Chapter I: Tutorials 2 and 3
Course: Embedded System Design Code:21EC54
1. If a program achieves a speedup of 4 with 6 processors, what is the fraction of
the program that must be executed sequentially?
2. Given a 5-stage pipeline with the following stage latencies: IF (Instruction Fetch)
= 300 ps, ID (Instruction Decode) = 150 ps, EX (Execution) = 200 ps, MEM
(Memory Access) = 250 ps, WB (Write Back) = 100 ps. Calculate the clock cycle
time for this pipeline.
3. For a pipeline with 8 stages and a clock cycle time of 400 ps, calculate the
throughput in instructions per second. If the ideal CPI (Cycles Per Instruction) is
1, determine the ideal execution time for a sequence of 200 instructions.
4. Model the following Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) requirement using FSM.
a) The transaction is started by inserting a valid ATM card.
b) Upon detecting the card, the system prompts for a personal identification number
(PIN).
c) The card validated against PIN and on successful validation, the system displays
the following options: ‘Balance enquiry’, ‘Cash withdrawal’ and ‘Cancel’.
d) If the user selects ‘Cash withdrawal’, the system prompts for entering the amount
to withdraw and upon entering the amount it asks whether a printed receipt is
required for the transaction. Upon receiving an input for this, the system verifies
available balance, deduct the amount to withdraw, dispense the cash, prints the
transaction receipt and returns back to the original state to accept a new transaction
request.
e) If the user select option ‘Balance enquiry’ in step ‘c’, the system prompts the
message whether a printed receipt is required for the transaction. If the response is
‘YES, the balance is printed and the system returns to the original state to accept
the new transactions request. If the user enters ‘NO’ to the query ‘whether a printed
receipt is required for the transaction’, the balance amount is displayed on the screen
for 30 seconds and the system returns back to the original state to accept a new
transaction request.
f) If the user selects the option ‘Cancel’ in step ‘c’, the system returns back to the
original state to accept the transaction request.
g) If there is no response from the user for a period of 30 seconds in steps ‘b’, ‘c’, ‘d’
and ‘e’ and if the time interval between the two consecutive digits entering the PIN
exceeds 30 seconds, the system displays the message “User Failed to Respond
within the specified Time’ for 10 seconds and returns back to the original state to
accept a new transaction request.
5. Design a real time embedded system for controlling the temperature of a furnace. The
system is expected to maintain the temperature between 220C and 190C. If the
temperature rises or drops out of range, the time available for the system to maintain
the temperature within the range is 50 msec. The device is battery operated. The
designer is supposed to select either processor X or Y based on the following
parameters.
Parameter Processor X Processor Y
Speed 7 MHz 5MHz
CPI 1 1.25
Memory 64Kbytes 64Kbytes
FLASH+2K RAM FLASH+2K RAM
IO lines 32 10
Interrupts 2 Hardware+ 3 2 Hardware+3
Software Software
Availability of Available Available
sleep mode (VCC<2 V) (VCC<2 V)
Interrupt 3 µSec 4 µSec
response time
Wake up time 10 µSec 20 µSec
Availability of Available: Available:
mixed signal 8 bit ADC: Step size 8 bit ADC: Step
processing 10mv (4 Channels), size 10mv ( 4
Interrupt on channels), Interrupt
completion on completion
PGA : 1-100 gain PGA: 1-100 gain
factor factor
Input encoding 10 µSec 20 µSec
time
Output decoding 5 µSec 5 µSec
Time
VCC 5V 5V
Package 40 Pin DIP 40 pin QFP
Cost/Unit $23 $15
Availability of Available Available
tools
