International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 5 May 2022, pp: 1023-1032 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
Analysis of electric vehicle using MATLAB
Prof. Dr. G.P. Deshmukh1, Prof. M. Bodkhe2, Dhanashree
V. Kamble3, Tanish S. Bauskar4, Piyush S. Mejari5,
Shubham S. Khanapurkar6
Head of Department., Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, A.C Patil College of
Engineering, Kharghar 1,2
Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, A.C Patil College of Engineering, Kharghar 3,4,5,6
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Submitted: 10-05-2022 Revised: 17-05-2022 Accepted: 20-05-2022
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ABSTRACT: The process for modelling an world as part of the transition to a sustainable
electric vehicle using MATLAB and Simulink society. Electric vehicles are widely recognized
software is described in this work. The various as such technology.
Battery, Motor, Power, and Regenerative If the vehicle is more aerodynamically
systems are described in detail here. The planned engineered, it will encounter less resistance
Electric Vehicle was simulated using Simulink, while driving, which will lessen the load on the
and various parameters such as Motor Torque, motor, allowing it to run more efficiently and
Vehicle Speed, and Battery State of Charge were provide a longer range. Because different
estimated using different Drive Cycles. For the terrains present varying environmental
sake of improving the model, the numerous circumstances, the Electric Vehicle is designed
observed factors were evaluated. Longer- to adapt to specific terrains in order to improve
distance vehicles are being manufactured vehicle performance. For enhancing the working
because to advancements in electric motor and of vehicle. The main components of the Electric
battery technologies. As a result, depending on vehicle are Battery and the Motor. The type of
the region and the drive cycle, the performance engine to use is determined by the driving
of these cars can be improved by selecting conditions. It also depends on how much range
motors and batteries. The dynamic model of an the vehicle needs. Because there is a steady flow
electric vehicle was developed in this research. of charge between the motor and the battery, it is
The electric vehicle's power consumption and necessary for them to sync efficiently.
range were calculated using drive cycles such as Regenerative System is being offered as we
NEDC, FTP, and WLTC. The impact of progress in the development of alternative
variables including battery voltage and energy energy sources for running vehicles and
capacity, motor rated torque and power, and supporting the battery model. Because of the
transmission gear ratio on vehicle performance regenerative system, when the vehicle brakes,
and energy consumption has been investigated. the rotational kinetic energy in the tyre does not
Keywords: MATLAB/Simulink, Numerical immediately stop. The rotational kinetic energy
optimization, Simulations, Driving Cycles, SOC, is transformed into electrical energy and stored
Energy efficiency, Electric Vehicles. by the generators in the regenerative system at
this moment.
I. INTRODUCTION
Electric vehicles are made up of several
models that are linked together to allow the
vehicle to function. When developing an electric
car, various characteristics must be established,
such as the type of motor, battery type, and
vehicle dimensions. Various elements such as
tyre torque, resistance offered, and battery
charge and discharge range. The vehicle's design
is critical to its efficiency. Particularly efficient
mobility technologies are necessary around the
DOI: 10.35629/5252-040510231032 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1023
International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 5 May 2022, pp: 1023-1032 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
indigenous fuel sources in the late 1960s and early
1970s. In response, Congress established the
Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Research,
Development, and Demonstration Act of 1976,
which authorizes the Energy Department to
participate in electric and hybrid vehicle research
and development.
Around the same time, a number of large
and small automakers began researching alternative
fuel cars, including electric automobiles. For
example, in 1973, General Motors constructed an
urban electric car prototype that was displayed at
Fig.1. Electric Vehicle Model the EPA's first symposium on Low Pollution Power
System Development, while the American Motor
History Company produced Electric Vehicles.
It’s hard to pinpoint the invention of the
electric vehicle to one inventor or country. Instead Electric Vehicle
it was a series of breakthrough—from the battery to Energy sources, propulsion devices, and
the electric motor—in the 1800s that lead to the energy carriers, which transmit energy from energy
first electric vehicle on the road. In the early part of sources to propulsion devices, are the three types of
the century, the innovators like Hungary, the electric vehicles.
Netherlands, and the United States—began toying The Electric Car model is a complete
with the concept of battery- powered vehicle and representation of an electric vehicle created in
created some of the first small scaled electric cars. MATLAB using power-train block sets. The
And while Robert Anderson, a British inventor, vehicle body and tyres, as well as the motor and
developed the first crude electric carriage, around battery pack, are all covered by subsystems in both
this same time, it wasn’t until the second half of the vehicle dynamics and electrical systems. The
19th century that French and English inventors, simulation is run with reference speeds, with the
built some of the first practical electric cars. manual tweaking of the PID controller tracking the
Many entrepreneurs recognized the reference speed. As a result, the electric car is more
growing demand for electric vehicles at the time efficient than conventional IC or HEV vehicles. To
and began developing ways to improve the make the scheme function, however, more public
technology. Ferdinand Porsche, founder of the charging stations are required. Electric vehicles
Porsche sports car company, built the P1 electric employ the electric propulsion system. An internal
automobile in 1898. He also invented the world's combustion engine is not required. An electric
first Hybrid Electric Car, a vehicle that runs on vehicle has a much simpler structure. The most
both electricity and gasoline. The electric car important components are the propulsion parts:
suffered a setback when Henry Ford's Model T 1. Battery;
went into commercial production. In 1912, a 2. Drive Cycle;
gasoline car cost $650, while an electric roadster 3. DC Motor;
cost $1750. Charles Kettering invented the electric 4. Controller;
starter the same year, clearing the path for the sale 5. Vehicle Body and Transmission System.
of gasoline-powered vehicles. Gas became
affordable after the discovery of Texas crude oil in Components
the 1920s. The 1973 Arab oil embargo generated a Battery:
growing interest in reducing the United States' Different types of batteries are mentioned in the
dependency on foreign oil and developing table below:
Name Values of battery type Unit
Li-ion Na- Ni-MH Li-S
NiCl2
Maximum 75 84 85 80 Ah
Charge
Nominal 323 289 288 305 V
Voltage
Stored 24.2 24.2 24.2 24.2 kWh
DOI: 10.35629/5252-040510231032 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1024
International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 5 May 2022, pp: 1023-1032 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
energy
Max./Min. 339/308 275/304 274/302 290/320 V
voltage
Initial 100 100 100 100 %
charge
o
Operating 33 270 36 30 C
temperature
Sp. Heat 0.4 6 0.4 0.08 W/K
transition
Sp. Heat 795 950 677 1650 J/kgoK
capacity
Mass of 318 457 534 173 Kg
battery
Battery 300 500 400 250 £
price
Table.1. battery specifications
The majority of electric automobile Controller:
technology today uses lithium-ion batteries. Li-ion The driving cycle speed is equalized by
batteries are a good solution in this business the PID controller. Between -1 and 1, the PID
because to their low weight, low energy controller produces. The braking pedal is controlled
consumption (14.7kWh/100km), and high energy by positions -1 to 0, whereas the gas pedal is
storage capacity. High operating temperatures can controlled by positions o to 1. With little power
degrade their energy efficiency and limit their loss and no time latency, the motor controller is
lifespan. All of this puts the vehicle's safety at risk. regarded an ideal controller. To match the higher
After examining and comparing the voltage needs of the motor, the controller simply
following sorts of batteries, we'll employ Li-ion raises the battery voltage. Both the controlled PVM
battery specifications in the research. The battery voltage and the H-bridge block must have the same
open circuit voltage Voc and internal resistance R simulation mode parameter value.
are kept constant throughout the simulation.
Vehicle Body and Transmission System:
Drive Cycle: A two-axle vehicle body in longitudinal
Vehicle driving tests and simulations are motion is represented by the vehicle body block.
completed to assist and support the design process Each axle can have the same number of wheels or a
in determining if the design is appropriate for the different number of wheels. Due to acceleration
intended purpose. The purpose of the driving cycle and road profile, the block accounts for body mass,
is to reduce the number of expensive on-road tests aerodynamic drag, road gradient, and weight
as well as the time and effort required by the test distribution between axles. Include pitch and
engineer. The road is brought to the dynamometer suspension dynamics as an option. In reaction to
or the computer simulation by the drive cycle system changes, the mass, inertia, and centre of
courses. gravity can alter during the simulation.
DC Motor: Methodology
The Permanent Magnet Synchronous The components of the electric vehicle
Motor is mostly found in battery and hybrid battery are designed and integrated using
electric cars. This motor is used in simulation since MATLAB. MATLAB offers a robust graphical
it is virtually completely covered in undergraduate toolbox that allows users to work in a comfortable
engineering education. The motor model has and straightforward environment.
several words and settings for power loss and time The major goal of this study is to compare the drive
lag. The model also accounts for power loss in the cycles of different countries within the parameters
winding resistance and time lag caused by energy in order to improve vehicle efficiency. It's also
storage in the magnetic field of the winding about determining what needs to be improved.
inductance. With this analytical approach, improvements in
electric vehicles may be made, and it can be used to
meet the demands and desires of consumers. It also
DOI: 10.35629/5252-040510231032 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1025
International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 5 May 2022, pp: 1023-1032 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
contains useful information on the components,
process development, and drive cycle Where I represents inertia, G represents
implementation. gear ratio, ng represents gear system efficiency, r
represents tyre radius, and a represents
Major System acceleration. Because the moment of inertia is
To model an EV three major parts of the system frequently unknown, we use equation (2) to
need to be considered: 1. Vehicle dynamics; 2. calculate a ratio to account for angular acceleration.
Transmission performance; and 3. Battery. Assuming a 30kW engine with G/r values of 40
and ng of 0.025 kg m2 with a weight of 800 kg, the
1. VEHICLE DYNAMICS: result will be a 5 percent less value than the linear
Studying the vehicle dynamics is the acceleration formula to mimic a realistic case. As a
initial stage in modelling an electric car. This result, the formula for the linear acceleration force
diagram depicts the net forces operating on a model is:
vehicle during its driving cycle, as well as their
effect on its velocity and performance. FLa = 1.05ma …(3)
Aerodynamic drag Fad, acceleration, rolling
resistance Frr, and hill climbing F hc forces are all
included.
Parameters
Air Density 1.25 kg/m3
Gravitational Force 9.81m/s2
Coefficient of Rolling 0.001
Resistance
Air drag Coefficient 0.3
Efficiency of Gear 0.95
System Fig.3. Resistance acting on vehicle
Table.2. Vehicle Dynamics
1.3 Rolling resistance force:
1.1 Aerodynamic Drag Force: The friction between the vehicle's tyres and the
The aerodynamic drag force is the first force acting road determines this force. As a result, equation (4)
on the EV. When the car is moving, friction in the is used to simulate it, where the coefficient of
air causes this. It is defined as follows: rolling resistance, µrr, is dependent on the tyre type
Fad =(1/2)ρACdv2 …(1) and pressure.
Frr = µrrmg …(4)
Where ρ is the air density, A is the vehicle's frontal
area, Cd is the drag coefficient, and v is the 1.4 Hill climbing force:
vehicle's air speed. The hill climbing force is the final factor to
consider in an electric vehicle's dynamics. This
force is determined by:
Fhc= mgsin(ᴪ) …(5)
The angle of inclination in our proposed model is
zero, implying that the hill climbing force has no
effect on our model.
1.5 Tractive effect:
Equation (6), which is essentially the sum of all
Fig.2. Aerodynamic Drag four forces influencing an EV, is used to model the
total tractive force. The equation does not include
1.2 Acceleration force: Fhc because it is 0 N.
When modelling an EV, there are two
types of accelerations to consider: linear and Fte= Fad+ Fla+ Frr …(6)
angular accelerations. The angular acceleration is
expressed as follows: The energy required to operate the vehicle for each
Fwa= (IG2/ ngr2) a …(2) second timeslot is the required output from the
DOI: 10.35629/5252-040510231032 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1026
International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 5 May 2022, pp: 1023-1032 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
model's vehicle dynamics. This is the same as in the case of a vehicle being driven. When the car
tractive power, which is defined as follows: is braking, however, the motor is employed to slow
Pte= Ftev …(7) it down, therefore the electric power is lowered and
the mechanical output power, P motorout, increases.
This concludes the section on vehicle dynamics To simulate the four aforementioned
models. The power computed in this step to equations linked to the output and input motor
additional factors has the greatest impact on powers, ng and n, two switches are used. The
transmission performance. efficiency of the gear system is constantly taken
from the table (1), while the motor efficiency is
2. TRANSMISSION PERFORMANCE: calculated and modeled in SECTION 2.3.
The suggested model's second stage
adjusts for mechanical losses. It is concerned with 2.2 Motor torque:
the electric vehicle's motor, taking into account the Torque is represented by the mechanical output
motor's input and output powers, efficiency, torque, power of the motor divided by angular speed an in
and other factors. It's crucial for determining the equation (12).
battery's energy requirements.
Torque= Pmotorout/w …(12)
2.1 Motor Power:
The motor transforms electrical energy into The angular speed is calculated using equation
mechanical energy. The tractive power can be used (13),
to calculate the motor's output power, and thus the w= Gv/r …(13)
torque and electrical power required. While
driving, the EV goes through two unique The velocity is collected from the MATLAB
circumstances. The first is when it is driving, and workspace, whereas the gear ratio and tyre radius
the second is when it is braking and slowing down. are constants from Table 1. In radian per second
The electric power into the motor is more than the (rad/s), the angular velocity is expressed. To
output mechanical power when the vehicle is compute and simulate the motor's efficiency, torque
moving and accelerating. When the motor slows and angular speed, as well as numerous losses
down when the brakes are applied, however, the coefficients, are used.
electric power into the motor is reduced. With their
respective equations, these two scenarios are 2.3 Motor and Controller efficiency Modeling:
summarized as follows: All the constants are unit-less and are taken from
Table No.1. The derivation of the motor efficiency
EV is being driven; the vehicle is accelerating: is presented in equation (14):
Output motor power η= (Pout/Pin) ×100%
Pmotor out=Pte/ ng ...(8) η= (Pout/Pout + Losses)×100% …(14)
η=(Tw/Tw+ KcT2+Kiw3 +C)× 100%
Power into motor Where,
Pmotor in= Pmotor out/nm …(9) T represents the torque and w represents the
angular speed. We employ the torque instead of the
The vehicle is slowing down due to braking: current in our proposed model since the current is
Output motor power directly proportional to the torque generated by the
Pmotor out= Pteng …(10) motor. Table.1 shows the coefficients of losses for
a 100kW induction motor, which is commonly
Power into motor used to model electric vehicles.
Pmotor in= Pmotor outnm …(11)
3. BATTERY:
Electric vehicles can operate in one of two Battery models that are accurate are
modes: normal forward motion or regenerative essential for EV modelling. Li-ion battery was used
braking. In most electric vehicles, a single gear is as an efficient battery model in MATLAB
employed, which means the gear efficiency, Simulink to test the suggested model's reliability.
denoted by ng, is constant. Motor efficiency, nm, The battery needs are the final stage of the in-hand
takes into account both the motor's and controller's recommended model. It is determined by the
efficiency and is determined using equation no motor's total electric power and the average
(13). The electrical input power required by the accessory power. Their addition represents the
motor, P motorin, is more than the mechanical power battery's total power consumption. The accessory
DOI: 10.35629/5252-040510231032 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1027
International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 5 May 2022, pp: 1023-1032 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
power, Pac, can include, for example, the power
required by the radio or headlights. Equation (15) Average Velocity= 20.29km/hr
demonstrates how to do it.
PBattery= Pmotor in + Pac …(15)
Results
The general characteristics utilised in the
simulation are compared by considering Sedan and
SUV Electric vehicles, as well as comparing their
drive cycles, such as Indian, American, and
European drive cycles.
The parameters are as follows;
A. SUV analysis:
1. For SUV using Indian Drive Cycle: -
SOC% = 100% → 84.46% Fig.6. Velocity in Indian drive Cycle
According to figures 4, 5, and 6, the
velocity modelled in the Indian Drive Cycle for an
SUV is 20.29km/hr; in the Indian Drive Cycle,
which has a maximum speed of 90kmph, the
vehicle travels 16.54km in 1000sec and the SOC of
its battery drops to 84.46 percent from 100 percent.
As a result, the car consumes an average voltage of
588V and a current of 143.6A.
2. For SUV using American Drive Cycle: -
SOC%= 100% → 88.09%
Fig.4. SOC% in Indian Drive Cycle
Distance travelled= 16.54km
Fig.7. SOC% in American Drive Cycle
Distance travelled= 8.908km
Fig.5. Distance travelled in Indian Drive Cycle
DOI: 10.35629/5252-040510231032 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1028
International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 5 May 2022, pp: 1023-1032 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
Fig.8. Distance travelled in American Drive Fig.10. SOC% in European Drive Cycle
Cycle
Distance travelled=9.594km
Average Velocity= 36.31km/hr
Fig.11. Distance travelled in European Drive
Fig.9. Velocity in American Drive Cycle Cycle
In the American Drive Cycle, an SUV's Average Velocity= 14.47km/hr
velocity is 36.31 kilometres per hour. According to
figures 7, 8, and 9, in the American drive cycle, the
vehicle drives 8.908 km in 1000 seconds and the
battery's SOC drops to 90.78 percent from 100
percent. As a result, the vehicle uses an average
voltage of 558.2V and a current of 106.1A.
3. For SUV using European Drive Cycle: -
SOC%= 100% → 90.33%
Fig.12. Velocity in European Drive Cycle
DOI: 10.35629/5252-040510231032 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1029
International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 5 May 2022, pp: 1023-1032 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
For an SUV, the European Drive Cycle
velocity is 14.47 km/hr. In the European drive
cycle, the vehicle drives 9.594km in 1000 seconds,
and the SOC of its battery drops to 90.33 percent
from 100 percent. As a result, the car draws 588.1V
average voltage and 102.4A current.
B. Sedan Analysis:
1. For Sedan using Indian Drive Cycle: -
SOC%= 100% → 80.09%
Fig.15. Velocity in Indian Drive Cycle
In the Indian Drive Cycle, the maximum
speed for a Sedan is 17.93 km/hr. According to the
graphical representations in figures 13, 14, and 15,
the car travels 16.13km in 1000 seconds in the
Indian drive cycle, and the SOC of its battery drops
to 80.09 percent from its initial condition of 100
percent. The car consumes 570.4V of average
voltage and 129.4A of current as a result.
Fig.13. SOC in Indian Drive Cycle 2. For Sedan using American Drive Cycle: -
SOC%= 100% → 88.09%
Distance travelled= 16.13km
Fig.16. SOC in American Drive Cycle
Fig.14. Distance travelled in Indian Cycle Distance travelled= 8.814km
Average Velocity= 17.93km/hr
DOI: 10.35629/5252-040510231032 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1030
International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 5 May 2022, pp: 1023-1032 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
Fig.19. SOC in European Drive Cycle
Fig.17. Distance travelled in American Drive
Cycle Distance travelled=9.478km
Average Velocity= 36.87km/hr
Fig.20. Distance travelled in European Drive
Cycle
Fig.18. Velocity in American Drive Cycle Average Velocity= 12.86km/hr
In the American Drive Cycle, a Sedan's
velocity is 36.27 km/hr. According to the graphical
representation in figures 16, 17, and 18, the car
travels 8.814km in 1000sec in the American drive
cycle, and SOC drops to 88.09 percent from its
initial condition of 100%. As a result, the car uses
an average voltage of 534.5V and a current of
99.44A.
3. For Sedan using European Drive Cycle: -
SOC%= 100% → 87.92%
Fig.21. Velocity in European Drive Cycle
In the European Drive Cycle, a sedan's
velocity is modeled at 12.86 km/hr. According to
the graphical representation in figures 19, 20, and
DOI: 10.35629/5252-040510231032 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1031
International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM)
Volume 4, Issue 5 May 2022, pp: 1023-1032 [Link] ISSN: 2395-5252
21, the car drives 9.478km in 1000 seconds in the
European Drive Cycle, and SOC drops to 87.92% [9] Ahmet Onur Kiyakli, Hamit Solmaz, ―
from 100% in the beginning situation. The car Modeling of an Electric Vehicle with
utilizes 55.02A of current and 536.6V of average MATLAB/Simulink International Journal of
voltage. Automotive Science and Technology 2 (4):
II. CONCLUSION 9-15, 2018.
This paper presented a step-by-step [10] [Link]
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calculation. The outcomes of the simulation are electric-vehicle-conversion.
summarized. These findings can be used to [11] Meradj, M., Cecati, C., Wang, G., and Xur,
increase the EV's range. The introduction of this D., ―Dynamic Modeling and Optimal
study covered automotive nomenclature and Control for Hybrid Electric Vehicle
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several simulation model blocks such as Conference on Industrial Technology
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Worldwide Light Vehicle Test Procedure Cycle Hybrid Electric Vehicles Using
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Indian drive cycle (WLTC) inputs, simulation Research in Computer Technology &
terms in EV range and Battery State of Charge Software Applications 2(1):13- 16, 2018.
(SOC) were supplied. The implications of various
parameters on vehicle performance are then
discussed.
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DOI: 10.35629/5252-040510231032 Impact Factor value 7.429 | ISO 9001: 2008 Certified Journal Page 1032
