Lesson 1 finals

The term forgery refers to the unauthorized creation or alteration of documents, signatures, items
of value, or works of art in order to commit fraud.

Indications of genuineness

A. Carelessness
B. Spontaneity
C. Alternation of thick and thin strokes
D. Speed
E. Simplification
F. Upright letters are interspersed with slanting letter.
G. The upward strokes to a threadlike tracing
H. Rhythm
I. Good line quality
J. Variation

Indications of forgery

1. Presence of carbon, pencil or indented outlines along the strokes of inked pattern.
2. Abrupt change of direction of lines or strokes showing uncertainty of movement.
3. Concealed or hidden joining.
4. Blunt initial and terminal strokes
5. Misplaced shadings
6. Lacks of variation of pen pressure
7. Defective line quality
8. Unnecessary careful of patching or retouching
9. Tremors or shaky writing

Common types of non-genuine signature

A. Simulated Or Freehand Imitation Forgery

executed purely by simulation rather than by tracing the outline of a genuine signature can be
referred as freehand imitation or simulated forgery.

B. Traced Forgery (Traced Signature)

This is the result of an attempt to transfer to a fraudulent document an exact facsimile of a
genuine signature or writing by some tracing process.

Types of Traced Signature

Carbon Process
The name denotes is that type whereby the forgery interleaves a carbon paper between the
genuine signature and the document intended to be forged.

Indentation Process
That type hereby indentation or canal like outlines of the genuine signature is produced on the
fraudulent document.
Transmitted Light Process

That kind whereby the fraudulent document is placed immediately above the genuine document
and with strong light directed through the two superimposed sheets of paper.

C. Spurious Signature (Simple Forgery)

Forger does not try to copy a model but writes something resembling what we ordinarily call a
signature.

Methods used in forgery

Simulated Forgery

1 Simulated With The Model Before The Forger.

Direct Technique – forger works directly with ink.

Indirect Technique -Forger works first with pencil and afterwards covers the pencil strokes with
ink.

2 Simulated Free Hand Forgery (Technique)- used forgers who have a certain skill in writing;
After some practice, the forger to write a copy of the model quickly.

Traced Forgery

1 Direct Tracing- tracing is made by transmitted light.

2 Indirect Tracing- forger uses a carbon paper and place document on which he will trace the
forged signature under the document bearing the model signature with carbon paper between the
two.

Investigation and detailed examination of signature

Signature a person’s name written in a distinctive way as a form of identification in authorizing a

check or document or concluding a letter.

Function of Signature
[Link] provenance of thedocument (identity).2. The intention (will) of anindividual with regard
tothe document.
2. The intention (will) of anindividual with regard tothe document.

Cross mark

Historically, many who couldnot write signed with a cross mark or crude x.
This authenticating mark is stillused today illiterates, and if properly witnessed, it can legally
stand for a signature.

Evidential signature
It is not simply a signature, it is signature, signed at a particulartime and place, under particular
conditions, while the signer was particular age, in a particular physical and mental
condition,using implements, and with a particular and purpose for recording his name.

Fraudulent signature

A forged signature.
It involves the writing of a name as a signature by someoneother than the person himself, without
his permission, often with some degree of imitation.

Freehand signature

A fraudulent signaturethat was executed purely by simulation rather than by tracing the outline of
a genuine signature.

Guided signature

A signature that is executed while the writer's hand or arm is steadied in any way. Under the law
of most jurisdictions such as a signature authenticates a legal document provided it is showN that
the writer during a serious illness or a death bed.

Types of guided signature

Inert Hand- refers to completely involuntary;incapability of motor activity and signatory may be
conscious or even unconscious. (illiterate persons).

Guided-hand- situation is one in which the person providing the portion of control. (partial
incapacitation

Forced Hand - signatory is forced to write Against his will, by threats,constraints and the like.

Assisted-hand - one in which the person assisting(co-adjutant) provides help to a lesser degree,
perhaps only to the point of steadying a tremulous arm or hand,without actually directing
themovement of the writing instrument.

Model signature

A genuine signature that was used to prepare an imitated or traced forgery.

theory of comparison
The act of setting tvwo or more signature in an inverted position to weight their identifying
significance, the reason being that those we fail to see under normal comparison may readily be
seen under this theory.

The examination of signature is considerded a specializedbranch of handwriting identification for

the followingreasons:

A signature is a word most practiced by many people and therefore mostfuently written;
A signature is a mneans to identify a person and has a great personalsignificance
A signature is a little attention to spelling and some other details
a signature is a word written without conscious thought about themechanics of its production and
is written automatically
A signature is the only word the illiterate can write with confidence.

Types of signature

Formal
a.k.a. Conventional or Copybook Form
Complete correct signature for an important document such as will

Informal (Cursory)
usually for routinedocuments and persopalcorrespondence.a. Personalizedb. Semi-personalized

Careless Scribble
For the mail carrier, delivery or theautograph collector
The events immediately preceding the execution of a signature may have a material bearing on its
execution or otherwise as when writers are affected by illness, old age, emotion,unusual writing
position, intoxication and deception. The writing variations that appear as a result of these
different conditions might mislead the document examiner.
Lesson 2 finals

Alteration is defined as any change to a document which gives it a different effect from that it
originally possessed.
If change is made after execution of a document and without the consent of the other party or
concerned person, then such change is called fraudulent alteration.

The alteration can be done by:

 Addition /Interlineations
 Overwriting

Features of fraudulent alteration:

 These alterations are done in such a way that they may pass unnoticed under regular
examination of the document.

 The alteration methods are usually latent or may be so minute that an unskilled or incompetent
examiner may not be able to detect them.

Modes of Alterations:

An alteration is a modification made to a document by physical, chemical, or mechanical means

including, but not limited to, obliterations, additions, over writings, or erasures.
Sometimes an alteration may occur to critical entries after a document has been signed and/or
paragraphs, words, or pages have been inserted, removed, or replaced creating forged documents.
A document examiner will use a variety of techniques including alternate light sources,
magnification, detection of indented impressions, side lighting, transmitted lighting, and others in
a non-destructive method to examine the document for characteristics indicative of alterations.

Erasure

It is common knowledge that writing, typewriting, or printing maybe removed by either

chemicals, abrasion, or scratching with a sharp instrument like a knife. Not all of these methods
are successful in removing each class of marking medium, but all are encountered in a variety of
problems

Erasures are made by three methods:

The mechanical removal of the ink by scraping the surface until all the visible ink has been
removed.
• The treatment by bleaching solutions that convert the dye into the colorless compounds.
• Removal of the soluble dyestuffs by suitable solvents.
• Erasure by means of abrasion or scratching generally leave much more definite traces consisting
of disturbed paper fibers and portions of the original strokes that were not completely removed.
These erasures are consequently more easily detected.
• An erasure can be either mechanical or chemical.
• In a mechanical erasure such as with the traditional "rubber" eraser, an abrasive movement is
made upon the writing to be erased.
• In many cases of standard writing materials, abrasion of the paper can be seen either with a
microscope or side light. As a general rules, the better the paper, the less visual sign of erasure,
particularly when the action is done gently.
• Microscopic examination can often show signs of fiber movement and traces of the erasing
"rubber". Indicators of a mechanical erasure can be fiber disturbance often resulting in paper
roughness, or smudging of writing.
• In a chemical erasure, a solution is placed on the writing. This will not be effective if the ink is
permanent.
• Chemical eradicators bleach the color from ink and in some cases remove the ink from the
paper.
• Any treatment of paper with chemical fluids will expand the paper fibers. when the paper dries
it does not go back to its original size but leaves wrinkles at the location of the fluid.
• it may be necessary to use oblique lighting to see the wrinkles. Ink eradicators also stain the
paper on which they are applied and may cause the paper to change color.
• In many cases the substances remove the ink dye or color agent, but they leave chemical
reactions, if not the entire original writing, in the fibers; the object of an examination is to restore
those reactions to visibility.

The commonly used chemicals for erasure purpose:

• Sodium hypochlorite
• Potassium permanganate
• Oxalic acid
• Stannous chloride solution
• Sodium tungstate
• Sodium hydrosulfite
• Hydrochloric acid

* Chemical erasure can also be done with suitable solvents. Ball-point pen inks can be partially or
completely removed from paper by the application of polar solvents such as
TETRAHYDROFURANE or ACETONE.

• Ink written over a chemically treated are will react differently on the affected section of the
paper. Visual examination of the paper under magnification should reveal the changes in the
paper and the ink.

- In any case, evidence of the use of a chemical erasing compound can frequently be found by
viewing the document in UV (both long and short waves); metallic salts have the tendency to
retain the erasing solution at a UV wavelength.
- UV, IR, Transmitted light help in the detection of erased material.

• Abrasion by use of knife or razor blade.

• Graphite from pencil writing can be more easily erased than color pencils. Rubber erasers
absorb some of the graphite while spreading the rest of it around the paper, usually leaving
smudge around the location of the erasure.
• The Eberhard Faber Kneaded Eraser is a plastic rubber eraser that pulls the graphite from the
paper and cleans itself when kneaded. It can completely remove graphite particles from some
documents.
• The invention of the Paper Mate Erasable Ink Pen makes it possible to completely remove the
erasable ink from the writing surface when the ink is still wet. Once the ink sets or dries, it cannot
be easily removed.
• Water-or-alcohol-based ink cannot be easily removed from a document because the ink
penetrates the writing surface and is absorbed into the paper.
• Ballpoint ink, which is glyceril-based, does not penetrate as much, but the ink dries quickly and
is difficult to remove. It requires hard rubbing with an abrasive eraser to remove ballpoint ink
from a document.
• Writing with a pen over erasures that have destroyed the finish of the paper will cause ink to be
absorbed more readily into the paper, creating a feathering effect.

Addition

Addition in the document is defined as the insertion of any word, digit etc. which changes the
meaning or value of the document.
• The insertions are made in such spaces as my have been left blank in the regular entries either in
the middle or at the bottom of the page.
• If the addition matter is written in a small space the size of letters will be smaller and writing
will appear cramped or if space is large enough then letter are in large size to cover up the
remaining space.
• In addition alteration the examination can be done to identify the characteristics feature of
handwriting:

- Size of letter
- Spacing and pen-strokes
- Color ink should be made
- The lack of uniformity of ink
- The work of more than one pen or output device
- Crowding, uneven margins, or different spacing algorithms if a modifying section, if printed
- Evidence of the insertion of pages through the study of the paper and fastening devices
- Sharp variation in hand writing.
Interlineations

Interlineations are defined as the writing between the lines for the purpose of adding to it or
correcting what has been written.
In examining interlineations, the color of ink, quality of pen, size of letters, sequence of Crossing
strokes, and the parts of letters which come in contact with the originally written letters should be
minutely studied.
The fraudulent entries are likely to differ from the original or adjacent writing in size, stant and
spacing and the shade of the ink

Substitution

Occasionally an entire page is substituted in a multi-paged document.

When page substitution is suspected, the paper on each page of the document should be carefully
compared to determine if a different type of paper was used. Study each page under various types
of lighting because differences in color or texture may be revealed.
Ultraviolet lighting should also be used because different papers fluoresce differently. Back
lighting should also be tried.
*Check the size of the paper, the edges for cuts, and the weight, and check the thickness with a
micrometer.
Check each page for watermarks.
*Look for staple holes or holes from other fastening devices.
*Is there an extra set of holes on some pages and not others?
*Are there indentations from paper clips on some but not all of the pages?
*Are there indentations from writing on a previous page?
*Some writers will write on and sign documents starting with the top page with other pages
underneath. Are the indentations consistent from page to page?

Obliterations

Any area of a document that has been purposely covered, usually by other writing, to attempt to
mask the markings that lay underneath. Obliteration in questioned documents refers to the act of
intentionally trying to conceal or remove writing, marks, or entries on a document.
This can be done through methods such as cross-outs, erasures, or overwriting. Obliteration
is often used to alter or modify a document in an attempt to change its content or deceive others.
In forensic examination of questioned documents, experts may use various techniques to analyze
obliterated areas and uncover the original writing or information
Lesson 3 finals

Security features which can be easily recognized by the public without the use of special
instrument. These are the “look,” “feel,” and “tilt” elements in the notes, enumerated below.

1. Embossed prints: The embossed or raised print nature of the ink deposition combined with
the quality of cotton-based paper gives the traditional banknote a unique tactile effect that makes
it the first and the most important line of defense against counterfeiting. This can be felt over the
words “REPUBLIKA NG PILIPINAS,” denominational value in text, signatures, and value
panels particularly, the one located at the lower right corner of the obverse.

2. Asymmetric Serial Number: Alphanumeric characters at the lower left and upper right
corners of the note bearing one or two prefix letters and six to seven digits, with font increasing in
size and thickness.

3. Security Fibers: Visible red and blue fibers embedded on the paper and randomly scattered on
the face and back of the note.

4. Watermark: Shadow image of the portrait with the highlighted denominational value that is
particularly seen against the light from either side of the blank space on the note.

5. See-Through Mark: The pre-Hispanic script (Baybayin) at the lower right corner of the face
of the note slightly above the value panel. This is seen in complete form only when the note is
viewed against the light. This script means “PILIPINO.”

6. Concealed Value: The denominational value superimposed at the smaller version portrait at
the upper left portion of the note. This becomes clearly visible when the note is rotated 45
degrees and slightly tilted.

[Link] Thread (Embedded or Windowed): Embedded thread that runs vertically across the
width of 20- and 50- piso notes when viewed against the light. Also, the stitch-like metallic
thread on the 100-, 200-, 500- and 1000-piso notes which changes color from red to green and
bears the cleartext of “BSP” and the denominational value on the obverse and “BSP” on the
reverse, both in repeated series.

8. Optically Variable Device (OVD) Patch: Found only in 500- and 1000-piso notes, this patch
is a reflective foil, bearing the image of the Blue-naped parrot for 500-piso/clam with South Sea
pearl for 1000-piso, changes color from red to green when the note is rotated 90 degrees.

9. Optically Variable Ink (OVI): Found only in the 1000-piso note, this embossed
denominational value at the lower right corner of the face of the note changes color from green to
blue when viewed at different angles.
Lesson 4 finals

A typewriter is a mechanical device to produce printed characters on a piece of paper by typing

individual keys.

A typewriter is used to print characters on a piece of paper by depressing keys.

Typewriting Classification

Mechanical typewriters worked through the coordination of many moving parts.

Keyboard typewriters were operated by keys arranged in a board layout.

Single-element typewriters could print content in different languages or fonts.

Type-bar typewriters were the most common kind of typewriter.

Categories of Individual Typewriter Characteristics

Mechanical Features:

Type Action: Refers to the mechanism by which keys strike the ribbon and paper. It can be
manual (using physical force by pressing keys) or electric (where keys trigger an electric motor).

Key Layout: QWERTY, AZERTY, and other regional layouts.

Typefaces: Different typewriters had different font styles and sizes available.
Pica: Another popular typeface, similar to Courier but slightly larger.

-(10 character per inch)

-More Readable

Elite: This typeface was smaller than Pica

-( 12 character per inch)

- less readable due to its smaller size.

Carriage Movement: How the carriage moves across the page

-manual (by hand),with lever

-or automatic (motorized).

Functional Features:
Backspace and Correction: Presence or absence of a backspace key and correction mechanisms
like lift-off tapes or correction ribbons.

Tabulation: Ability to set and clear tab stops for indentation.

Margin Controls: Adjustments for left and right margins.

Line Spacing: Options for single, double spacing, or variable line spacing.

Paper Feed and Alignment: Mechanisms for feeding paper and ensuring proper alignment.

Physical Characteristics:

Size and Weight: Different typewriters varied in size and portability.

Standard Typewriters: These were the most common and typically larger, heavier machines
designed for stationary use on desks or tables.

Portable Typewriters: These typewriters were designed to be more compact and lightweight for
easier transportation.

-having a smaller keyboard, fewer functions, or a smaller carriage.

-They were popular among journalists, and writers.

Ultra-Portable Typewriters: These were even smaller and more lightweight than standard
portable typewriters. They were highly compact and often lacked some features found in larger
typewriters.

Materials: Some were made of heavy-duty metal (aloy), while others used lighter materials like
plastic.

Color and Design: Various colors and designs were available based on brand and model.

Technological Advancements:

Manual vs. Electric: Shift from manual typewriters to electric ones.

Electronic Typewriters: Later models with more advanced features like memory storage, word
processing capabilities, and LCD screens.

Usability and Ergonomics:

Keyboard Feel: Typewriter keyboards varied in key resistance and typing feel.
Noise Level: Some typewriters were louder due to their mechanical nature.

Ease of Maintenance: Some models were easier to maintain and repair than others.

-Old Model (Mechanism)

-Modern (Electrical/Program)

Brand and Model-Specific Features:

Special Characters: Some models had unique characters or symbols.

Extra Functions: Some typewriters had integrated features like calculators or multiple language
options.

Accessories and Add-ons: Attachable accessories like paper stands, dust covers, or carrying
cases.

These characteristics varied among different typewriter models and brands, contributing to the
unique user experiences each typewriter offered.

Comparison of the Questioned Typewritten Text with the Known Typewritten Exemplars

Need good exemplars from the known typewriter

Exemplars are needed either directly from the typewriter in question or indirectly from gathering
known writings that have been typed on the suspect machine.
Minimum of one copy in full word –for word order of the questioned type writing obtained.

Examination Related to Typewriting

Typewriting examinations typically assess an individual's typing speed, accuracy, and proficiency
in using a typewriter or keyboard. These exams can vary in format and requirements based on the
specific standards or certifications being pursued. Here are some common aspects of typewriting
examinations:

1. Speed Test: Candidates are often required to type a given passage within a specific time limit.
The number of words per minute (WPM) or characters per minute (CPM) is calculated to
determine the typing speed.

2. Accuracy Test: In addition to speed, accuracy is crucial. Examiners may deduct points for
errors, including typos, incorrect punctuation, or mistakes in formatting.

3. Formatting: Candidates might be tested on their ability to format documents correctly,

including aspects such as indentation, margins, spacing, and alignment.
 4. Special Characters and Symbols: Some exams may include typing special characters,
numbers, or symbols to assess versatility in keyboard usage.

5. Different Keyboard Layouts: For advanced tests, candidates may be required to demonstrate
proficiency in typing on different keyboard layouts, such as QWERTY, AZERTY, or DVORAK.

6. Audio Typing: Some examinations might involve transcribing spoken words or audio
recordings into text using typing skills.

7. Timed Exercises: Candidates may be given timed exercises with specific instructions to assess
their ability to follow instructions accurately and efficiently.

8. Certification Levels: Typewriting exams often have different levels or certifications

(beginner, intermediate, advanced) based on the complexity and requirements of the test.

9. Online Typing Tests: With the shift to digital platforms, many examinations may now be
conducted online, allowing candidates to take tests remotely, and these may vary in terms of
methodology and tools used for assessment.

Preparation for typewriting examinations usually involves regular practice to improve typing
speed, accuracy, and familiarity with keyboard layouts. There are various online resources, typing
software, and practice exercises available to help candidates prepare for these examinations.

Forging treasury or bank notes - art. 166

Hanapin mo HAHAHA- art 168

Expert witness

Photograph

Carriage

Type wheel

Platen

Ribbon

Paper bails