Sanitation,

Plumbing Design
and Installation
(Weight = 40%)
Review for Master Plumber Licensure Examination
February 2023
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 Jun Lynard B. Colendres, RMP, RChT
BS Chemical Engineering, 2020
University of the Philippines Visayas
Registered Master Plumber, July 2022
Registered Chemical Technician, October 2022
Email: [email protected]
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 Water Sources,
Treatment &
System
Review for Master Plumber Licensure Examination
February 2023

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 Outline

I. The Hydrosphere
II. Important Definition of Terms
III. Water Sources
IV. Water Pollution
V. Water Treatment
VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

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 The Hydrosphere

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 General Information of Water
• an inorganic compound composed of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O)
existing in solid (ice), liquid, and gas (steam or water vapor).
• “universal solvent”
• pH = 7 (neutral)
• Boiling point = 1000C
• Freezing point = 00C

*pH = “potential hydrogen”

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 Water Cycle
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 Water Cycle

- “Hydrological Cycle”
- Is all about storing water and moving on, in, and above the Earth.

3 Major Stages:

1. Evaporation
2. Condensation
3. Precipitation

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 Water Cycle

• Evaporation – L to G (vapor)
• Condensation – G to L
• Precipitation - it is any product of the condensation of
atmospheric water vapor that falls under gravity (i.e. rain, snow,
sleet or hail)
• Surface Runoff – water from rain or snow that flows over the
surface of the ground into streams

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 Water Cycle

• Sublimation – S to G (i.e. moth balls)

• Deposition - G to S (i.e. snowflakes and frost)
• Infiltration – occurs when portion of H2O that falls as rain or
snow pass through subsurface soil and rock
• Transpiration – evaporation of water from plant leaves
• Evapotranspiration – water lost to the atmosphere from the
ground surface
• Percolation – movement of water within the soil

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 Water Cycle

• Ground Water – water that stands in or passes through the

ground
• Storm Water - that portion of the rainfall or other precipitation
which runs off over the earth surface after a storm
• Surface Water – that portion of rainfall or other precipitation
which runs off over the surface of the ground

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 Properties of Water

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 Physical Properties

Cohesion (Surface Tension) – property of water whereby its own

molecule is united or attracted to each other
Heat Capacity/Absorption – ability to absorb heat without becoming
warmer
Cp, ice = 0.5 cal/g-oC
Cp, H2O = 1 cal/g-oC
Cp, steam = 0.48 cal/g-oC
Capillary Action – occurs when water rises in a narrow tube against
the force of gravity

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 Chemical Properties

Neutral pH
- A pure water is neither acidic or basic
- Neutral pH = 7.0
- Rainwater has naturally acidic pH of about 5.6

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 Uses of Water

Nourishment – drinking and cooking

Cleansing and Hygiene – bathing and laundry
Transportation - waterways
Cooling Medium - refrigeration
Protective Uses – fire protection
Ornamental Element - landscaping
Ceremonial Uses – religious rites
Livelihood Use – farming

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 Types of Water

Natural Water – readily found in nature, as impounded from precipitation,

contains impurities (physical, bacteriological or radiological)
Salt Water – contains at least 3% salt
Brackish Water – mixture of fresh and salt water, typically found where
rivers enter the ocean
Fresh Water – special type of water found on islands or in the coastal
regions near the sea having a salt concentration below 0.01%
Pure Water - water that is colorless and odorless and not found in nature
as purified water (a product of water purification); without any impurities;
excellent solvent

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 Types of Water

Purified Water - water which undergoes treatment, physical, biological or

chemical means to improve water quality. Purification is an artificial means of
obtaining chemically pure water.

Contaminated Water - water with any material or substance that affects the
quality of water and affects the health of an individual.

Polluted Water - water with the presence of any foreign substance (organic,
inorganic, radiological, and biological ) which tends to degrade its quality so
as to constitute health hazard and impair the potability of water.

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 Types of Water

Gray Water – water from laundries, wash basins, sinks, shower, and
bathtubs (without human wastes)

Black Water – water plus human wastes flushed out from toilets and
urinals

Storm Water – portion of rainfall or other precipitation which runs off

over the surface after the storm

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 Types of Water

Hard Water – water with the presence of metallic elements such as calcium
(Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Iron (Fe) and Aluminum (Al) which causes hardness.
This is characterized by the difficulty of producing lather from detergents and
the presence of scale deposits in pipes, heaters and boilers.

Soft Water – water without the presence of Ca and Mg. This is characterized
by the easiness of producing lather from detergents and the presence of
scale deposits in pipes, heaters and boilers

Water Softening – process of removing the hardness causing minerals from water

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 Characteristics of
Water Quality
A. Physical Characteristics
B. Chemical Characteristics
C. Biological Characteristics
D. Radiological Characteristics

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 Water Quality

- the degree to which water is pure enough to fulfill the requirements of

various demands and uses

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 A. Physical Characteristics

Turbidity – caused by the presence of suspended materials, such as

clay, silt, other inorganic material, and planktons or finely divided
organic materials. Unit: NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit)

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 A. Physical Characteristics

Color – often caused by dissolved organic matter, as from decaying vegetation. Generally,
an indication of the age of sewage (e.g. fresh – grayish; septic – black).

Sources of Color
Suspended substances – can include algal matter, sediments stirred up from the bottom
of water body due to turbulence or other physical activities. Can also include particulates
such as calcium carbonate from limestone
Dissolved substances – include metallic ions from natural sources such as iron and
manganese from rocks and soil as well as humic acids from organic matter (e.g. dead
leaves and plants)

*Sample case: Chalk in water (suspended) vs tannins from tea bag (dissolved)
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 A. Physical Characteristics

Taste and Odor – can be caused by organic compounds, inorganic

salts, or dissolved gases

Temperature – in general, water is preferably supplied between 10-

150C

Foamability – usually caused by concentration of detergents

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 B. Chemical Characteristics

A chemical analysis is usually necessary for individual water

sources. This analysis will indicate:

1. Possible presence of harmful or objectionable substances

2. The potential corrosion within the water supply system
3. The tendency for water to stain fixtures and clothing

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 B. Chemical Characteristics

Alkalinity - caused by bicarbonate, carbonate or hydroxide

components.
- pH is a measure on water’s hydrogen ion concentration, as well as its
relative acidity or alkalinity.
- pH > 7, alkaline or base (with 14 as the ultimate alkalinity)
- pH = 7, neutral
- pH < 7, acid (with 0 as the ultimate acidity)

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 B. Chemical Characteristics

The pH of an effluent or water sample is important in almost all phases

of drinking water and wastewater treatment. In water treatment as well as in
disinfection and corrosion control, pH is important in ensuring proper
chemical treatment.

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 B. Chemical Characteristics

Hardness - is caused by calcium and magnesium salts and can be

classified as temporary and permanent. Temporary hardness is temporarily
removed by heating or boiling and it forms scale.

Lots of bubbles
Clear water

Minimal to no bubbls
Cloudy water

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 B. Chemical Characteristics

Total Hardness – water hardness which is expressed as the sum of the

calcium and magnesium concentrations

Temporary Hardness – water hardness due to the presence of calcium and

magnesium carbonates and bicarbonates, which can be removed by
precipitation by heating the water

Permanent Harness – water hardness typically caused by the presence in

water of magnesium sulfates and/or calcium sulfates that do not undergo
precipitation at increased temperatures

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 B. Chemical Characteristics
Toxic Substances —are substances such as arsenic (As), Barium (Ba),
Cadmium (Cd), Cyanides (CN), Fluoride (F), Lead (Pb), Selenium (Se) and
Silver (Ag).
Chlorides — can enter the water as it passes through geological deposits
formed by marine sediment, or because of pollution from sea water, brine or
industrial or domestic wastes.
Copper (Cu) – can enter water from natural copper deposits or from copper
piping that contains corrosive water
Iron (Fe) – frequently present in groundwater. Corrosive water in iron pipes
will also add iron to water

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 B. Chemical Characteristics
Manganese (Mn) – can both pose a psychological threat (it is natural
laxative) and produces color and taste effects similar to those produced by
iron
Nitrates - In shallow wells, nitrate concentration can indicate seepage from
deposits of livestock manure
Sodium - is primarily harmful to people with heart, kidney, or circulatory
ailments.
Sulfates - have laxative effects, it can get to groundwater from natural
deposits of salts
Zinc - it sometimes enters the groundwater in areas where it is found in
abundance
Sn - chemical symbol for Tin
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 C. Biological Characteristics
Protozoa – single-celled eukaryotic microorganisms without cell walls such
as amoebas and flagellates; some are pathogenic

Animals – includes worms and microscopic crustaceans; from the

standpoint of human health, a number of worms are considered parasites

Viruses- are not plants, animals, or bacteria, but they are the quintessential
parasites of the living kingdoms. Viruses are non-living organisms in the
strict sense of the word

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 C. Biological Characteristics
Bacteria - Coliform group (E. coli), which is present in fecal matter of human
as well as those of birds and other animals that causes disease

Fungi – principal organism responsible for the decomposition of carbon; can

grow in moist and acidic environments

Algae- is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic

eukaryotic organisms that are not necessarily closely related.

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 Measures of Oxygen Demand
1. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) – actual quantity of free oxygen present in water
2. Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD) – a measure of the amount of oxygen
needed to oxidize completely an organic matter whose chemical formula is
known
3. Biochemical (Biological) Oxygen Demand (BOD) – measure of the amount of
oxygen needed by microorganism to decompose biodegradable organics at a
specified time (5 days), temperature (20 deg C), and pH (7)
4. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) – measure of the amount of oxygen needed
to oxidize organics (not limited to the biodegradable) using strong oxidizing
agents (KMnO4 or K2Cr2O7) in acid media
5. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) – organic matter is oxidized in a high-temperature
furnace to convert C to CO2

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 D. Radiological Characteristics

The mining of radioactive materials and the use of such

materials in the industry and power plants have produced
radiological pollution in some water supplies.

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 Important
Definition of Terms
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 II. Important Definition of Terms

o Acceptability – physical or chemical quality of water conforming the

safety of drinking water
o Aerobic bacteria – bacteria that occur only with the presence of oxygen
o Anaerobic bacteria - bacteria that occur even with the absence of oxygen
o By product – secondary/incidental product deriving from manufacturing
process of the primary product
o Chlorination – the process of adding chlorine for water disinfection
o Contact time – the length of time where water supply is held in direct
contact with the treating agent

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 II. Important Definition of Terms

o Effluent – an outflowing of water from a natural body of water or from

sewage treatment facility
o Leaching – loss of soluble substances from ores, rock formations or
plumbing materials into groundwater
o Solvent – a substance in which other material dissolve to form a solution
(i.e. water – universal solvent)
o Turbidity – a cloudiness or haziness of water or other liquid caused by
individual particles that are too small to be seen without magnification.
(Measure of unit is NTU or Nephelometric Turbidity Unit)

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 II. Important Definition of Terms

Dissolved solids (also known as solutes) - solid materials that

are an intimate part of a liquid system, having a mean diameter of less than
0.000001 mm. Dissolved solids can be subdivided into:
o Dissolved salts - solids that form ionic components when in solution.
o Dissolved organic material - materials that generally do not dissociate
into ions but form covalent bonds with water molecules and become
nonionic solute
o Dissolved gases - gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
hydrogen sulfide. All these gases dissolve in water and are released on
heating or on reduction of pressure in the water supply

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 Water Sources
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 III. Water Sources

A. Ground Water
B. Surface Water
C. Rainwater
D. Levels of Water Supply (Community Water Sources)

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 A. Ground Water

- that portion of the rainwater which has percolated into the earth to form
underground deposits called aquifers (water-bearing soil formations)
- water that flows into wells is called ground water. This water comes from
rain that is absorbed into the ground and is slowly filtered through the
different layers of the ground and into the ground-water reservoir known as
aquifers. The top of this zone is known as the water table, the level at which
water stands in a well that is not being pumped.

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 A. Ground Water

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 Wells

Wells – holes in the earth from which a fluid may be withdrawn using manual or mechanical means
such as draw bucket, pump, etc.

Types of Wells:
1. Dug Wells - these can be constructed with hand tools or power tools. It can be dug to a depth of
about 15 m (50 ft) and can have the greatest diameter that a space may allow.
2. Driven Wells - these are the simplest and usually the least expensive. A steel drive-well point is
fitted on one end of the pipe section and driven into the earth. The point may be driven into the
ground to a depth of up to 15 m (50 ft).
3. Bored Wells - these are dug with earth augers, are usually less than 30 m (100 ft) deep. They
are used when the earth to be bored is boulder free and will not cave in. The diameter ranges
from 2 to 30 inches. The well is lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete.
4. Drilled Wells - these requires more elaborate equipment of several types, depending on the
geology of the site. They measure up to 300 m (984 ft).
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 Wells

Drilling Methods
a. Percussion (or cable tool) Method— involves the raising and dropping of a
heavy drill bit and stem. Having thus pulverized, the earth being drilled is mixed
with water to form slurry, which is periodically removed. As drilling proceeds, a
casing is also lowered (except when drilling through rock).
b. Rotary Drilling Methods (either hydraulic or Pneumatic) - utilize cutting bit to aid
in the removal of particles of earth, which are then brought to the surface. After
the drill pipe is withdrawn, a casing is lowered into position.
c. Down-the-hole Pneumatic Hammer — combines the percussion effect with the
rotary drill bit.
d. Jetted Wells - it makes use of a suction pump above, while casing acts as the
pump riser.
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 A. Ground Water

Collection
- Obtained from underground by mechanical and manual equipment
- From springs and wells (principal source of water in most rural areas)
- From underground deposits like aquifers (water-bearing soil formation)
Advantages
- Usually comes in an abundant supply
- Requires less treatment because of natural filtering
Disadvantages
- May have organic matter and chemical elements, usually different treatments
must be done
- Usually have the characteristics of hardness of water depending on the condition
of the soil where it percolates
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 B. Surface Water

Collection
- Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers, streams and impounding reservoirs
- Mixture of surface runoff and groundwater
Advantages
- Easy to acquire
- Usually large in quantities
- Used for irrigation, industrial purposes and when treated for community water
supply
Disadvantages
- Can be easily contaminated
- Contains a large number of bacteria, organic and inorganic substances where
purification and treatment processes are necessary
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 C. Rainwater

Collection
- Roofs and special water sheds
- Stored in cistern or ponds
Advantages
- Water is soft and pure
- Suitable for hot water supply system
- Can be used for drinking when boiled, chlorinated or sterilized
Disadvantages
- Available only during wet season
- Storage can be a breeding place of mosquitoes if not properly protected
- Roofs may not be clean

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 D. Levels of Water Supply

Level I (Point Source)

- a protected well without distribution systems
- generally adaptable in rural areas
- serves 15-25 households and not more than 250 meters from
the farthest uses
- at least 20 L/capita-day

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 D. Levels of Water Supply

Level II (Communal Faucet System or Standposts)

- composed of a source/reservoir with piped distribution networks and
communal faucets
- located no more than 25 meters from the farthest house
- suitable for rural or urban areas densely clustered to justify a
simple pipe network
- at least 50L/capita-day

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 D. Levels of Water Supply

Level III (Waterworks System or Individual House

Connections)
- composed of a source/reservoir with piped distributions network with
household taps
- suited for densely populated areas
- at least 100L/capita-day

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 D. Levels of Water Supply
Level I Level II Level III
(Point Source) (Communal Faucet System (Waterworks System or
or Stand Post) Individual House
Connections)
Access to Water Supply Not more than 250 m from Not more than 25 m from the The house service has a
Facilities the point source point source connection from the system

Rate of Consumption At least 20 L/capita/day At least 50 L/capita/day At least 100 L/capita/day

Levels of Service A protected well or a A system composed of a A system with a source, a
developed spring with an source, a reservoir, a piped reservoir, a piped distribution
outlet but without a distribution network and network and household
distribution system, communal faucets. Usually, taps. It is suitable for densely
generally adaptable for rural one faucet serves 4 to 6 populated urban areas.
areas where houses are households. Generally
thinly scattered. A level suitable for rural and urban
facility normally serves an fringe areas where houses
average of 15 households. are clustered densely to
justify a simple pipe system.
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 Bacteriological Quality of Water
based on Philippine Standards of Drinking Water

1. All drinking water supplies ( Level I, II, III, bottled water & emergency
supplies).
2. The presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) or thermo-tolerant (fecal) coli-
form bacteria is an indicator of fecal pollution.
3. The detection suggests possible presence of organisms that can cause
disease.
4. Water that is free from E. coli or thermo-tolerant coli form bacteria is
considered safe.

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 Water Pollution
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 IV. Water Pollution

- occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of

large amounts of materials to the water. When it is unfit for its intended use,
water is considered polluted.

Types:
1. Point Source
2. Nonpoint Source

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 IV. Water Pollution
Point Sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are
emitted directly into a body of water from a pipeline or sewer.
Technology exists for point sources of pollution that needs to be
monitored and regulated.

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 IV. Water Pollution
Nonpoint source delivers pollutants indirectly by passing through the
continents.
Example is when fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by rain. Nonpoint
sources are much more difficult to control.

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 Major Sources of Water Pollution

a. Municipal
b. Industrial
c. Agricultural

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 Major Sources of Water Pollution

a. Municipal - consists of wastewater from homes and commercial

establishments

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 Major Sources of Water Pollution

b. Industrial - process and non-process wastewater from

manufacturing, commercial, mining, and silvicultural facilities or
activities, including the runoff and leachate from areas that receive
pollutants associated with industrial or commercial storage,
handling or processing, and all other wastewater not otherwise
defined as domestic wastewater.

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 Major Sources of Water Pollution

3 Classifications of Industrial Wastewater

1. Domestic wastewaters are produced by plant workers, shower

facilities, and cafeterias.
2. Process wastewaters result from spills, leaks, product washing,
and non-cooling processes.
3. Cooling wastewaters are the result of various cooling processes
and can be once-pass systems or multiple-recycle cooling systems.

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 Major Sources of Water Pollution
c. Agricultural - wastes are contained and disposed on land. They are the main
threat to natural waters which come from runoff and leaching. It includes
commercial livestock and poultry farming.

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 Wastewater Pollutants
Suspended Solids - are small solid particles that remain suspended in
water. They consist of inorganic fraction (e.g. clay) and organic fraction
(e.g. algae). Provides “muddy” appearance to water. It is usually the
visual indicator of water quality.

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 Wastewater Pollutants
Biodegradable Organics - composed principally of proteins, carbohydrates,
and fats (e.g. food scraps). If discharged and untreated to the environment,
the biological stabilization of these materials can lead to the depletion of
natural oxygen resources and to the development of septic conditions.

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 Wastewater Pollutants
Nutrients - Nitrogen and Phosphorus are essential nutrients for growth of algae
and aquatic plants that provide food and habitat for aquatic organism. When too
much is discharged to the aquatic environment, this can lead to algal growth faster
than what the ecosystem can handle. This leads to algal bloom that decreases
dissolved oxygen (DO) leading to illness and death of aquatic organism like fish.
Some bloom are harmful to humans due to elevated toxin production.

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 Wastewater Pollutants
Refractory Organics - organics that tend to resist conventional
biological methods of wastewater treatment. Typical examples include
surfactants, phenols, and agricultural pesticides.

a. Surfactants - so called surface-active agent, substance such as a

detergent that, when added to a liquid, reduces its surface tension,
thereby increasing its spreading and wetting properties.
b.Phenols - is a toxic, colorless crystalline solid with a sweet tarry odor
that resembles a hospital smell. It is commonly used as an antiseptic
and disinfectant.

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 Wastewater Pollutants
Heavy Metals - refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high
density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations

Dissolved Inorganic Solids - inorganic constituents such as calcium, sodium, and

sulfate are added to the original domestic water supply as a result of water use and
may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused.

Pathogens - bacteria, viruses or microorganisms that can cause diseases.

Communicable diseases can be transmitted by the pathogenic organisms in
wastewater.

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 Wastewater Pollutants

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 Quiz

1. It is special type of underground water that is found on islands or in coastal regions near
the sea.

a. Brackish water
b. Rain water
c. Fresh water
d. Storm water

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 Quiz

1. It is special type of underground water that is found on islands or in coastal regions near
the sea.

a. Brackish water
b. Rain water
c. Fresh water
d. Storm water

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 Quiz

2. Hardness that is typically caused by the presence in water of magnesium sulfates and/or
calcium sulfate that do not undergo precipitation at increased temperatures.

a. Temporary Hardness
b. Permanent Hardness
c. Total Hardness
d. Maximum Hardness

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 Quiz

2. Hardness that is typically caused by the presence in water of magnesium sulfates and/or
calcium sulfate that do not undergo precipitation at increased temperatures.

a. Temporary Hardness
b. Permanent Hardness
c. Total Hardness
d. Maximum Hardness

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 Quiz

3. It is the removal of solid materials from the water using a water filter.

a. Physical Filtration
b. Screening
c. Grit Removal
d. Comminution

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 Quiz

3. It is the removal of solid materials from the water using a water filter.

a. Physical Filtration
b. Screening
c. Grit Removal
d. Comminution

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 Quiz

4. It is the measure of the amount of oxygen required to remove waste organic matter from
water in the process of decomposition by aerobic bacteria.

a. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

b. Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
c. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
d. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

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 Quiz

4. It is the measure of the amount of oxygen required to remove waste organic matter from
water in the process of decomposition by aerobic bacteria.

a. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

b. Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)
c. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
d. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

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 Quiz

5. It is the layer of the microbial community that is responsible for treating the water through
the sand bend.

a. Schmutzdeck
b. Schmutzdecke
c. Schmutzedecke
d. Schmutzdeke

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 Quiz

5. It is the layer of the microbial community that is responsible for treating the water through
the sand bend.

a. Schmutzdeck
b. Schmutzdecke
c. Schmutzedecke
d. Schmutzdeke

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 Water
Treatment
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 V. Water Treatment

Goals of Water Treatment

1. Lower the characteristic of the wastewater to acceptable effluent standard prior

to discharge
2. Protect the health of the receiving body of water

Raw (or Source) Water Water Treatment

Treated Water Consumption and Use

Water to be treated is known generally as raw water.

Water that has been treated is known as treated water.
Natural, or source, water is never chemically pure H2O
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 V. Water Treatment

Water Analysis and Impurity Measurement

- Milligrams per liter of water (mg/L)

- Parts per million (ppm)
- Grains per gallon
- Equivalents per million (epm)

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 V. Water Treatment
Deposits and Corrosion

Scale is a solid deposit on the walls of a pipe resulting from the precipitation of
dissolved mineral solids in the fluid stream. This scale reduces heat transfer and
interferes with the flow of water by increasing the friction of the fluid with the walls of
the pipe.

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 V. Water Treatment

Deposits and Corrosion

Microbiological fouling is caused by the growth of bacteria, algae,

fungi, and other organisms. Their growth is aided by a favorable water
temperature, favorable pH, the presence of oxygen, and food. The
buildup of microbes and their waste products, which also include dust
and other suspended matter, is called slime.

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 V. Water Treatment

Deposits and Corrosion

Corrosion is the loss and eventual failure of metals and alloys from the
electrochemical reaction between water and the pipe material.

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 V. Water Treatment
Wastewater Treatment Methods
PRIMARY TREATMENT
Physical processes to homogenize the effluent and remove solid materials of considerable size

SECONDARY TREATMENT
Biological processes to remove BOD

TERTIARY/ADVANCED TREATMENT
Physical, biological and chemical processes to remove nutrients, inorganic pollutants and other
chemical contaminants
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 V. Water Treatment

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 V. Water Treatment

A. PRIMARY TREATMENT (Physical Treatment)

Objective: remove coarse solids and other large materials often found
in raw wastewater

- removal is necessary to improve downstream operations and

maintenance of subsequent treatment units
- some steps may vary per treatment plant

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 V. Water Treatment

Steps in Primary Treatment:

1. Screening 6. Flocculation
2. Comminution 7. Sedimentation
3. Grit Removal 8. Flotation
4. Equalization 9. Filtration
5. Coagulation

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

1. Screening
- A screen is a device with openings that are generally with uniform
size and is used to retain solids found In the influent wastewater to
the treatment plant
- Objective: Removes coarse materials like pieces of wood, plastics,
rags, papers, leaves, roots, etc. that could damage downstream
equipment such as pumps, impellers, and valves

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

Screening

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

2. Comminution
- A comminutor grinds up coarse solids in raw wastewater without
removing them from flow
- Objective: to cut up solids into smaller and more uniform sizes in
preparation for the next stages of treatment
- also involves grinding or shredding

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

Comminution

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

3. Grit Removal
- Can be achieved in a grit chamber – an enlarged channel where the velocity
of wastewater is controlled to allow only heavier solids to settle out. A grit
chamber best works when inlet flow is uniform
- Objective: removes inorganic settleable solid particles known as grit
- Grit can be sand, small pebbles or industrial waste such as filings, etc.

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

Grit Removal

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

4. Equalization
- A technique used to overcome the operational problems caused by
variations in influent-wastewater flow rate
- Objective: to reduce or dampen variations in wastewater characteristics
like flowrate and concentration
- Equalization basin – where varying quantities of wastewater inflow is
collected and contained. A uniform flow from the basin is maintained for
the downstream treatment units

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

Equalization

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

5. Coagulation
- is a chemical process in which the coagulant reacts with the sediment to
make it capable of combining into large particles that will eventually
settle by gravity.
- Objective: decrease particle stability
- Colloids are particles that are less than one micron (10-6 m) in size that
remain suspended in water. Some colloids are stable
thermodynamically (energetically), making them more difficult to
coagulate. A few of the more commonly used coagulants are aluminum
salts, iron salts, and organic polymers.

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

Coagulation

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

6. Flocculation
- it is a physical process in which the sediment particles collide with each
other and stick together. It is a process wherein colloids come out of
suspension in the form of floc or flake after applying coagulants
- Objective: bring particles together to form well settling particles

Coagulation and flocculation are water treatment processes that can be

used as a preliminary or intermediary step between other water or
wastewater treatment processes like filtration and sedimentation.

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

7. Sedimentation
- it is a process where suspended solids are removed from the water by
gravity settling and deposition. Water is passed through a continuous
sedimentation basin through a period of time.
- Objective: separate suspended particles that are heavier than water by
gravity settling
- Sludge formed in this process will be flushed out from the sedimentation
basins and will be transferred to the solar sludge drying bed (simplest
method of dewatering sludge) to form by-products such as fertilizers.

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

Sedimentation

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

8. Flotation
- it is a unit operation used to separate and remove very small or light
particles that settle slowly in a shorter time
- Objective: to remove finely divided solids and grease by floating them to
the top surface
- Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) - in this system, a side stream of the liquid
is supersaturated under pressure with dissolved air so that the movement
of the air bubbles will carry the floatables vertically upward where they
can be removed.

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

Flotation

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

9. Filtration
- process of removing silts, dirt, and other objectionable minerals in water
wherein water is passed through a thick layer of granular media or filters
to trap the contaminants and separates it from the water.
- Objective: used for achieving supplemental removals of suspended
solids and BOD after biochemical treatments
- Slow sand filters - rate of filtration is intentionally slow with the use of
sand that is smaller than the sand used in rapid sand filters, so that
particles are not driven far into the bed of sand held within the filter shell.

- Physical Filtration – removal of solid material from the water using water filter

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 V. Water Treatment (Physical)

Filtration
Schmutzdecke is the layer of the
microbial community (in a slow
sand filter system) that is
responsible for treating the water
through the sand bed. As water
passes through this biological
layer, foreign particles are
trapped and essentially eaten by
bacteria forms on this layer.

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 V. Water Treatment

B. SECONDARY TREATMENT (Biological Treatment)

Objective: reduce BOD content of wastewater

- mimics nature in the cleaning of the water but in a rapid yet controlled
manner.
- oxygen and microorganisms are introduced in order to consume all organic
matter and contaminants prior to wastewater discharge.
- ideal conditions for action of microorganism is achieved by controlling
various design parameters.

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)

Key Terms
• Respiration: The process of obtaining energy from food molecules which is
controlled by enzymes.
• Enzymes: Protein molecules that each cell makes. Enzymes are needed for all
biochemical reactions because they help the cell break down the organic
materials so they can go through the cell membrane (outer wall of the cell).
• Synthesis: An energy consuming reaction that results in the production of new
biomass
• Endogenous Respiration: When synthesized biomass and storage products
become the energy source for the reaction. This decreases the amount of
biomass present

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)
Key Terms
Aerobic Respiration
- Oxygen is the final electron receptor in these reactions.
- Sources of energy (food): carbohydrates and proteins.
- End products: water, energy, and carbon dioxide.
- Disadvantage: Energy intensive
- Aerobic: Free dissolved oxygen (DO) is present
- Aerobic Organisms: These organisms only have enzyme structures capable of functioning in
aerobic environments
Anaerobic Respiration
- Occurs in the absence of DO or free dissolved oxygen. Oxygen is still required for respiration, but
is derived from nitrate (NO3), Sulfate (S04) and Carbonate (CO3). Uses anaerobic bacteria.

- Anoxic – environment without free oxygen

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)
Key Terms
Types of organisms:
a. Aerobic Organisms: Use aerobic respiration only
b. Anaerobic organisms: Use anaerobic respiration only
c. Facultative Organisms: Can use both aerobic and anaerobic
respiration. They will use aerobic respiration in the presence of free
dissolved oxygen

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)

Trickling Filters
- are simply fixed-medium biological reactors with the wastewaters being
spread over the surface of a solid medium where the microbes are growing
- the microbes remove the organics from the wastewaters flowing over the
fixed medium
- consists of bed of highly permeable medium (stone, plastic) to which
microorganisms are attached and which wastewater is percolated or
trickled (by a rotating arm)

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)

Trickling Filters

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)
How Trickling Filters Work?

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)

Activated Sludge
- a process which derives its name from the biological mass formed when
air is continuously injected into the wastewater.
- microorganisms are mixed thoroughly with the organic compounds
contained in wastewater under conditions that stimulate their growth
through use of the organic compounds as substrate.
- As the microorganisms grow and are mixed by the agitation of the air, the
individual organisms flocculate to form an active mass of microbes
(biologic floc) called activated sludge.

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)

Activated Sludge

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)
Oxidation Ponds
- large basins in which wastewater is treated by natural processes involving
bacteria
- has been widely used as a collective term for all types of ponds.
- receives partially treated wastewater,
- Sewage lagoon - a pond that receives raw wastewater

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)
Types of Oxidation Ponds
o Aerated lagoons – ponds oxygenated by surface or diffused air
aeration
o Aerobic ponds – shallow ponds where DO is maintained throughout
the depth
o Facultative ponds – has 3 zones: upper (aerobic), middle
(facultative), lower (anaerobic)
o Anaerobic ponds – deep ponds that receive high organic loads to
deplete all O2
o Maturation and tertiary ponds – used for polishing effluents from
biological processes; DO is furnished through photosynthesis and
surface re-aeration
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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)

Oxidation Pond

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)
Rotating Biological Contractor (RBC)
- consists of a series of closely spaced discs (3 to 3.5 m in diameter)
mounted on a horizontal shaft
- the discs are rotated while about one-half of their surface area is immersed
in wastewater.
- when the process is placed in operation, the microbes in the wastewater
begin to adhere to the rotating surfaces and grow there until the entire
surface area of the discs is covered with a 1- to 3-mm layer of biological
slime.

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)

Rotating Biological Contractor (RBC)

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 V. Water Treatment (Biological)

Natural or Constructed Wetlands

- shallow pools for storm or wastewater treatment that create growing conditions
suitable for wetland plants
.

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 V. Water Treatment

C. TERTIARY TREATMENT (Chemical Treatment)

Objective: reduction or removal of nutrients, inorganic pollutants and other

chemical contaminants

- “advanced treatment”
- may use physical, biological, or chemical processes
- steps may vary per treatment plant

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 V. Water Treatment (Chemical)
Chemical Precipitation
- Change in form of materials dissolved in water into solid particles
- Removal of phosphorous and enhancement of some suspended solids in
primary sedimentation facilities

o Aluminum sulfate or alum aluminum hydroxide

o Calcium hydroxide or lime calcium carbonate
o Ferrous sulfate and lime ferric hydroxide

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 V. Water Treatment (Chemical)
Chemical Precipitation

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 V. Water Treatment (Chemical)
Water Softening
- a process that reduces or removes dissolved impurities that cause
hardness in water.
Hardness Range (mg/L CaCO3) Description

0 – 75 Soft

75 – 100 Moderately Hard

100 - 300 Hard

> 300 Very Hard

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 V. Water Treatment (Chemical)
Adsorption
- primarily used for reduction of organic discharges not removed by
conventional chemical and biological treatment methods
- a mass transfer process that can generally be defined as the accumulation
of material at the interface between two phases
- the material upon which the chemical is adsorbed (e.g. carbon) is known
as the adsorbent
- the material that is adsorbed (typically the contaminant) is known as the
adsorbate
- uses activated carbon

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 V. Water Treatment (Chemical)
Adsorption

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 V. Water Treatment (Chemical)
Disinfection
- selective destruction of disease-causing organisms
- the most commonly practiced method of disinfection worldwide is
chlorination
- Chlorine: most common chemical agent
- Heat, UV radiation: physical agents
- Mechanical means: screening, sedimentation

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 V. Water Treatment (Chemical)
Dechlorination
- removal of total combined chlorine residual that exists after chlorination

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 Some Water Treatment Process

Aeration – a process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or dissolved in a

liquid or substance. It is a process where water is exposed to air by spraying,
applying or engaging it into the atmosphere or air. It removes entrained gases such
as CO2 and H2S and absorbs additional oxygen for better taste and odor

Deionization - an ion-exchange process used for removal of all dissolved salts

from water.

Distillation - the process of (a) changing water from a liquid to a vapor by boiling it,
then (b) condensing the water vapor by cooling, to form a liquid. Theoretically, all
the contaminants are left behind, except those with the same boiling point as water.

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 Some Water Treatment Process
Air Stripping - an engineered transfer of contaminants from an aqueous phase to
the vapor phase—in other words, the transfer of a contaminant from water to air. Air
stripping treatment technology is the counter current flow of a clean air stream
against a “contaminated” wastewater stream

Reverse Osmosis - a technique used primarily to remove mineral deposits, salts,

and heavy metals from water. The water is forced, under pressure, to pass through
a membrane. The membrane will not pass sodium or chloride ions or
macromolecules. Some of the useful minerals are retained.

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 Some Water Treatment Process

Fluoridation – it is a process of adding a controlled amount of fluoride to a public

water supply to reduce tooth decay. Fluoridated water contains fluoride at a level
that is effective for preventing cavities. Thus, can only occur naturally or by adding
fluoride. De-fluoridation is also needed when the naturally occurring fluoride level
exceeds the recommended limits which is 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L based from the World
Health Organization (WHO).

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 Water Supply and
Distribution System
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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Water Distribution System (Water Supply System) - the water service pipe,
water distribution pipes, and the necessary connecting pipes, fillings, control valves
and all appurtenances in or adjacent to the structure or premises.

Domestic Cold Water Supply of the plumbing system consists of the piping and
fittings which supply cold water from the building water supply to the fixtures, such
as lavatories, bathtubs, water closets and kitchen sinks. This is also known as
Water Distribution System.

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Parts of Water Distribution System:

Water Main (Street Main) - a water supply pipe for public or community use controlled by
public authority.
(Water) Service Pipe — the pipe from the water main or other approved source of water
supply to the building or structure served.
Water Meter— device used to measure in liters or gallons the amount of water that passes
through the water service.
Building Supply— the pipe carrying potable water from the water meter or other source of
water supply to a building or other point of use or distribution on the lot. Building supply
shall also mean “water service connection”.

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Parts of Water Distribution System:

Water Distribution Pipe - a pipe which conveys potable water from the building supply
pipe to the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets in the building. (Within the structure or
on the premises)
Fixture Branch - the water supply pipe between the fixture supply pipe & the water
distributing pipe. Also, a pipe connecting several fixture.
Fixture Supply - a water supply pipe connecting the fixture with the fixture branch.
Riser - a water supply pipe that extend s one full story or more to convey water to
branches or to a group of fixtures.

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Elements of Water Distribution System:

A. Service Tap Connection Detail
Corporation Cock - a valve screwed into the street water main to supply the house service
connection.
Gooseneck - the part of the pipe curved like the neck of a goose, usually flexible. Also, the lead
connection between a service pipe and water main.
Curb Stop or Curb Cock - a control valve for the water supply of a building, usually placed
between the sidewalk and the street curb; used to shut off the waler supply in case of
emergency or should the water supply of the building be discontinued.

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Elements of Water Distribution System:

B. Meter Connection Detail
Meter Stop - a valve placed at the street side of the water meter and serves as a controlling
device for the building installation.
Water Meter - a mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing through a
pipe.

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Types of Water Meter

1. Disk Type Water Meter — used for measuring the flow of water through small water
services. Also called as displacement meters. It has a 150 psi (1034 kPa) maximum
working pressure; and measure flow in one direction. This type of meter is common lo
residential and small commercial installations and is adaptable for remote readout systems.

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Types of Water Meter

2. Turbine meter - used in buildings in which water is used in large and constant volume.
This type of meter has the characteristics of a compound meter but is more suitable for
encountering a variety of flows.

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Types of Water Meter

3. Compound Meter – a meter that unites a disk and a turbine in one body. It has a 150
psi (1034 kPa) maximum working pressure; and measure flow in one direction. This type of
meter is used when most of the flow is low but high flows are anticipated. It is capable of
recording low flows and has the capacity for high flow rates. These meters are norm ally 2,
3, 4, and 6 in. (50, 80, 100, and 150 mm) in size.

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Types of Water Meter

4. Propeller meter - the sizes of this meter are 2-72 in. (50-1830 mm). Propeller meters
are used where low flows never occur.

5. Fire-line meters or detector-check meters - this type of meter may be required by

local codes in a water service that feeds a fire-protection sprinkler system or fire-hydrant
system. In such a case, the installation must meet the requirements of the local fire official
and the appropriate insurance company. The design should include a minimum of 8 pipe
diameters of straight pipe upstream of the meter before any change in direction or
connections.

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Types of Water Distribution (Cold Water Supply)

1. Direct (Up feed) — water is provided by the city water companies using normal
pressure from public water main
2. Indirect
- Down feed or Gravity System or Overhead feed System - water is pumped into a
large tank on top of the building and is distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity.
- Hydro-pneumatic System or Air Pressure System — when pressure supplied by city
water supply is not strong enough, compressed air is used to raise and push water into
the system.

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System
Advantages Disadvantages
Up feed system - eliminates extra cost of pumps & tanks - pressure from water main is inadequate to supply tall
buildings.
- water supply is affected during peak load hour
Down feed system - water is not affected by peak load hour - water is subject to contamination
- not affected by power interruptions - high maintenance cost
- time needed to replace broken parts does not affect - occupies valuable space
water supply
- requires stronger foundation and other structure to
carry additional load of tank and water
Hydro-pneumatic system - with compact pumping unit - water supply is affected by loss of pressure inside the
tank in case of power interruption
- sanitary due to airtight water chamber
- economical (smaller pipe diameter)
- less initial construction & maintenance cost
- oxygen in the compressed air serves as purifying
agent
- adaptable air pressure
- air pressure serves zones of about 10 stores intervals

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Types of Water Distribution (Hot Water Supply)

1. Up feed and Gravity Return System (“bottom”)
- with a continuing network of pipes to provide constant circulation of water
- hot water rises on its own & does not need any pump for circulation
- hot water is immediately drawn from the fixture any time
- provided economical circulating return of unused hot water
- larger pipe is installed at the bottom of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through
the upper floors of the building

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 VI. Water Supply and Distribution System

Types of Water Distribution (Hot Water Supply)

2. Down feed (Overhead) and Gravity Return System (“top”)
- hot waler rises on to the highest point of the plumbing system and travels to the fixtures
via gravity (closed pipe system)
- water distribution is dependent on the expansion of hot water & gravity.
- larger pipe is installed at the top of the riser & the diminishing sizes passes through the
lower floors of the building

3. Pump Circuit System

- for a more efficient circulation of hot water to the upper floor levels of multi-storey
buildings

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 Quiz

1. What kind of water requires purification or treatment before it can be used for drinking?

a. Surface water
b. Seawater
c. Non-potable water
d. Raw water

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 Quiz

1. What kind of water requires purification or treatment before it can be used for drinking?

a. Surface water
b. Seawater
c. Non-potable water
d. Raw water

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 Quiz

2. Stage in water purification that uses a semi-permeable membrane that removes mineral
deposits, silts, heavy metals, totally dissolved solids while some useful minerals retained.

a. Filtration
b. Purification
c. Reverse Osmosis
d. Distillation

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 Quiz

2. Stage in water purification that uses a semi-permeable membrane that removes mineral
deposits, silts, heavy metals, totally dissolved solids while some useful minerals retained.

a. Filtration
b. Purification
c. Reverse Osmosis
d. Distillation

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 Quiz

3. An enlarged channel where the velocity of wastewater is controlled to allow only heavier
solids to settle out.

a. Equalization Basin
b. Grit Chamber
c. Comminutor
d. Screen

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 Quiz

3. An enlarged channel where the velocity of wastewater is controlled to allow only heavier
solids to settle out.

a. Equalization Basin
b. Grit Chamber
c. Comminutor
d. Screen

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 Quiz

4. A water supply pipe for public or community use controlled by public authority.

a. Water Main
b. Service Pipe
c. Water Meter
d. Water Distribution Pipe

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 Quiz

4. A water supply pipe for public or community use controlled by public authority.

a. Water Main
b. Service Pipe
c. Water Meter
d. Water Distribution Pipe

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 Quiz

5. A mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing through the pipe.

a. Corporation Cock
b. Meter Stop
c. Water Meter
d. Curb Stop or Curb Cock

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 Quiz

5. A mechanical device used to measure the volume of water passing through the pipe.

a. Corporation Cock
b. Meter Stop
c. Water Meter
d. Curb Stop or Curb Cock

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 References

1. Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook Volume 2 by ASPE.

2. Practical Plumbing Engineering by Cyril M. Harris.
3. Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water, PNSDW 2007
4. Plumbing Law, RA 1378
5. Uniform Plumbing Code, 2000 Edition
6. Revised National Plumbing Code of the Philippines, December 1999
7. ChE 173 Lessons (Water) – Industrial Pollution Control

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