Holmesglen Institute of TAFE Calculus(VBP234)

1.4 Further Derivatives and Rule of Differentiation

(1) Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

dy
 If y = sinx, then = cosx,
dx

((( Proof )))

sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B,

sin (A - B) = sin A cos B - cos A sin B

sin (A + B) - sin (A - B) = 2 cos A sin B

Let x = A + B, y = A - B

xy xy
x + y = 2A  , x - y = 2B 
2 2

xy xy
So, sin x - sin y = 2cos( ).sin( )
2 2

y sin( x  x )  sin( x )
If y = sin x then =
x x

x  x  x x  x  x
2 cos( ).sin( )
= 2 2
x

x x
2 cos( x  ).sin( )
= 2 2
x
x x
cos( x  ).sin( )
= 2 2
x
2

dy y
therefore, = lim x
dx x0

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x x
cos( x  ).sin( )
= 2 2
lim
x0 x
2

x x x
= lim cos (x + ) (sin  )
x0 2 2 2

= cos (x + 0)

= cos x

e.g.  (a) y = sin 5x

(b) y = 10 sin (2x + 3)

(c) f(x) = x2 sin x

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dy
 If y = cosx, then = -sinx
dx

((( Proof )))

cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B,

cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

cos (A + B) - cos (A - B) = -2 sin A. sin B

Let x = A + B, y = A - B

xy xy
x + y = 2A  , x - y = 2B 
2 2

xy xy
So, cos x - cos y = -2sin( ).sin( )
2 2

y cos( x  x )  cos( x )
If y = cos x then =
x x

x  x  x x  x  x
2 sin( ).sin( )
= 2 2
x

x x
2 sin( x  ).sin( )
= 2 2
x

x x
 sin( x  ).sin( )
= 2 2
x
2

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dy y
hence, = lim x
dx x0

x x
 sin( x  ).sin( )
= lim 2 2
x0 x
2

x
= lim {-sin (x + )}
x0 2

= -sin (x + 0)

= -sin x

e.g.  (a) y = cos 5x

(b) y = 10 cos (2x + 3)

(c) f(x) = x2 cos x

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Holmesglen Institute of TAFE Calculus(VBP234)

dy 1
 If y = tan x, then = 2
= sec2x
dx cos x

((( Proof )))

sin x
tan x =
cos x

sin x
If y = tan x = (using the Quotient rule !!!)
cos x
dy cos x.cos x  sin x (  sin x )
=
dx cos 2 x

cos 2 x  sin 2 x
=
cos 2 x
1
= 2 = sec2x
cos x

e.g.  (a) y = tan 5x

(b) y = 10 tan (2x + 3)

(c) f(x) = x2 tan x

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(2) Differentiation of Exponential functions

dy
 If y = ex, then = ex
dx

((( Proof )))

y = ex

x2 x3 x n1 xn
=1+x+ + ........ + + + ...
2! 3! (n  1)! n !

dy 2x 3x 2 4x 3 x n1 xn
=0+1+ + + ...... + + + ...
dx 2! 3! 4! (n  1)! n !

x2 x3 x n1 xn
=1 + x + + ........ + + + ...
2! 3! (n  1)! n !

=e
x ex

e.g.  (a) y = e3x

(b) y = esin x

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(3) Differentiation of logarithmic function (loge =ln)

dy 1
 If y = logex(or, ln), then =
dx x

((( Proof )))

y = logex

ey = x

If x = ey

dx
= ey
dy

dy 1
but, =
dx dx
dy

1
=
ey

1
= x

e.g.  (a) y = ln 3x

x1
(b) y = ln( )
x1

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(4) Differentiation of the Hyperbolic Functions

dy d
y = ex  = ex or [ex] = ex
dx dx
dy d
y = e-x  = -e-x or [e-x] = - e-x
dx dx

d d ex  ex ex  ex
 [sinh x] = [ ] = = coshx
dx dx 2 2
d d ex  ex ex  ex
 [coshx] = [ ] = = sinh x
dx dx 2 2
d d ex  ex 2
 [tanhx] = [ x x ] =[ x  x ]2 = sech2x
dx dx e  e e e
d d ex  ex
 [cothx ] = [ x x ] = -cosech2x
dx dx e  e
d d 2
 [ sechx ] = [ x x ] = -sechx.tanhx
dx dx e  e
d d 2
 [ cosechx] = [ x x ] = -cosechx.cothx
dx dx e  e

e.g 1 cosh 3x

e.g 2 y = tanh(3x2 + 5x + 1)

e.g 3 y = x.sinh(x2 - 3)

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Inverse function rule

If y = f-1(x) then x = f(y) and

dy 1 1
= =
dx dx f ' (y)
dy

dy
e.g.  Find :
dx

(a) y = sin-1x

Sol.)
y = sin-1x  x = sin y

dx
then = cos y
dy

dy 1
hence =
dx cos y

1
=
1  sin 2 y

1
=
1 x2

(b) y = cos-1x

Sol.)
y = cos-1x  x = cos y

dx
then = -sin y
dy

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Logarithmic Differentiation Technique

The rules for differentiating a product or a quotient that we have received

are used when there are just two factor functions. When there are more
than two functions in any arrangement top or bottom, the differential
coefficient is best found by what is known as ‘logarithmic
differentiation’.

This provides us with an alternative ( simpler) method of differentiation

in problems of the following type.

(x  1)(x  2 ) 2 dy
y= Find =?
(x  3)(x  4 ) 3 dx

 Taking ln (logs) of both sides,

(x  1)(x  2 ) 2
ln y = ln[ ],
(x  3)(x  4 ) 3

ln y = ln(x + 1) + 2 ln(x - 2) - ln(x - 3) - 3 ln(x - 4),

 Differentiate with respect to x,

d 1 2 1 3
(ln y) =  - -
dx x1 x 2 x 3 x 4
d d (ln y ) dy
(ln y) = .
dx dy dx

1 dy
= . (by Implicit Differentiation)
y dx
then,

1 dy 1 2 1 3
. =  - -
y dx x  1 x  2 x  3 x  4

and,

dy 1 2 1 3
= y(  - - )
dx x1 x 2 x 3 x 4

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Parametric Equations

In some cases, it is more convenient to represent a function by expressing

x and y separately in terms of a third independent variable, e.g y = cos 2t,
x = sin t. In this case, any value we give to t will produce a pair of
values for x and y, which could if necessary be plotted and provide one
point of the curve of y = f(x).

The third variable, eg. t is called a parameter, and the two expressions for
x and y parametric equations. We may still need to find the
differential coefficients of the function with respect to x, so how do we
go about it?

e.g 1 The parametric equations of a function are given as y = cos 2t, x =

dy d2y
sin t. Find the expressions for and 2 .
dx dx

e.g 2 Draw the curve described parametically by x = f1(t) and y = f2(t),

with x = t3 - 3t and y 1 + 2t + sint, for -3 t 3

dy
e.g 3 Find as a function of t.
dx

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