects that have a
magnetic material like iron inside them (magnetic objects). In simpler words, it is a property of
certain substances which pull closer or repel other objects While electromagnetism is the
interactions between electric current and magnetism

Electromagnetism Magnetism

b) Inductors is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores energy in a magnetic field
when electric current flows through it. An inductor typically consists of an insulated wire wound
into a coil around a core. The main difference between the capacitor and inductor is
that capacitor opposes the change in voltage, while an inductor opposes the change in current.
Furthermore, inductor stores energy in the form of a magnetic field and capacitor stores
energy in the form of an electric field.
 Types of Inductors

 Air-core Inductor. The commonly seen inductor, with a simple winding is this air-Core Inductor.
 Iron-Core Inductor. These Inductors have Ferromagnetic materials, such as ferrite or iron, as the
core material.
 Toroidal Inductors.
 Laminated Core Inductors.
 Powdered Iron Core Inductors.
 Applications of inductors

Inductors have various uses in electrical transmissions based on their requirements.

 Inductors are used in tuning circuits.

 These are used as sensors.
 It is also used to store energy in a device.
 Inductors are used in induction motors.
 It is used as transformers.
 Inductors are used as filters.
 Uses of inductors in chokes.

c) Magnetic field, Is the vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electric charges in
relative motion and magnetized materials. Magnetic fields surround and are created by
magnetized material and by moving electric charges (currents) such as those used in
electromagnets. OR

The magnetic field is the area around a magnet in which there is magnetic force. Moving electric charges
can make magnetic fields. In physics, the magnetic field is a field that passes through space and which
makes a magnetic force move electric charges and magnetic dipoles.

iI)a)RL circuits, is an electric circuit composed of resistors and inductors driven by a voltage or current
source. They are commonly used in chokes of luminescent tubes. In an A.C. circuit, inductors helps in
reducing voltage, without the loss of energy.

b) Transient response of RL Circuits Is The response of a circuit containing resistances and

inductances due to sudden application of voltage or current. The most common instance of
a transient response in a circuit occurs when a switch is turned on or off.

c) Energy in Inductors. Is the energy stored in a magnetic field which is equal to the work
needed to produce a current through the inductor. Energy is stored in a magnetic field. The
formula for the energy stored in a magnetic field is
E = 1/2 LI2 where L is the inductance
I is the current flowing through it
 d) Series connections of inductors

Inductors in series are simply “added together” because the number of coil turns is effectively increased,
with the total circuit inductance LT being equal to the sum of all the individual inductances added
together.

Hence The total inductance in series connection = L1+ L2 + L3 + L n

For parallel connection of inductors

When inductors are connected together in parallel so that the magnetic field of one links with the other,
the effect of mutual inductance either increases or decreases the total inductance depending upon the
amount of magnetic coupling that exists between the coils.

Hence the total inductance in a parallel connection is

1/L1 + 1/L2 +1/L3

iii) Types of inductors and their applications

 Air-core Inductor

The commonly seen inductor, with a simple winding is this air-Core Inductor. This has nothing but air as
the core material. The non-magnetic materials like plastic and ceramic are also used as core materials
and they also come under this air-core Inductors. The following image shows various air-core inductors.

 Iron-Core Inductor

These Inductors have Ferromagnetic materials, such as ferrite or iron, as the core material. The usage of
such core materials helps in the increase of inductance, due to their high magnetic
permeability. Permeability measures the ability of supporting the formation of magnetic fields within
the materials. The following image shows how an Iron-core Inductor looks like
  Toroidal Inductors
These Inductors have a magnetic material as the core substance to which the
wire is wound. These are in circular ring shape, just as shown in the following
figure.

 Powdered Iron Core Inductors

As the name implies, the core of these inductors have magnetic materials with
some air gaps in it. But this kind of construction provides an advantage to the
core, to store high level of energy compared with the other types. The
following figure shows an image of a Powdered Iron core Inductor.
  Laminated Core Inductors
These are the inductors that have laminated thin steel sheets, such as stacks,
as the core materials. Usually for an inductor, if the loop area is increased for
the current to travel, the energy losses will be more. Whereas, in these
laminated core Inductors, thin steel sheets of stacks are helpful in blocking the
eddy currents, which minimize the loop action.

The following figure shows an image of a laminated core inductor.

iv) when a long straight conductor is moved through a uniform magnetic field
at constant velocity an emf is induced within the conductor , the magnitude of
which is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux linking the
circuit .

 Ammeter will have some deflections indicating that there is presence of

electric current through the conductor due to induced emf

Data analysis and solution,

Current (I) = 75 A

Length (L) = 0.6 m

Force (L) = 30 N

Required the value of flux density B

From F = BLI

Hence I = F /LI

I = 30/0.6×75
I = 0.67A, current required = 0.67 A
QUESTION THREE

A) Magnetic circuits is the closed loop or path that is capable of producing magnetic [Link]
circuit is made up of the magnetic material having high permeability such as iron, soft steel
e.t.c, examples of magnetic circuits include horseshoe magnet with iron keeper , electric
motors,and generators

Fig: A sample of magnetic circuit

APPLICATIONS OF MAGNETIC CIRCUIT
 Magnetic circuits re used in transformer to step up or step down the input voltage to
the required value
 Are used in measuring instruments like galvanometers, voltmeter, and ammeters,
where by an instrument provides readings with proportions to the intensity of the
magnetic fields produced
 Used in relays for switching
 Used in electric motors and generators

b)Magnetomotive force (mmf) is the cause of the existence of a magnetic flux in a given magnetic
circuit. It is the force that causes magnetic fields in the circuit

Mathematically mmf =NI amperes

where N is the number of turns and I is the current in amperes.

Magnetic field strength Is the measure of Magnetomotive force (mmf) per unit length of the conductor.
It is denoted by H

Mathematically H = NI/L where N is the number of turns, I is the current , L is the length

c)Magnetic flux density is the measure of flux passing through a defined area that is perpendicular to the

direction of the flux. It is denoted by B

 Mathematically , Magnetic flux density= magnetic flux/Area

Fig: magnetic flux density

d) B/H characteristics is the curve characteristic of the magnetic properties of a material or element or
alloy. It tells you how the material responds to an external magnetic field, and is a critical piece of
information when designing magnetic circuits. ... The hysteresis comes into play when the material has
been magnetized. While Magnetomotive force (MMF) is the flux-producing ability of an electric current
in a magnetic circuit.

e), SOLUTIONS