ENGLISH PROJECT WORK

INVESTIGATORY REPORT ON

9/11 ATTACKS
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that student of

class ‘XI-B’ has successfully completed his

project work titled

INVESTIGATORY REPORT ON 9/11 ATTACKS

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During the academic year

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my sincere and heartfelt obligation

towards all those who have helped me in making this project.

Without their active guidance, help, cooperation,n and

encouragement, I would not have been able to present the
project on time.

I am extremely thankful and pay my sincere gratitude to my

teacher for her valuable guidance and support for
completion of this project.

I also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence, my

gratitude towards my parents, other faculty members of the
school and friends for their valuable suggestions given to me
in completing the project.
 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE

My aim of presenting this investigatory report on 9/11

attacks is to show the readers the struggles faced during and
after one of the incidents that changed the world forever.In
addition to a number of deaths,many people were and are
still affected by the incident that happened on 11th September
2001.

The incident has been made fun of many times, even though
the images are very insensitive,inapproriate and some jokes
went too far,I went on to add those images because everyone
must know how big of an incident it was and it is not another
normal incident to be made fun of and how far some people
might go in order to score social media points.
 INDEX

I. INTRODUCTION
II. PLANNING
III. ATTACKS
IV. THE FOUR PLANES
V. EFFECTS
VI. MEMORIALS
VII. CULTURAL INFLUENCE
VIII. TROLLS
IX. CONCLUSION
X. BIBILIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

• The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were

four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by
the militant Islamist extremist network al-Qaeda against the
United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. That
morning, nineteen terrorists hijacked four
commercial airliners scheduled to travel from
the Northeastern United States to California.
• The hijackers crashed the first two planes into the Twin
Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, and the
third plane into the Pentagon (the headquarters of the United
States military) in Arlington County, Virginia.
• The fourth plane was intended to hit a federal
government building in Washington, D.C., but crashed in a
 field following a passenger revolt.

PLANNING

The attacks were conceived by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who

first presented it to Osama bin Laden in 1996.At that time, bin
Laden and al-Qaeda were in a period of transition, having just
relocated back to Afghanistan from Sudan. The 1998 African
embassy bombings and bin Laden's February 1998 fatwā marked a
turning point of al-Qaeda's terrorist operation,as bin Laden became
intent on attacking the United States.
• In late 1998 or early 1999, bin Laden gave approval for
Mohammed to go forward with organizing the plot.Mohammed,
bin Laden, and Mohammed Atef, the deputy of bin Laden, held a
series of meetings in early 1999.[ Atef provided operational
support, including target selections and helping arrange travel for
the hijackers. Bin Laden overruled Mohammed, rejecting potential
targets such as the U.S. Bank Tower in Los Angeles for lack of
time.
• Bin Laden provided leadership and financial support and was
involved in selecting participants. He initially selected Nawaf al-
Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, both experienced jihadists who had
fought in Bosnia. Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in the United States
 in mid-January 2000. In early 2000, Hazmi and Mihdhar took
flying lessons in San Diego, California, but both spoke little
English; performed poorly in flying lessons; and eventually served
as secondary hijackers.
• In late 1999, a group of men from Hamburg, Germany, arrived in
Afghanistan. The group included Mohamed Atta; Marwan al-
Shehhi; Ziad Jarrah; and Ramzi bin al-Shibh. Bin Laden selected
these men because they were educated, could speak English, and
had experience living in the West. New recruits were routinely
screened for special skills and al-Qaeda leaders consequently
discovered that Hani Hanjour already had a commercial pilot's
license. Mohammed later said that he helped the hijackers blend in
by teaching them how to order food in restaurants and dress in
Western clothing.
• Hanjour arrived in San Diego on December 8, 2000, joining
Hazmi. They soon left for Arizona, where Hanjour took refresher
training. Marwan al-Shehhi arrived at the end of May 2000, while
Atta arrived on June 3, 2000, and Jarrah arrived on June 27, 2000.
Bin al-Shibh applied several times for a visa to the United States,
but as a Yemeni, he was rejected out of concerns he would
overstay his visa. Bin al-Shibh stayed in Hamburg, providing
coordination between Atta and Mohammed. The three Hamburg
cell members all took pilot training in South Florida at Huffman
Aviation.
• In the spring of 2001, the secondary hijackers began arriving in the
United States. In July 2001, Atta met with bin al-Shibh in Spain,
where they coordinated details of the plot, including final target
selection. Bin al-Shibh also passed along bin Laden's wish for the
attacks to be carried out as soon as possible. Some of the hijackers
received passports from corrupt Saudi officials who were family
members or used fraudulent passports to gain entry.
• There have been a few theories that 9/11 was selected by the
hijackers as the date of the attack because of its resemblance to 9-
1-1, the phone number used to report emergencies in the United
States. However, Lawrence Wright wrote that the hijackers chose
 the date when John III Sobieski, the King of Poland and Grand
Duke of Lithuania, began the battle which turned back the Ottoman
Empire's Muslim armies that were attempting to capture Vienna on
11 September 1683. During 1683, Vienna was the seat of the Holy
Roman Empire and Habsburg monarchy, both major powers in
Europe at the time

ATTACKS
Early on the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 hijackers took control
of four commercial airliners (two Boeing 757s and two Boeing 767s) en
route to California (three of them headed to LAX in Los Angeles and
one to SFO in San Francisco) after takeoffs from Logan International
Airport in Boston, Massachusetts; Newark Liberty International
Airport in Newark, New Jersey; and Washington Dulles International
Airport in Loudoun and Fairfax counties in Virginia. Large planes with
long coast-to-coast flights were selected for hijacking because they
would have more fuel.
The four flights were:
• American Airlines Flight 11: a Boeing 767 aircraft, departed Logan
Airport at 7:59 a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of 11 and 76
passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane
into the northern façade of the North Tower of the World Trade
Center in New York City at 8:46 a.m.
• United Airlines Flight 175: a Boeing 767 aircraft, departed Logan
Airport at 8:14 a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of nine and
51 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the
 plane into the southern façade of the South Tower of the World Trade
Center in New York City at 9:03 a.m.
• American Airlines Flight 77: a Boeing 757 aircraft, departed

Washington Dulles International Airport at 8:20 a.m. en route to Los

Angeles with a crew of six and 53 passengers, not including five
hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the western façade of the
Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, at 9:37 a.m.
• United Airlines Flight 93: a Boeing 757 aircraft, departed Newark

International Airport at 8:42 a.m. en route to San Francisco, with a

crew of seven and 33 passengers, not including four hijackers. As
passengers attempted to subdue the hijackers, the aircraft crashed into
a field in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, near Shanksville, at
10:03 a.m.
Media coverage was extensive during the attacks and aftermath,
beginning moments after the first crash into the World Trade Center.
THE FOUR PLANES
• At 8:14 a.m. five hijackers took over American Airlines Flight 11,
injuring at least three people (and possibly killing one) before
forcing their way into the cockpit. The terrorists also displayed an
apparent explosive device in order to frighten the hostages into
submission. At 8:42 a.m., another group of five hijacked United
Airlines Flight 175, murdering both pilots and stabbing several
crew members before taking control of the aircraft.
• As was the case with Flight 11, the hijackers used bomb threats to
instill fear into the passengers and crew. At 8:46 a.m., Flight 11
was deliberately crashed into the north face of the World Trade
Center's North Tower (1 WTC). At 8:51 a.m., shortly after the
North Tower was struck and only minutes following the hijacking
of Flight 175, American Airlines Flight 77 was also taken over by
another group of five, although there were no reports of a bomb
threat or anyone on board being stabbed unlike the first two planes.
• At 9:03 a.m., seventeen minutes after the first plane crashed into
the North Tower, Flight 175 was flown into the South Tower's
southern facade (2 WTC). At 9:28 a.m., four men hijacked United
Airlines Flight 93 and set course for Washington, D.C. Nine
 minutes later, at 9:37 a.m., Flight 77 was crashed into the
Pentagon, and at 9:57 a.m., the passengers and crew aboard Flight
93, having been made aware of the previous attacks via phone
calls, chose to fight back in the hopes of taking control of the
aircraft away from the terrorists. Within minutes, the passengers
had fought their way to the front of the cabin and began attempting
to break down the cockpit door.
• Fearing the passengers would gain the upper hand, the hijackers
rolled the plane and pitched it into a nosedive, crashing it into a
field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh, at
10:03 a.m. The plane was around 20 minutes away from reaching
D.C. at the time of the crash, and its target is believed to have been
either the Capitol Building or the White House.
• Some passengers and crew members who called from the aircraft
using the cabin air phone service and mobile phones provided
details: several hijackers were aboard each plane; they used mace,
tear gas, or pepper spray to overcome attendants; and some people
aboard had been stabbed.
• The attacks are the deadliest terrorist attacks in world
history, causing the deaths of 2,996 people (including the
hijackers) and injuring thousands of others. The death toll included
265 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors); 2,606
in the World Trade Center and in the surrounding area; and 125 at
the Pentagon. Most who died were civilians; the rest included 343
firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel,
and the 19 terrorists. After New York, New Jersey lost the most
state citizens. More than 90 countries lost citizens in the
attacks; for example, the 67 Britons who died were more than in
any other terrorist attack anywhere.
• In Arlington County, Virginia, 125 Pentagon workers died when
Flight 77 crashed into the building's western side. Seventy were
civilians and 55 were military personnel, many of whom worked
for the United States Army or the United States Navy. The Army
lost 47 civilian employees; six civilian contractors; and 22 soldiers,
while the Navy lost six civilian employees; three civilian
 contractors; and 33 sailors. Seven Defense Intelligence
Agency (DIA) civilian employees died, and one Office of the
Secretary of Defense (OSD) contractor. Lieutenant
General Timothy Maude, an Army Deputy Chief of Staff, was the
highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon.
• In New York City, more than 90% of the workers and visitors who
died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact. In the
North Tower, 1,344 people at, above or directly below the point of
impact were trapped and died in the fires or from smoke inhalation;
fell or jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames; or
were killed in the building's collapse. The destruction of all three
staircases in the tower when Flight 11 hit made it impossible for
anyone around the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the
point of impact died, including every single occupant of Floor 92,
which was right underneath the plane's impact zone.

EFFECTS
• The attacks had a significant economic impact on United States
and world markets. The stock exchanges did not open on
September 11 and remained closed until September 17.
Reopening, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell 684
points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a record-setting one-day point
decline. By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7
points (14.3%), at the time its largest one-week point drop in
history. In 2001 dollars, U.S. stocks lost $1.4 trillion in valuation
for the week.
• In New York City, about 430,000 job-months and $2.8 billion in
wages were lost in the first three months after the attacks. The
economic effects were mainly on the economy's export sectors.
The city's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for
the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The U.S. government
provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to the Government
of New York City in September 2001, and $10.5 billion in early
• Also hurt were small businesses in Lower Manhattan near the
World Trade Center (18,000 of which were destroyed or
 displaced), resulting in lost jobs and their consequent wages.
Assistance was provided by Small Business Administration loans;
federal government Community Development Block Grants; and
Economic Injury Disaster Loans. Some 31,900,000 square feet
(2,960,000 m2) of Lower Manhattan office space was damaged or
destroyed. Many wondered whether these jobs would return, and if
the damaged tax base would recover. Studies of 9/11's economic
effects show the Manhattan office real-estate market and office
employment were less affected than first feared, because of the
financial services industry's need for face-to-face interaction.
• North American air space was closed for several days after the
attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a
nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating
financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.

MEMORIALS
In the days immediately following the attacks, many memorials and
vigils were held around the world, and photographs of the dead and
missing were posted around Ground Zero. A witness described being
unable to "get away from faces of innocent victims who were killed.
Their pictures are everywhere, on phone booths, street lights, walls of
subway stations. Everything reminded me of a huge funeral, people
quiet and sad, but also very nice. Before, New York gave me a cold
feeling; now people were reaching out to help each other."
One of the first memorials was the Tribute in Light, an installation of 88
searchlights at the footprints of the World Trade Center towers. In New
York City, the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was
held to design an appropriate memorial on the site. The winning
design, Reflecting Absence, was selected in August 2006, and consists
of a pair of reflecting pools in the footprints of the towers, surrounded
by a list of the victims' names in an underground memorial space. The
memorial was completed on September 11, 2011; a museum also
opened on site on May 21, 2014.
The Sphere by the German sculptor Fritz Koenig is the world's largest
bronze sculpture of modern times, and stood between the Twin Towers
on the Austin J. Tobin Plaza of the World Trade Center in New York
City from 1971 until the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The
sculpture, weighing more than 20 tons, was the only remaining work of
art to be recovered largely intact from the ruins of the collapsed Twin
Towers after the attacks. Since then, the work of art, known in the U.S.
as The Sphere, has been transformed into an important symbolic
monument of 9/11 commemoration. After being dismantled and stored
near a hangar at John F. Kennedy International Airport, the sculpture
was the subject of the 2001 documentary Koenig's Sphere by
filmmaker Percy Adlon. On August 16, 2017, the work was reinstated,
installed at the Liberty Park close to the new World Trade Center arial
and the 9/11 Memorial.
In Arlington County, the Pentagon Memorial was completed and
opened to the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks in 2008. It
consists of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the
Pentagon.When the Pentagon was repaired in 2001–2002, a private
chapel and indoor memorial were included, located at the spot where
Flight 77 crashed into the building.
In Shanksville, a concrete-and-glass visitor center was opened on
September 10, 2015, situated on a hill overlooking the crash site and the
white marble Wall of Names. An observation platform at the visitor
center and the white marble wall are both aligned beneath the path of
Flight 93. A temporary memorial is located 500 yards (457 m) from the
crash site. New York City firefighters donated a cross made of steel
from the World Trade Center and mounted on top of a platform shaped
like the Pentagon. It was installed outside the firehouse on August 25,
2008. Many other permanent memorials are elsewhere. Scholarships
and charities have been established by the victims' families and by many
other organizations and private figures.
On every anniversary in New York City, the names of the victims who
died there are read out against a background of somber music. The
President of the United States attends a memorial service at the
Pentagon, and asks Americans to observe Patriot Day with a moment of
silence. Smaller services are held in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, which
are usually attended by the First Lady.

Cultural influence
• The impact of 9/11 extends beyond geopolitics and into society and
culture in general. Immediate responses to 9/11 included greater
focus on home life and time spent with family, higher church
attendance, and increased expressions of patriotism such as the
flying of American flags. The radio industry responded by
removing certain songs from playlists, and the attacks have
subsequently been used as background, narrative, or thematic
elements in film, music, literature, and humor. Already-running
television shows as well as programs developed after 9/11 have
reflected post-9/11 cultural concerns.
• 9/11 conspiracy theories have become social phenomena, despite
lack of support from expert scientists, engineers, and historians.
9/11 has also had a major impact on the religious faith of many
individuals; for some it strengthened, to find consolation to cope
 with the loss of loved ones and overcome their grief; others started
to question their faith or lose it entirely, because they could not
reconcile it with their view of religion.
• The culture of America succeeding the attacks is noted for
heightened security and an increased demand thereof, as well
as paranoia and anxiety regarding future terrorist attacks that
includes most of the nation. Psychologists have also confirmed that
there has been an increased amount of national anxiety in
commercial air travel. Anti-Muslim hate crimes rose nearly ten-
fold in 2001 and have subsequently remained "roughly five times
higher than the pre-9/11 rate."

TROLLS

The 9/11 attacks which were gut wrenching without any

doubt,were not an exception from being made fun of on social
media.Throughout the years, many Europeans,British people in
specific have made fun of 9/11 on many instances.English
people did not stop making fun of it on the 21st anniversary of
the incident and it was very shocking that they posted fancams
and memes about 9/11,which questioned the existence of
humanity.
 One other instance happened very recently,before the FIFA
2022 WORLD CUP tie between England and USA.The buildup
to the match meant there was going to be some beef between the
two sets of fans.The English people took it very personally and
spammed 9/11 jokes on Twitter.com.US people too did return
the favour,by posting pictures of the burning of Crystal Palace
and Brentford fires. Some of the tweets made by Englishfans:
 CONCLUSION

It is without any doubt ,9/11 was utterly tragic and it changed the
world forever.The world has not been the same every since.A
huge amount of people throughout the world are living through
the trauma of the 9/11 even today.Many people can’t forget
what happened that day and have still not got their old life
back.The survivors have still not moved on and many survivors
even took their own lives after the incident due to trauma,and
aven today many are living with PTSD because of 9/11.The
people close to the victims of 9/11 to have suffered.Noone
should be making jokes about this incident as this is not
something to be made fun of.This incident will never be
forgotten,no matter how many years pass by.

The tweets have gone too far and shows some insensitive people
might go too far to score imaginary social points.This needs
addressing ,which was the very reason this project was made.
 BIBILIOGRAPHY

WEBSITES:

https://www.britannica.com/

https://en.wikipedia.org/

https://www.history.com/
Twitter.com

BOOKS:
• 102 Minutes. The Untold Story of the Fight to Survive Inside the Twin
Towers. .

• The 9/11 Commission Report.