Number systems:
Place value of numbers:
123 -> 1 hundred + 2 tens + 3 ones
In general a number ab is represented in terms of its place value as -> 10 a+b
Classification of numbers:
Numbers are broadly classified as real numbers and complex numbers. We will be looking into only real
numbers.
Real numbers can be classified as follows
● Rational Numbers- Numbers which can be represented in the form p/q where q is not equal to
zero.
eg: 2/3, 8/1
● irrational- Numbers which cannot be represented in the form p/q where q not equal to zero
eg: √3, √2
● Natural Numbers- > {1, 2, 3, …..∞} -> +ve counting numbers
● Whole numbers -> {0, 1, 2, 3 …..∞} – natural no : including zero
● Integers -> set of whole number along with -ve numbers {-∞.........-3, -2, ….0, 1, 2, ….∞}
● Even Numbers-> divisible by 2 {2, 4, 6…}
● odd Numbers-> not divisible by 2 {1, 3, 5, …}
● Prime Numbers-> no factors other than 1 & itself {2, 3, 5, 7, 11….}
● Composite Numbers -> numbers having other factors besides 1& itself {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12….}
● Coprimes – numbers which are primes with respect to each other. They have no common
factors other than 1. Eg:- 22,9. Co primes necessarily need not be prime numbers
Factors:To factor a number means to break it up into numbers that can be multiplied together to
get the original number.
eg: 12 -> 2 x 6 , 4 x 3 where 1,2,6,4,3 ,12 are factors of 12
Note:For every number 1 and itself are always factors.
Finding factors of a number:
Given number convert into prime factorization form i.e: 2x x3yx5z
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1. Find no.of factors of a number = (x+1)*(y+1)*(z+1)
2. Find no.of factors of given number except 1 & itself = No.of.factors -2
3. Find no.of pair of factors of given number = No.of factors/2
4. Find no.of pair of factors of given number = (No.of factors +1)/2 (if No.of factors is an odd
number)
5. Find no.of pair of different factors of given number = (No.of factors -1)/2
6. Find no.of prime factors of given number = (x + y + z)
7. Find no.of different prime factors of given number = no.of base values(a,b,c)
Division Method: Dividend=(Divisor * Quotient)+Remainder
Divisibility rules:
Divisibility by 2 – all even numbers
Divisibility by 3 – sum of digits of numbers is divisible by 3
Ex: 729->7+2+9=18 is divisible by 3 so the number is divisible by 3
Divisibility by 4 – last 2 digits of numbers is divisible by 4
Ex: 724- last 2 digits is 24 which is divisible by 4. So the number is divisible by 4
Divisibility by 5 – last digit 5/0
Divisibility by 6 – number should be divisible by 3 & 2 for it to be divisible by 6
Divisibility by 7 – multiply unit digit by 2, subtract that value from remaining digits. Keep continuing this
process
Ex: 11347
last digit of 11347 is 7 -> 7 x 2 = 14
1134-14= 1120
last digit of 1120 is 0 -> 0 x 2=0
112-0= 112
last digit of 112 is 2 -> 2 x 2 = 4
11 – 4 = 7 => div by 7
Divisibility by 8 – last 3 digits divisible by 8
2512 -> 512 divisible by 8 so the number is divisible by 8
Divisibility by 9 – sum of digits is divisible by 9
Ex: 729->7+2+19=18 is divisible by 9. so the number is divisible by 9
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Divisibility by 10 – last digit ‘0’
Divisibility by 11 -> find sum of alternatives digits & subtract thus & equal to zero or multiple of 11.
Ex:1 2 3 2 1
1+3+1=5
2+2=4
5-4 = 1 so not divisible by 11
eg:1 4 6 4 1
1+6+1=8
4+4=8
8 -8 = 0 so divisible by 11
Divisibility by 12 - >Number should be divisible by 4 & 3
Divisibility by 13 ->Multiply last digit by 4. Add it to remaining digit . Keep continuing this process
Ex: 50661 -> 1 x 4 = 4
5066 + 4 = 5070-> 0 x 4 = 0
50 7+0=507 -> 7 x 4 = 28
50+28=78.
78 is divisible by 13. so the number is divisible by 13
Divisibility by 17->Multiply last digit with 5. Subtract the answer from the remaining digits. Keep
continuing the process
Ex: 3978 -> 8 x 5 = 40
397 – 40 = 357 -> 7 x 5 = 35
35- 35 = 0
So divisible by 17.
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Finding the unit digit of the given number with certain power value.
Pattern method:
1. If the unit digit of the given number is 0, 1, 5 or 6, then the same number will be the unit digit
of the given number (i.e., 0, 1, 5 or 6).
2. If the unit digit of the given number is 4, then we have to check the power value ie., whether the
given power is odd or even power. If it is odd power then, the unit digit is 4, if the power is even
number, then the unit will be 6.
3. The same condition is applicable for 9. If it odd power then, the unit digit is 9, if it is even
power, then the unit digit is 1.
4. If the unit digit of the given number is 2, 3, 7, or 8, then
Unit digit 2 2 ^ 1 =2
2 ^ 2 =4
2^3=8
2^4=6
Unit digit 3 3 ^ 1= 3
3^2=9
3^3=7
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3^4=1
Unit digit 7 7 ^ 1=7
7^2=9
7^3=3
7^4=1
Unit digit 8 8^1=8
8^2=4
8^3=2
8^4=6
Finding Ten’s Place Digit:
Case 1:
Any number with unit digit is 1: Last two digits of N is (…a1)^(…b) will be [Last digit of a*b]1.
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Case 2:
When N ends in 3,7,9:
Covert this value in to case 1.
Case 3: Units digit in N is 2, 4, 6 or 8
If x ends in 2, 4, 6, 0r 8, we can nd the last two digits of the number raised to power with the help of the
following poi
2^10 ends in 24
24^Odd Number ends in 24
24^Even Number ends in 76
76^Number ends in 76
Case 4: Units digit in N is 5
The digit in the tens place is odd and the exponent y is odd, then the number ends in 75.
If the digit in the tens place is odd and the exponent y is even, then the number ends in 25.
Or if the digit in the tens place is even and the exponent y is odd, then the number ends in 25.
If the digit in the tens place is even and the exponent y is even, then the number ends in 25
Successive Remainder Theorem - Shortcut formulae:
1. A number being divided by d1 and d2 successively leaves remainders r1 and r2 respectively.Then
remainder when the same number is divided by d1*d2 .
Remainder = d1*r2+r1
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