Scribd
Upload
268 views41 pages

Chemistry Notes

Chemistry Class 10 ICSE Short Notes

Uploaded by

rkjoseph1410
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
268 views41 pages

Chemistry Notes

Chemistry Class 10 ICSE Short Notes

Uploaded by

rkjoseph1410
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
Periodie Tobe. I| 0) * AL Hortypntal Rows - mo cal in dyjont pau ata tata Blasio) = thew Aimilos propulis with Hu déogeral . addon CLernenty “deine mode awe yee poied of mat gimp. (diagonal raleiensip) sare © a 2 ange. “Newby /Meduin futodic fod | ——_____—_—~ a Physical sand chon, foals s Meaning of Tom | MANO [ome ighest / Lowest cris ou the ptedié funtion | pena, | She dittner Laban the mer) Jock > Keo this _ Se rock ull word. the crite oe Gmp_tee a 4% the multun. | | 4[L A} Alkali Mupls ft } 2A | Alsali nar tds) Tenisation | ‘Ya minimum omomd : W [ze] eeue) | Chaktegens jer) [eto apa, amo” Heal nome | ok ‘he omoonl alia git fo Noe ‘ee [ot porn b cope x em: | “12 a“ j ae coh alee Mr yre- ue etic tovkggwation more stele, a f x 1G ZO) tans wy Ma A &A- 7 ° Toe diene! seul Te Covedic Rappartin and Yariohora : — ~ Reniede — progentin a Grtom properties which oppeoned of reprrbon interwads —in__ tho prucdic tatsl Ga collled 0 periodic propotia. This pherorunsn ds called 03 prsodiaity oh propantion. Tarr ano 6 prucalic __ * Memic Rodivs * Tonantion Potential - * Ebackron Ansty ee © Ellcdaon _Nlogphvity * Matalbie Charoctea * Now -radallic dhomoet on ~ Reason dor prnodici i Altcs dabnatr wkowals “of alamic ne thos is cucunsenes of dirles alictronic conhiqurohon —_ ~ Moric fodius _ Moric cadius uy abso called 0s cdomic tize. The distancr {20% the canbe Of the radio to te audormoet hel) of on odom. s \ : _ _ a \oohs — + Argatrom (A*) 7 ee . ek de alia, lor , meluede hail, Boing > Siem Mtn Pte yw, wl Hx +H HH (shyk covalent toond ) a H 1) Cy Oy, 643 2 tye fur a A dN, ; sh NR cay 8) CA, CHy : A 4 ) Wp n-t 1 Oy -4/6 7 bow pal /volome Ghd pat Wen 7 HoH 4 Hio 7) NAy No 4s ro Wed aX we Neh 9 R-NeH => NH, K 8) Re " myo! i Uy-24%t *¥ | oodinats Bonch - 0 Pydienium Len :- HL0 4 t — [ho fem Hx oan + HW — i] + [ri "] 2) Ammonium Jon - NHy + HT sun 4 y" + Hae eae + WT ng Weaienw ‘ ; bo, n ? H-N-H I Jone Pairs The volina Uudion pois rehlch do nek make any bend ov a chnown a4 ton pair. G&- NHy- 1 te Poo ; Myo - 2 tne pon ri 1a hich olds yerfou: f “Fal ee Get fe fee a ee Sat Int bond. Coral ban ond Coordtnate bond metalic band | Hydiogen boad. nq Chemical. a ¥.ar res +imu- al ong ard a ie ee Sie 70 roles ines at % Kassel, - LEWIS "APPROACH + Kosels i ch: ions ay tie cers et r qd 2) @ NUCKVS plut Vane © 5 Fane Hells is) and outey shell whfeh (wutvs+o) called valence shell. The electors ‘pwsent “) iis el ged she valence ta si ve ° He rapantated that every atom eee atldn i a of rete weit? (ovkermast shell e®) AF LEWIS, SYMBOLS Simple ions to yepeesent the’ va ms an atom ae mh lewPs $ vials i symbolsy the ec trons of electtons ave sepresented by ph ng dots (+) ov cvosses(x) around the 8 ined HT hey Bey aie, thks Octet Rule + to this, ato avfous element * combine reg aan of oateely 4 one, atom to ano x losing) oy b I shay valence elect vors ‘in o ei fhe atletn eerie eft electrons fn outermost shell - “hie 4 & calle oder Sul (Covalent Bond i Bond formed by mutval being of elections. + Formation of Ch + ¢ FS a Dea3pe —Tehas 1& la, ak ‘ofl tombne withone move CL he Ch: Chek Gat Gt fi die) ak =e wnat Lee ee © shase WI". ft fs called shraale bo “Defend Faber if & 2a g 016 shased betwen cov open calle — double ov tiple bond we, ge He +H y einge | ba) [H. molecule) rotator — 0O=0 | [0 mole ~~ Sac suet iNi+ iNs —> — NEN hh molecu] Abd + Lewrs Dot Structures + Step: oat { number lectrons r uived for wrt tin struct ves by a ng ite eee of Com bing een fhe Step2? In case “of anionsy add one electyor 46 the total number of valence electrons for each negtive chasge and fy sprlen, put gubstiact ore elechon fem total may | of valence “elections jor each Gye Step 3! Recall the chemical symbols of the ¢ ca atoms and. sk aig structure of the com Pa qr oll a mit} and ty 0 distetbute te total ne. jo ee Bp beni shaved fated tween the atoms fn iS. SHep Yr a the least ‘mel dha ater cub the centeal ne + Ae meee jon weds « ae ere Of ke bho StebS* ee di tl shaved paty hae V Si wae fe chat po pars av dpalr ottlised for sia bance nding oF ov the ain Sut fom 9 of lone paris , provided that each combining atom gels an OS inn Lewis Representation HNO; Ft +e FORMAL CHARGE 2+ Calculate the formal chaxge on each atoms of: chy = & Corl fn ant q chy $0, eile eee Teal dot | sal) Conbonate fon Cos” fons Lous’ stovetuve’ Saett TST | of. a a ie On Corban 4-O- 2 ¥(8)90 go, On hygen m)a 6-4-1 (4)90 BG . On Srygen nol?) 6-6-1 (2)a-1 On Oxygen ola)? 6-6-1@) 4-1 wy $0, deat’ shucluw’ :g— 4 6: On subbuy 4 6-2-1 (69+) On Oxygen n0.0)9 6-6-L@)a = On Oxygen mo.(2) 3 64-1 (4)9 0 4% Limitation of Octet Rule + é Electaan deffcfert molecules: There ave some oes fr whtch the centyal atom is survounded by lessthay Pelt electrons 4 be. thefy octet ts fncompletey bvt they exits. Se 2» eH, ete dd Odd election moleculss’ In molecvlas with an odd number of elections Jike nitvic oxide »NO and nitrogen dfoxide gO, , the octet wle & not satisfied forall te atuns a THe Expanded Octet- Elements of the thiid and hPyher perfeds of peatadie. table “ ie ban avatlaliitt Sr a rit ‘an hed 4 ie colakaey ae aciornadake rose than cight yalente electrons awund. centval atom y PF. > 10 electvons avound P-atom. Sh 7 J2 electrons avound S-atem fo TE does aot tall arthing dbout the shapes of molecules and tn © Seven and, Steyn evel rps SE Op fend fe MN YI Ss q ne te ee sXe Ton, ease kik eft Y "id # oO. o ° ° . ( hic uld ye “Taragte Eade Hae le Eh oor he diamagnel{e = no inp electron pave nape + atteast one pated electron g ELECT 5 Ute bond formed as a. sesult of electrostatic force of attraction blw two oat hayes one £6 ulihe ‘drat “ore Phadler eae os onic nd. Complete thansfer of electrons take place heve Na ht —> netitie a > TONISATION ENERGY: The amount of energy tequived to wemove the most loosely bond ee fiom an wll yaalous “akon ty form a Ove fon ELECTRON GAIN ENTHALPY’ The amount of enev ate whenan e© 45 addad to an Nolet Gants anguel iep Tha ve fon . Now, for Ionic Bond * 0 mJ the Tonisaéfon ene y) ryote Fendency to lose & and hence grates erent to fam onic Venda. * © Highes He value of negatfve, election gafn enthalpy greates will be the of formatfon of! tale, combourd LATTICE ENTHALPY* The amount of eresay required to “ sebarate ork mole oF a sda Jone Conger wat ghee ian| o cimgeP 9 Let pr Ned < Cate < yh omeh sg bet ge thd Gd < ms BOND LENGTHS The eqilrbofum distance bet weer the nucle? of two bonded atoms fn & Fee called ena Fath * Bond length (d)= Tarte Covalent yddtve = ta = Vo = d BOND ANGLE cl pebueen, tne orbitals contain bondi elecum pass around cential ie m § & molecule /complex ten is calfed the €xpaessecl in degrees. D ENTHALP! ad. k BOND ENT] My e amoyn oF * ie Ul wei to break one. Ht toms fh gokeous 5 be. of Hh aP ot bond. ef olpy fs kd ate eae ea for breaking Hy bond. (H—H bond) = Ar Hog) —> HG)+ HUG) 5 Aga 435-Sky wel? @r: for ay ial grees Jin Dagia sM yet ele > SAH bonds FA atoms ae ov ade “lec th Not the case Like CHy yHO ek > % hee ame te avevage bond enthalphy ts cakulated. for ep 1,0 — H-O—H AatP fox fist O-H bond= 502 kJ mol? for second O-H = 424 ey Hence y average bord. enthalpy = S02 saz HO4-5 kJ mol* +£ Bond Order: The number o bonds ear between the tivo atoms fn a wolecule fs called the bond ox q: oR et ian 38 O=O0 FF 2 cC=0 23 @ Bond oxdey x; Bord ethalpy & ___1 Bond aah m veqlity no bond oy compound ts efthey com| te covalent ox fonic.. Even in case ere bond between wo hydvoyen atoms, these 1S some tonfe cnarac Dipole moment fs the meaune nee Of polnity- and. fs defined. os the Drotice of the mt nitude tie An Pig Sil i deft he Cenives ot postive and. feqathe chawge. Stal . (mu) [Dipole moment (WW)= chawge(@) x distance of sepavatton Cx)| Usual sae if oes uni (D). [LD = 233564 x10~¢xl dis iene ihe Cine tan Soom more electronega ON Nee j7— fe love. elect; me ths, @ , nee Case of ok ata pola perc the ake mage - es molec Peoria mde wi wale Ws sama ad Hat * a ot bord te oe © In case of polyatomic molecules » aff sronent nor ane ubon the moment of Frat bonds but ayo vbon the arrangement ef bonds ee the molecule. In such molecu ast pole moment'is the vector sum rp ihe dipole oe of vavfous bonds, 0° cod ta Molecules Like BEs 4CHy 5 CCly ete the mokculay dbo ¥s ZR60. wae pores >e b> («+ + +>) =0 S However, ff all bord ane ir ilertfea athe molecule may have net dfpole moment- et NFS yn AK FAJANS' RULE* Just as all ule bonds have some partal Ponic character , the fonic bonds also haye some Pavol covalent chavacter and juts fs what discussed by FAIAN Bhai © Small stze of catfon q qteatey covalent chavacter, of, Fonte, bond. © Love size of Anion, covalent chovactes of fonic bond. ° 5 Gries the chav au on gi, neater the covalent character of Tonte bond Tn case of two & ae ee ad chagey the one, wlth psevdo noble "a conf most: fe) ay gues po polarfsting- power as pan wie id with node gas conffguration (with 8 electrons fn outesmost I , max gee size of cation. age Size of anion OT tot character 74 aur? € High charge on cation ond anton — (ations having 18- electron shell Only one feuls dot shucture carmot lain the properties of the molecules move than one lewis dot structure “ie fora molecule, these dijewnt lewfs dot stwetue ave kat jonating- stiyctuves or ‘canonical forms. The actual stiveture is ty between of all these Meontatbut Ng stwuctuies ond ts known as vesonance hybytd. This phenomenon is Called Resort. @ ° Te a ananteal forms one only imaginary stavetures Pe- do not exists o The fk does not exisk fora certain fraction of time fn one canontcat so ae for othex a fans of time fn othex canonical founs FFesen ce ” ene it stable ting styuct eee manatee is krown ergy of mast side alle ing stvuture and. YU LTndfcatows, ove the aubshances tut change, thelr colovs oy odove when adiel ito a “acid ¢ oe alkaline Son basicaly fells vs whether substan queue oy basic . © Natural Indfeatoys + These frileators aye found thr natvee fn the plants gt Etmaus paper 5 Temeric © Smithelfe Indicates > the inclicators whfch ave synthestsed Sn the, labora 5 * dndicantas of thdusty ave, known a winedc’ atagens ar Phenol pitta Methyl orange. ° Olfactory Inditaters* Substances whose. odouy (smelt) change tn addi or fathony Is et medium 4 varia, onion "Ne | Ref a lve Limus Tumertc | Phenolphthakefn Pet Catag ACID [no chanje | hed \ulew |. Colour less Red pase| ble No change Keck Pink Yellow * Physfeal Proper? ° res bwe litmus to wed. © Taste! sour ‘a & All dilute acicls conduct electstity, fife Be *, 8 + raf e Adds: Silphuyfe acid = a 7 ee ic acd a [as Nil of al city me, wt Hychiochlonic gut HCL” pt cad Same) whieh Carbonic add = A, fant cop) | Yesponible for elie actd > CASCOOHT H* crycaar) ~ Auicfe: popeoten + Chemfeal ProperHtes : Fit smd ® Reaction with Metals: Ltieial+ Drlute acid —> salt+ Aydeipen gas eo on AS, —inSoy +H a Wik! AGA Ove part oF} metal % ar ats TF to form sult ow mere tae fe + Hee — Fels +h, Fe wt Sane, a a,guming « cavalle fs brags fs b ght an ydvogen gas, f+ will bven wht @ we can see that acl th metal to Sonous salt, ‘6 3 ae 1 serena ae in baass o¥ wppey 0 © Reactfon with metal carbonate /Metal Hydvogen Gubonate + ma Gribonate/ + Acid —> Salt + (O, + H20 mer rages é boat (ACOs + 2HeL — Call, +H0+ ©,7 q tine test ST for ©, gars wher C 1S pas @ Eto © yet hen mtd a ee eta of white precipriate of CaCo,. te Calor), +@, —> Calo; +420 excess , milkine if GQ, ts of PY cle iene is soluble fn w Tee (alo, + HO —> Ca(HCQ), © Rencton wth metal oxides: [inetal oxide + Add —> Salt + water] a a la — Wd, +h,0 yt Sh Oye Hag post 4 se ct” Metal ovf ave basic in nature (yt? ‘ete tmnr COPS Physfeal properties lteppame due to the foxmakin ey. © Tusns sed Ahr . @ of ° Feels slippeay +0 ski ” * i Bases tli eivoxfde KOH [k* OW] 7 juve on” pet basa cum Hydroxfde 7 Gon), [ ca”? a ase Same i Hoey dard 2 Mate of. sia ? Alor), Lar" row") elroxide Aurnrtu Hydaovtde & Chemical Properties : © Reaction wfth Metals? [Metal+ Salt Salt + Rydvogen es Gm + 2NOOH — Na,Zn0, + He SS Pases A 9 metal container Hert va) ° Reaction with non-metalita oxfde : base + ee oxide ———> Salt + Hydvogen Acidic Yr Co + Calon, — Calo, + H,0 "this veacHen proves that non-metalite oxides ave auldic fn nature PAD + BASE Adds reacts with bases to, poeduce. salt and water. Tn this Seaction ; an add! neues base Te acid nullifies ov vedues the effect of a base ov vice - ver: teacton is neuty Cael weaction Add+ Base —> Salt+ watey gi Hel + Nap — Natl + 120 ree HR oor & no (nd) tikes Hat on 140 ay ok de A scale 4o measure the strength of an dud oy a base. Rete ring wt cxeieamemanaas _—_ «| | Increase tn Hf" fon concentration =» ¢—____ —___» _ Decrease in H" fon concentration ———————F —_— Y Tt has val OWery acidic) to 1H (very bastc| alkaline). ph fs r ‘umber " 8 ih cakes ce ma "ate at iy, pH Salt + Water at ipl d weak as adid?c with pH ree ie tt Salts ol ry Tate and wigk avid ate basic in wkive with pH yalue move than F. x fomamon Salt ] Sedktum teat Meh yNact] ig the sate i use fn food (TATA. Namak., des bp) « Seqwatey Te te aghs dissolved in Fé. Sodium chioxid is seal {som these salts. se i of solid salt ove also tound in Sevesal pasts of the wasld ihe lage tryshals ave oft bsown due to impuiiHes. This Ts fuel work i cognynon, salt: thus obtahed is an, important saw mazeriql for various the oe + daily use, such as sedfum Iranactle ba igsidly Washing. Goda , bleac tn wider an mang more pau +H,O+ (O,+ NH; ——*NHyil + Nal, bafn: Aromonta. iene oo sabi Uses: ° Fox making bakin way which ts ie baking sod cid rmfld. edfbleadld toch as arkavfc oc mat pould fs heatecl ov mixed fn wabery this weaction takes place NaH(03+ H* —> co, + HO + sedfym salt of acid © Ingsedient fh antact ° Uses fn 50da-auid fe exHngufshey % Washing Soda [Sedfum carbonate Na, (05-040): Pheparation? by weystalltsaton of sodium cavbonate * water ee + 100 —— No, 0,-10H,0 au Us ses of Washing Soda? © aed rei wades © In pai an and textil © Monufac vay of sodium Ba borax (> Whdb fs. "hyo" to washing ba Actually the oystals of salt a byt actvall ave rot. ie een “holes ef ane: oe el met lade mobic’? péesent tn One formula unit of olhey examples CuSOy"SH,0 y (a50y-2H,0 3 Plaster of Pagfs_[ealctum sulphate hemfhydrate y (aSoy-2 Ho] + Prepavadfons ha drat at 343k , Gypsum loses weler molecules and becomes CaSO,- 21,0 7 Rage. — tHo + 1440 Gypsum Plaster of Pavis fs awhite nde and on mixing with water, tt changes do gypsum wt a hard dd mass. i _— oe rid + \4h,0 — Sey + 2H,0 new 4 (ct sad fant i strenet ite cals te ba — Mh Aleersd. geen ious Changes fo a sce ale” 1 ae oe eA ent bet—nchunbes poate erated ach rr time as ly oF pg 2 en gp ar 1 baa saace poe at formed Bob ps fone y= we = . he ° 4 Anak mit she maaan ssapte 9 an 504 549 018, a w= 225 F180? a 18.069 710 lan Hogactar a Guide $04 z LOE ED BEE . +e t 90 . (Bt, Gig, onerene = 290 9 Land { d t Pre as sop ind mole ent" [She ma, Pt os Y pam ators bx 5 o0 motes aa 2074+ Conta 2 207+ 20 448) g =207* 46d) = 207 4124 = BE) Zé 33/ 2 19269 = 786 4 _ Se a mastic fmt Iutrate Zo male of ce #149935 $550 = BH rave oyss0 710 3 a5 male ti r g _ ? 7 an Pha tame at Wf 008 * 107° 6 T3010 alec ~O.561SE* 0 matecules 100 (and) Coteus 4 | Ainphotenic Conpssurde DN atte tag i Onades & Myelin ¥] nace + 119 0 | al tit Mh Zn, a4 > NayS0y + Fe ON Ay guun ay, oR ype tale — act +MY mich irs, FE aR 0H > Mi SO,¢+ QU OME pattie fojag) Ab Abts Jiao ——> Hah, # ZO, geetnta ah <<< ANAL 0a Nd, + lent aes Reig 4“ page Y Alen fs anpieceiec tn Malus vinGpytlaon ———eNa, Og + OAS te sot, ty “te gird ait “anal — tly eda Nach +o fOrAE dlbaehole er ciite . Oy ria ——* Nag s04 + FXO + aisly grails eth, #8/a0H —> Sill * POMS xedeighe brody inseilh (Sb, Mid ——> Hag50y + GACAAY piake bli d nostath, (1G) thle 0 ——> Pb OAS 2NANG, Chali it [ 1504 Bila ——» $nla,5Q, +2 6M) t Gelatin phd Ampnoterie otal tg acid ole 1 Ampholet exit tigaca Fall, ~ 5d tar 2HlOA, tila OMgrca) 2DROF Nga, Hon, + 2 Won thesis 246 + Naz Pb 04, ply “dna sity ce + BOY ce ie, | Asi 21g MSG? OAS Migr re ee 28g FO Miont GBs pate 2980, 71,0 PLE eh via znlQl, + 2Nw 0H = Map." fifo IN NOs PRIDS t PLO 2ANw OM at At * A, +2Me OH Kan hhOy 288 yas? fia” Hon et. 4 \ ag, RO BI + i ME), = nao —= ta, 7H 5 FAI. 2 “Adlgr), + HOM gi + CalOH), + whieh tnselulee L 119. 04, + clad pull a'n satebele o “a fe 0th, Aliehy—pitten Amnsobatele . _ fe 2 v bddirh braun _inbClebele 20H) Gelatinous while ACtuld, #8 Gad . Cu OM) Cherian = Mela Concept. & dtachionseloy 7 Ranta Compoin : faa ements —Additiona) Problems - Qt. . \) —Yf81a orig el Awe as ADS 27 NEM IC un dor canton diowide _ —¢9, = U2 ex2r —— < 42+ 39 ~ = 44g - CY) + Ae — eta}, — — * 8 x 180 8 THe — —— 300 " ———~_.__* 27.3, Na, 60, 2A + 1+ [hws ee HO rine 46 _ - = ot tay ee - = 06g — - a Naf * 46 8 ¥ 109 ee VE sy — 2500 - 53 TT Gay Musnaocts Lous - Comibining _vi as i _ “Aohan jeu —aanck, thiydad0_a_valunaes_nshith _ Joton— a uninpl —poholr —ruuntsor crodht® — 10 Gry ovata anol te tha _voluuws ol ths products, Jf pprrtous, proviclad the. | ——i) 2H, + 6, > 2,0 C—O vations} t vat —> 2 val a) Ch, + 20, —? 60, + aro a val! 2 vat 9d vale! Avet 1) 450. em? Gf canton maonasuido Onl 200 cm? _of ayy ane _psixed togathas and ignited. Colbert ake the connpoattion of __— The —orwoutort doch —a a On Wete the hoe —tolonie ite oyuahon - a 200 rare —? 260, a ! 4 vel —> 2 vol = == — __2-val TNH, at. 6 tx —— 62 = Sx = xt fe zB = x FF _ 4 tiknes 222 of ammannia undergoes sittin: enilanbn A. — the prune A Pt. te give ikate ashe anol _wotsn - —_ vapaun.__Coleutote the vols of 4 the [Link] sTP - ~ a EN, 50, po ft et ers _ 4: § >) ‘te, + 50, —"> 4po+ GH 0 val! 5 vol ——9 4 vat: ¢ vol — SNH : $0, —2tH oe 9) 2500c af oxygen war aunt iyith G00 cof — thon [C,H]. Caleutete the ———?_70, + 2, H, ——? @¢o, + 6Hio Tivol + 2 vol ——> & vol + 6 vol volume Of carton dieaide ——-0,# Gug ="? co, + woe 2800! x ——_— —_ —-—_}x_*_2$00x4_ BS ————ae 7 4C0,. — ii) ran, + 4oo, a4 oe a 600 + x Ax = b00x4 __X_* 609 my" a STP as rageuinedd D) What valine of uthy oe 2 to produce 8-4 dan? 4 Hee eae 2, Hy * $0, —* 4#CQ, * 2H, 2 val 8 wl > % vat ce oe ac, ¥, | HCO, 2:4 : = B4 Sas re * SoZ Hae x FW Ddad OD Cekentads the ammont of wach renctank as te product Wom? of carben dione aco + o, —> 2¢0, - oul t vat —> 2 vel oe aco 200, *. vs a 2 ‘ . te 1 70 x = 2igaz ~ g? a = 7S0nt a * 37 Gel -Unarsintin - Empintend Sonnwuda > Caldas the sannpinitad Ee and nile. eBrep und having Ha . O* THIAK. Vapaun Doni 45. —— Cais Ae Whe - 26.59% as 4 arte { oO Tae 16 G24 les CF 26M HEB, [e- “a isin orig) _ Abric Rao hell Rehio __ 2at a oe 7222 2 oe a Oz Qo 2 Empinial Fouwla + CHO, oe Epi pe sea \ex2_ ee < WolncnSen weight srpricl 9 * Moleenbar Sevens 5 \34 32 as 484 2 2 tere Enpinieel footy = (ean Ceci, He 2.13 ane Bro wemnpinicat end mateculern fonrasse . p Be = go) = Espintcal Sanmala ® CV, Be Empirical Strnada wre let ik2 490 12 492. a 95 —— Molten we. + 2xvp a - aay oe — = \999 ———— n= adsense yt Epi Gormula wt. ah Sind te —anepinital ‘and reoleenda 9 xml of an onpnic compound , C+ 75-92% , Ht 6.32% t NF 17 6, vps — so [oe a, wet, mew Element Companion’ — AA wy) Armnac Rahn ——_sbinapad fais __ C892 ta BM G30 Ee te —_u 32 ete Ss _N. [2-16 C=€ = _Evspiniol formuda ot o> 12 x6 + 116 +14 F 2 +e tie 2 8a g beeleeln dow wet uD x2 __ a = 34.642 — — a 4 : Baht Leu= NoOH,. KO Base ~ ~—abroil inf Sadi Ne mater ~ 60s aan CMA free ah, abn lg), fh ue a fie ti. [ nhs a Thue 7a tonliis AML HO oh. deh = “HCO, Catoan, bh fabri 2xich Dash cil Cook, [ibfes _ — ~ Mcp PEK ie hada ap ee mak on ee a lt cleaticg ae wale laden, ‘ cll, Leni! at? _. Some my P ANOL \=s DIFERFNCE BETWEEN CATHODE ~ CATHODE a , a mae = ales mah hod: = gee * Gd Glide bool, vitter Ce atime pt ea Craatlsng ogenl DIFEFEVE BETWEEN CATION 4 ANION ____GOWE | 2 isbiay. changed rss 2 4 Cathe ANIONS. a Nepabiel, charged 0, - alerong hebben 2 law, chal) frm th = ‘ahd of pang / A hows 2 Ninihad . Pep pep yp yey Get ey 2 fase hbons Ah LA Qnodk wee widhied A hen am ohm, &- POEL. GH, JG" 7 = REDUCTION : LB ay ae — Bee Fp cal onl oa : > ofa Fie. | ae ZL _ = soe fon al fos & oA Lauda of de ise Cosseeal wa $2 Cane. _ wade dicsoualer yon | nahine of cheb The ot shits | Petes aut bah, Jak be a wd of 2 Fea ee + ELEC TRoP ht) . Proeeo of pint im Bes toe a. igl ear Le =e ae Ay Spare ee ob Abarraininr —— { 5 ~_ Bansite, Cm, au, 1,0) paxun oF THE ORE Cassin Rocras) Boueity a= dards Hioweiaks aNaon 2225 aNearo, + 3h, 0 ——2 ALGu). aoe Dy wel 1 Mus ite yb ct) Gi 4: \ = : STEP Two: Come BW1RATION | OF THE ConcEn TRATED ORE To __T1s oxime wel = lene nat 5 AO EO STEP THREE! Repu CMON. OF METALLIC Ox IDE TO DM SURE ____ METAL. = “Catt tassalta Roenas) mi 2 Hotsnlyticolty rducion Miaina to J espua pasion 4 40 A A. st _ (gt py apt’ - _ CaF, OTEP Four = CAMcellen METALS Those. elements which fovrn positive Fons by losing elections axe callec mek % Physical Properies of Metals +- ° Pe are ot aly can be hammexed ‘into thin sheefs. on dai heat und ny My ° and boiling pois ase. ysvalhy fd iyvic 2 i oes hee eta Ave Senet ses shud Ae Dvciile he, oa latte dyawn fnto thin vires . de fs the most ducifle me 4 Chemical Properties of Metals + 1. Reackion of Metals with Oxyeen — [merar + oxqen —>meraL oxioe] for eqs YALIs) + 30, (7) “+ 2Ak2039) 2601) + OG) A> 200010 os ott @. eneval 1 ipa prides fn natuve. Ey tal ori Generally i pl ae file sro Poh add li el bast : ox! behaviour anf whieh nt fi ch a wel oo bares 40 Prodwe sath and water ave called eae © Metals sveh as potassium ard sodium wtact so vigovousl atch five tt kebt fn the En es 1 Frey ave kept tm bad kerosene oil +o avold acctdental © At room temperature, surfaces wah s yAL,2 fel. oe. ternal yt th sh 4 oxide Bag 8 Webee 26 ofdaton. © Silex and gold do not veact with oxygen even at high econ G Aluminium oxfde 2. Fee ee a Metals veack with water nodule o metal pride and. hyda oxides that are. soluble in weer dfssoe in it #0 fovtrer pe dial el = for Na k vaattin vient even with cold water and so exothermtc Hat hydvogen Simmedlately catches fee va 8 am =, + 2No +2H,0 —+2Na0H + H+ heat L k+2H,0 —2k0H + H+ heat 7 Fox Cay veacHon % less violent for hydvoyen to ctkch fre. G+4H,0 — Calon), +H, > Ady Fe do rot dzoxide ar tnelv oxides ave not Sduble . They do not veact ake wate be ttn steam “ 2ALIs) + 3,019) ——* AL 03 + 3th (9) (steam) BFel) + YH.0lg) ——> Fey Oyl9 + HG) (Gheomn) 3. Reactfon of Metals with Adids* = All metals (except les reactive Like tay My ) Av and PA) yeacts with dil. HCL and dil’ H,80, 40 produce salt at jd axege gay. Metal + Dilute acl ——- Salt + Hydlvogen gr Zn + 2H (ag) —> 2nth + Hag) t > i Ive ‘tacts with nifafes ackd (HNOs) as. 47 Si SARIN el Ad ap mac or) 7 Bvt tg and An Tract ith vesy diluted HNQ to evolve H, gas Metal + HMOs —* Sabb + No} sor+Ho fox mA my > Majmy + HN —* Salk tT [DISPLACEMENT REACTION ] Oy vane veuctive metal can displace a less veacifve mes fom compound. nsig’aih rasa pane Ket nthe metal Pet CuSoy —> feSy + Cu fm * (y+ FeSoy —> x Tiemann | Xeon aL than hydrogen] Zane to Decreasing on f oe tm ® a [Hydrogen] my Copper Thee nea we { seen a rez Jess reactive than hydrogen Gold (Least reactive metal) ——— a} oN -METALS Those elements which foun negative fons by gudning electrons are. aaled. Non-mel 4 Physical Probe es of Non- metals © Aso, solids of gases excebt bromine. (Ligufdl) = fet palit a a pad eto fat nk ey ® Have jowmeling ond boflfng poli o Ae we tel they break ei hamtresed or stytatched. 4 Chomfeal Proberkes of Non- Metals . — Non-melals “ave electren accebhor md carmol- supply elechans +o H* fons of acids fo veduce Hyer 40 hydvogen s+ Thesefore ,Non-mefals do not wack wlth males, steam ox dilute add. a With 02, C+ 0,-@, GUM TA Metal Norell 3 save Rad RTL 2 formed when a metal JN ILC COMPOUN Toses. electron which % gained by non-metal in such manner that octet of bothis taped filled. 4, Fomation of Nao: No. ——> Nat 4 e> 0, + 20° —+ 0 (28,1) (2,8) = ior oh (ectatstable) (octet stab) Now Na" a ste ’ So — (ned), [:*] NaX\_/” = Fosmaton of Nace: Na —— Nat + e& ar ewe 28) ae) (23,9) (7,3,8) Nowy Na RCE > Ine) [athe] Hes i mds > ze Rai le igre due to strong force of aitvacton bekwen ve BN in nad ard fnsobble fh Solent such as kevotent pebrol Good fone a aac aqueous solutions and molten 'stebe but do o Tmeufay end eta pls ve hip ° ° Mole Concept: TMT ee ea Eh Raa tate ot ok wd — by Ageia “Biased pine Sm ol wl IME Bt wy Vv =a — tpujw= seg aA HolU tl xe 2 HN « fas x — Ne ese “4 w Ee Tt , — NEN XM, A aie = NV STE S4+Zn +Fe — Fezs, — Shp boot. aq ao +Zn + Fe —>Fezns,_ Shap 2: PEARS Qs +2n +Fe—+Fe2ns. ge (erat caer te x Uniting, sungpst —> Sp & mela” Me eI Motus o}, poeoduuct = Lima —> Shp s: Balouring rod supusud. — Stp 22 fo Pub o, suodlonk Wot a —> Shap Ss Sowerk wsstlgt Wo wale if ik a ohn Ta. + We IU+SUy ort orn CA x ieitite . =C+ “7 asc Lit Sees Sag tt dan eaugeusitn, wth Shep 2; GIRGL purtenkay saith cemic lot. — Shp a: et Shisirud suanlns usd de saltat Ss xaring, See shag ae Gan sa pe COMPOUIAtA with Shap 2: Bild, patentay wait ohewir, lat. —*Shhp a: Qvide Sprcined, wunivls wsdl dh ralat sep S Qpunt maphuacal oust, —ang & oe Hakala Jods = (Euphsdal punta” alto codeasa : Luslare 8) c 4 AGT 341. AS626 a5 -25 eS C -18y -- Enpn. og WN = ~Malak= Oy > KV WO, Px mL Ha nee. Non Ny $e lixing If Strong Acids & Base: NN aN Ma = NoNl (Rud fa age NNT NAV, = NN cv Ny, foc 7 cabta, Ne — Niuean: Mae Mg

You might also like